Ch10 Social Process And Control Theories Of Crime Test Bank - Essentials of Anatomy Physiology Nursing Practice Set by Pamela J. Schram. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank
Chapter 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime
Multiple Choice
1. ______ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory.
a. Sheldon
b. Tarde
c. Shaw and McKay
d. Sutherland
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Sutherland introduced ______ theory.
a. differential access
b. learning
c. differential association
d. trait
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Sutherland was interested in explaining ______.
a. why the elderly were not involved in criminal activity
b. how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted from one generation to another
c. why firearms offenses were higher in the United States compared to other nations
d. why males committed more crimes than females
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Sutherland’s theory of differential association had ______ different elements.
a. seven
b. eight
c. nine
d. four
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. In the process of classical conditioning, the organism, animal, or person is a/an ______ actor in the process, simply receiving stimuli and responding.
a. passive
b. involved
c. active
d. dynamic
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of differential association theory?
a. family
b. media
c. friends
d. community
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. ______ is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action.
a. Modeling
b. Classical conditioning
c. Imitation
d. Operant conditioning
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Akers and Burgess integrated Sutherland’s work with contributions from the field of ______.
a. sociology
b. psychiatry
c. social psychology
d. psychology
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Differential associations vary in all of the following EXCEPT ______.
a. duration
b. frequency
c. priority
d. moderation
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used four groups of variables or factors. Choose the one below that is not considered one of these variables.
a. associations
b. modeling
c. punishments
d. definitions
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. The neutralizing techniques found primarily in corporate settings is ______, which essentially is the belief that an individual or group has done so much good that he or she is entitled to mess up by doing something illegal.
a. appeal to higher loyalties
b. defense of necessity
c. condemning the condemner
d. metaphor of the ledger
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Neutralization theory is associated with ______ theorists.
a. Sutherland and Hirschi
b. Alex and Leonar
c. Sykes and Matza
d. Darwin and Maslow
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Neutralization theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. The text states it is arguable that ______ may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated) model of criminal offending.
a. neutralization theory
b. differential reinforcement theory
c. power-control theory
d. containment theory
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. ______ theory emphasizes various types of social learning, specifically classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation or modeling.
a. Differential association
b. Differential reinforcement
c. Differential identification
d. Neutralization
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Reinforcement Theory Propositions
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Tarde introduced imitation theory, which incorporated three laws of imitation. Which law below is not part of the laws of imitation?
a. the inferior is imitated by the superior
b. people imitate one another in proportion as they are in close contact
c. when two mutually exclusive methods come together, one method can be substituted for another
d. superior is imitated by the inferior
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Bandura demonstrated, through a series of theoretical and experimental studies, that a significant amount of learning takes place ______.
a. absent virtually any form of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
b. with lots of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
c. due to repeated and consistent rewards
d. as the result of continuous punishments
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Bandura’s Theory of Imitation/Modeling
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. All of the following are considered learning theories EXCEPT ______.
a. differential reinforcement theory
b. differential association theory
c. collective conscience theory
d. neutralization theory
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience.
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. ______ consist of a wide range of constraints on individual propensities to commit deviant acts.
a. Internal controls
b. Indirect controls
c. Direct controls
d. External controls
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Nye’s Control Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Spanking is considered an example of ______.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative punishment
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive punishment
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. The four constructs of social bonding theory is made up of all of the following EXCEPT ______.
a. conformity
b. attachments
c. involvement
d. commitment
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. The gray area between free will and determinism is called ______.
a. soft determinism
b. drift
c. classical determinism
d. hard determinism
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Matza’s Drift Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. ______ assumes that in households where the mother and father have relatively similar levels of power at work, mothers will be less likely to exert control over their daughters.
a. Neutralization theory
b. Differential reinforcement theory
c. Power-control theory
d. Containment theory
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Hagan’s Power-Control Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Matza’s drift theory is highly consistent with several of the ideas presented by control theorists, including all of the following assumptions EXCEPT ______.
