Ch11 Full Test Bank Labeling and Radical Theories

Test Bank

Chapter 11: Labeling Theory and Conflict/Marxist/Radical Theories of Crime

Multiple Choice

1. ______, in labeling theory, is the type of minor, infrequent offending people commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders.

a. Looking-glass self

b. Primary deviance

c. Secondary deviance

d. Dramatization of evil

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The ______ is a concept proposed by Tannenbaum in relation to labeling theory that states when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to dramatize it.

a. looking-glass self

b. primary deviance

c. secondary deviance

d. dramatization of evil

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. ______ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders.

a. Consensus theory

b. Conflict theory

c. Labeling theory

d. Left realism theory

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Foundation

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. ______, in labeling theory, is the more serious, frequent offending people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders.

a. Looking-glass self

b. Primary deviance

c. Secondary deviance

d. Dramatization of evil

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. ______’s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and designated as violating the law.

a. Lemert

b. Tannenbaum

c. Cooley

d. Becker

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by ______ about the labeling perspective.

a. Lemert

b. Becker

c. Tannenbaum

d. Cooley

e. Mead

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Deviance is created by ______.

a. law makers

b. politicians

c. individuals

d. society

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a new light.

a. retrospective interpretation

b. stereotyping

c. status-degradation ceremony

d. negotiation

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve their conflicts

b. law reflects the need for social order

c. law is a product of value consensus

d. law is a partial system that protects private interests

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes all of the following types of crimes EXCEPT ______.

a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes

b. crimes arising from labor disputes

c. crimes arising from robbery

d. crimes arising from political protest

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of ______.

a. labeling theory

b. consensus theory

c. radical conflict theory

d. group conflict theory

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Radical Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. ______ argues that part of human nature is that people’s lives are a part, and a product, of their group associations.

a. Labeling theory

b. Critical-radical theory

c. Consensus theory

d. Group conflict theory

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Group conflict theory was introduced by ______.

a. Sutherland

b. Cooley

c. Becker

d. Vold

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. neighborhood

b. play groups

c. family

d. celebrities

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foundation

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in three ways. Choose the answer below that is NOT one of the three ways Marxist ideology is incorporated.

a. law is a tool of the ruling class

b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and understanding crime

c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle

d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marxist Criminology

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following theories EXCEPT ______.

a. labeling theory

b. biological theory

c. control theory

d. strain theory

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colvin and Pauly’s Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. ______ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement.

a. Left realism

b. Peacemaking criminology

c. Restorative justice perspective

d. Consensus perspective

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. criminal justice system

b. victim

c. offender

d. community

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual traditions EXCEPT ______.

a. feminist

b. religious

c. critical

d. consensus

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Traditional theories of criminology tended to support the status quo. Critical theories of criminology ______.

a. also support the status quo but condemn criticizing it

b. are a critique of those who disagree with the government

c. are a critique of the state and the political economy

d. are a critique of those who disagree with large corporations

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. A class or status Marx assigned to the dominant, oppressing owners of the means of production.

a. proletariat

b. dialectics

c. bourgeoisie

d. idealists

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marxist Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. A labeling mechanism by which a person in power assigns a label to an offender, such as when a prosecuting attorney arranges a plea bargain with an offender.

a. negotiation

b. arraignment

c. restorative justice

d. interactionism

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The ideological position that political theories are irrelevant when assessing the validity of knowledge claims; truth should be independent of political ideology or personal values.

a. libertarian perspective

b. non-partisan perspective

c. partisan perspective

d. utilitarian perspective

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Austin Turk: The Power to Define Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The oppressed group of workers exploited by the capitalists who never profit from their own efforts because the upper class owns and controls the means of production.

a. bourgeoise

b. industrialists

c. partisans

d. proletariat

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marxist Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which is the most dramatic way to initiate the process of giving an individual a new identity, such as a criminal trial?