a. selfish tendencies are universal
b. selfish tendencies appear at times when controls are weakest
c. selfish tendencies are inhibited by socialization and social controls
d. selfish tendencies appear only during the teenage years
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Matza’s Drift Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. ______ assumes that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for restraints on the selfish tendencies that exist in every individual.
a. Neutralization theory
b. Differential reinforcement theory
c. Control theory
d. Learning theory
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. ______ theory takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media.
a. Differential association
b. Differential reinforcement
c. Differential identification
d. Containment
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. Learning theories focus on why and how individuals are socialized into criminal activity; by contrast, control theories focus on why and how ______.
a. criminals succeed in learning difficult crime techniques
b. individuals are not socialized into conforming behavior
c. abusive parents might increase criminality
d. abusive siblings might increase criminality
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. Tabula rasa means ______.
a. blank slate
b. criminal mind
c. criminal act
d. deviant type
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Which type of conditioning is concerned with how behavior is influenced by reinforcements and punishments?
a. classic
b. operant
c. stimulus
d. control
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. Virtually all learning theories assume that our attitudes and behavioral decisions are acquired via ______.
a. genetics before we are born
b. formal learning in school
c. observation only
d. communication after we are born
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Learning Theories
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. Select the false statement below.
a. Differential association theory is just as deterministic as theories that believe biology is the cause of criminality.
b. Sutherland believed criminality is learned just as other things are learned.
c. Sutherland was influenced by McKay, Shaw, and Tarde.
d. Differential association theory contends that people learn about crimes more from the media than from those close to them.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
31. According to Sykes and Matza, when it comes to choosing between complete conformity or complete nonconformity, youths ______ these two extremes.
a. make a consistent choice to one of
b. vacillate or drift between
c. completely reject both of
d. express they are confused by
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neutralization Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. Why is it called neutralization theory?
a. People justify and rationalize behavior by through “neutralizing” it, making excuses for behavior they know is wrong.
b. People usually follow an illegal act with a virtuous act in order to “neutralize” the effects of their crimes.
c. When people commit crimes, the negative consequences of their acts are neutralized” by the good acts of those who never commit crimes.
d. When people commit crimes, they try to pick one that society has a “natural” attitude about.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neutralization Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
33. Which statement is not one of the recognized techniques of neutralization?
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of the victim
c. assessment of gain
d. appeal to higher loyalties
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neutralization Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. What two techniques of neutralization are most commonly used by white collar criminals?
a. denial of the victim and denial of responsibility
b. defense of necessity and metaphor of the ledger
c. appeal to higher loyalties and condemnation of the condemners
d. denial of responsibility and assessment of gain
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neutralization Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
35. Two wide criticisms of neutralization theory mentioned in the chapter are that it has not been properly measured and ______.
a. more research is needed about whether neutralization occurs both before and after a crime
b. existing research has only been conducted on elderly individuals
c. existing research has only been conducte on juveniles
d. no anecdotal evidence exists regarding this theory
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neutralization Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. Control theories assume that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for ______.
a. a genetic predisposition to obey the law
b. restraints like social attachments and investments in society
c. illness, injury, and death
d. intellectual and psychological disabilities
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Control Theories
Difficulty Level: Easy
37. The low self-control theory of crime, also known as the general theory of crime, assumes that ______.
a. lack of control over behavior is inevitable, and that no amount of discipline of good parenting can overcome this fact
b. individuals are born predisposed to self-centered activities and only effective child rearing and socialization can overcome this fact
c. the media has created such a violent culture that only parental interferece with media influence can cancel out this negative influence
d. most people are born with great self-control, but that a small percentage are born with none
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control
Difficulty Level: Medium
38. The general theory of crime contends that if a child has not learned self-control by age ______, then s/he will never have it.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 18
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control
Difficulty Level: Easy
39. A select group of individuals appear to derive physiological and psychological pleasure from engaging in risky behaviors while simultaneously ______.
a. having less pain receptors in their neurons
b. having higher IQ’s than the general population
c. being less inhibited by internal emotional sanctions
d. being more likely to experience embarrassment
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Physiological Aspects
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. When it comes to gender roles and self-control, studies show ______.
a. no differences between males and females regarding behavior
b. males have more self-control than females
c. males are more likely to experience inner emotional sanctioning
d. females are more likely to experience inner emotional sanctioning
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Theory of Low Self-Control
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. People learn rules, morals, and values through a process of socialization.
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Sutherland was greatly influenced by Shaw and McKay’s concept of social disorganization.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Classical conditioning assumes that animals, as well as people, do no learn through associations between stimuli and responses.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Sutherland was adamant that people learned about how and why to commit crime occurred through media role models, such as those in movies or on the radio.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. When criminal behavior is learned, understanding the techniques of committing the crime is always very complicated.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Burgess and Aker’s theory addresses the idea that delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity takes place.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Control theories focus on social or personal factors that explain how and why individuals learn criminal behavior.
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Proponents of learning theories contend that individuals enter the world with a blank slate, or tabula rasa.
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Learning Theories
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Sutherland’s differential association theory is hard to test because it uses too many different types of learning models.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Non-social reinforcement is considered self-reinforcement.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. The weaker the collective conscience in a society, the more crime in that community.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. The notion of collective conscience can be seen as an early form of the idea of social bonding.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. The idea that criminal behavior is learned was a radical idea at the time it was presented.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. The assumption that people have innate antisocial tendencies is a controversial one because it is nearly impossible to test.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Control Theories
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Low self-control theory proposes that individuals either develop self-control by age 10 or do not. Those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors throughout life.
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Sutherland believed that and individual’s propensity to commit crimes is largely inherited.
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication that is usually verbal.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. Sutherland believed that a person will engage in criminal behavior when there is an excess of available definitions of legal codes that favor violating the law.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Differential associations rarely, if ever, vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. If an individual stole a car because s/he needed money, Sutherland would agree that the offenders needs and motives for this crime are adequate because no other explanations exist for criminal behavior.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. The experiment involving Pavlov’s dogs demonstrated classical conditioning.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. Bandura coined the term “white collar crime”.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. Daniel Glaser’s theory of differential identification has been largely ignored in the field of criminology.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Differential reinforcement theory emphasizes a wider variety of social learning compared to differential association theory.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Sykes and Matza argued that most criminals have completely rejected the dominant social order.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neutralization Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
1. Apply the five techniques of neutralization to an example of your choice.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. How do learning theories differ from other theories?
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Learning Theories
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Give two (2) examples of a positive reinforcement.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Explain low self-control theory by Gottfredson.
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Explain the theory of drift and give two (2) examples of when drift may occur.
Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Matza’s Drift Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. Learning criminality is likened to learning everyday activities. Give an example of an everyday activity learned from others as criminality is learned.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. At the time differential association theory was developed, what did most academics and society believed about why offenders committed crimes?
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Explain classical conditioning.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. What does the term collective conscience mean?
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. How did Bandura think individuals learned their attitudes and behaviors?
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Bandura’s Theory of Imitation/Modeling
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. What are the two (2) propositions related to control-balance theory?
Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Tittle’s Control-Balance Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Explain five (5) of the seven (7) propositions of differential reinforcement theory.
Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
13. Explain what the Bo-Bo doll experiment was and how it was related to Bandura’s theory. What implications did Bandura’s findings have? How could these findings be applied to a real-world issue or problem?
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi. Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Bandura’s Theory of Imitation/Modeling
Difficulty Level: Hard
14. Explain how having a stake in conformity would prevent most people from committing crime.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Toby’s Concept of Stake in Conformity
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Explain Hirschi’s four elements of social bonding theory.
Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
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Essentials of Anatomy Physiology Nursing Practice Set
By Pamela J. Schram