a. status-degradation ceremony

b. alienation ceremony

c. symbolic interactionism

d. routine activities theory

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. ______ refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values, involving a joint or multisided approach. A victim-offender reconciliation program would be an example.

a. Retributive justice

b. Restorative justice

c. Symbolic justice

d. Innovative justice

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. In the context of labeling theory, this would occur if a police officer saw a gathering of juveniles and assumed they were planning to commit a crime based on their skin color or clothing.

a. stereotyping

b. programming

c. symbolizing

d. reconciling

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. ______ interactionism occurs when individuals interpret each other’s words or gestures and then act based on the meaning of those gestures.

a. Competitive

b. Mutual

c. Symbolic

d. Conflict

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Foundation

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The community’s point of view or the social reaction to illegal behavior is called ______.

a. global perspective

b. universal consensus

c. mutual labeling

d. dramatization of evil

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which event is not part of the sequence of interaction that results in secondary deviation?

a. primary deviation

b. offender rejection of stigma

c. strengthening of the deviant conduct as a reaction to the stigmatizing and penalties

d. further deviation, possibly with hostilities and resentment toward those imposing the penalties

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which statement below is not one of the basic assumptions of labeling theory?

a. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal and noncriminal groups is contrary to common sense and research.

b. While the sanctions used in law enforcement are directed against the individual and not just the criminal act, the penalties for such an act vary according to the characteristics of the offender.

c. Criminal justice is founded on a stereotyped conception of the criminal as a willful wrongdoer who is morally bad and deserving of the community’s condemnation.

d. Once confronted by public condemnation and the label of an evil man, it is natural and easy for an offender to maintain a favorable image of himself.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Assumptions

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Labeling theory research conducted by Richard Schwartz and Jerome Skolnick examined the effect of an employee’s criminal court record on the reactions of potential employers and found that ______.

a. an individual accused of a crime but acquitted had no more or less trouble finding an unskilled job as someone who was never accused or convicted

b. an individual accused of a crime but acquitted has almost as much trouble finding an unskilled job as someone who was accused and convicted

c. an individual who was both accused and convicted of a crime had no trouble finding a job if the application included a positive letter from a judge

d. an individual who was both accused and convicted of a crime had no chance of ever getting a job

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Select the statement that was not one of the five critiques of labeling theory included in the chapter.

a. The various propositions to be tested are too specific and detailed.

b. Due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult.

c. Labeling theory focuses on the reaction to criminal and/or deviant behavior. It avoids the question of causation.

d. Labeling should be viewed as a perspective rather than a theory.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Critiques

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. One critique of labeling theory is that it focuses on the ______ rather than the ______. Thus, it views the people receiving the labels as being overly passive.

a. genetics; environment

b. reactors; actors

c. brain structure; brain function

d. courts; police

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Critiques

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. According to Quinney, crime is a definition of human conduct that is created by ______.

a. a consensus of the governed in all societies

b. a subculture of the proletariat in a capitalist structure

c. authorized agents in a politically organized society

d. unauthorized agents in unorganized societies

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Richard Quinney: The Social Reality of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. What is an example of a policy that agrees with the basic tenets of the labeling perspective?

a. a diversion program

b. a mandatory sentencing law

c. a “three strikes you’re out” law

d. a law that tries a juvenile as an adult

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. What is a Youth Court?

a. a court that prosecutes children who kill other children

b. a peer court for younger juveniles who commit low-level offenses

c. a court for prosecuting child felons who will be sentenced adults

d. a court for prosecuting offenses involving child victims

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Criminologists who promote radical conflict perspectives can be traced to the writings of ______.

a. Karl Marx

b. Thomas Hobbes

c. Austin Turk

d. Richard Quinney

Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Radical Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which statement is not an established criticism of conflict theory?

a. Findings from studies can be interpreted in more than one way.

b. Some research studies testing conflict theory are unable to distinguish between alternative explanations.

c. Few attempts have been made to develop and test well-constructed conflict theories.

d. The researchers who ran the studies only considered the perspective of the rich and powerful.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Critiques

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. ______ refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes victim, community, and offender.

a. Festributive justice

b. Restorative justice

c. False consciousness

d. Labeling theory

Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Balanced Approach

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes victim, community, and offender.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The secret deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society, without society reacting to this behavior.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The falsely accused is an individual who disobeys the rules and is perceived by society as doing so.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Cooley identified the process of obtaining one’s self-image through the “eyes of others” as the looking-glass self.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Foundation

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Near the end of the 1950s, the unfair and inequitable treatment of underprivileged individuals in society was becoming a widespread concern for many Americans.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Foundation

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Lemert provided a concise, working definition of deviance that was lacking from labeling theory in general.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Left realism contends that previous criminological theories have been incomplete in that they only focus on one part of the square of crime.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Left Realism

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Labeling Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Tannenbaum’s “dramatization of evil” states that when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to dramatize the situation.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 lessened the disparity between mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Along with the dramatization of evil, Tannenbaum argues that acts are inherently good or bad.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. A pure deviant, based on Becker’s typology, is an individual who disobeys the rules and is perceived as doing so.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. A hiding deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society but elicits no reaction from society.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Research shows that potential employers are just as likely to hire someone who is accused of a crime and later acquitted as someone who was never accused of a crime.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Labeling theory is very vague regarding its propositions.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Labeling theory primarily focuses on the causes of criminal behavior.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Vold argued that criminal behavior is the course taken by less powerful groups who could not promote and defend their interests and purposes in the legislative process.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Generally, there are two forms of conflict theory: conservative (pluralist) and critical-radical.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. George Vold, Austin Turk, and Richard Quinney have made major contributions to the critical-radical conflict theoretical perspective.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. A juvenile diversion program is an example of a program that acknowledges labeling theory principles.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 are policies that exemplify the conflict theory perspective.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Left realism proponents insist that previous theories of criminology focused on all four squares of crime equally.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Left Realism

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Restorative justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Describe the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

1. No act is intrinsically criminal.

2. Criminal definitions are enforced in the interest of the powerful.

3. A person does not become a criminal by violating the law.

4. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal and noncriminal groups is contrary to common sense and research.

5. Only a few persons are caught in violating the law even though many individuals may be equally guilty.

6. While the sanctions used in law enforcement are directed against the individual and not just the criminal act, the penalties for such an act vary according to the characteristics of the offender.

7. Criminal sanctions also vary according to other characteristics of the offender.

8. Criminal justice is founded on a stereotyped conception of the criminal as a pariah—a willful wrongdoer who is morally bad and deserving of the community’s condemnation.

9. Confronted by public condemnation and the label of an evil man, it may be difficult for an offender to maintain a favorable image of himself.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Assumptions

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the key features of the consensus view of the law.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss the policy implications of labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain President Barack Obama’s Fair Sentencing Act.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What three intellectual traditions did peacemaking criminology incorporate?

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peacemaking Criminology

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Richard Quinney set forth six propositions that described his social reality of crime. Explain four of the six propositions.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Richard Quinney: The Social Reality of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Explain labeling theory and the process one goes through in being labeled by society. Give two examples of individuals who have been labeled and how it has affected their lives. Is labeling an individual an offender a good thing? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Labeling Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Discuss the major critiques of labeling theory.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Critiques

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance. Also explain the sequence of interaction within secondary deviance.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. According to Becker, what are the four types of behaviors related to perceptions of deviance and behavior? Give an example of each.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Explain retrospective interpretation.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. There are two basic types of criminological theories: spiritualism and naturalism. Explain these two types and the three types of naturalistic theories.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The text states that appellate court judges make rulings that have a lasting effect on future cases. What does this mean?

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: William Chambliss and Robert Seidman on the U.S. Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Explain Cooley’s looking-glass self.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Foundation

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. What is the dramatization of evil?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil

Difficulty Level: Medium