Exam Prep Arab Spring or Arab Winter? Ch.10

Chapter 10

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where did the Arab Spring begin?

a. Jordan.

b. Libya.

c. Tunisia.

d. Egypt.

2. Who was Egypt’s leader when the Arab Spring reached that country.

a. Mohammed ElBaradei.

b. Gamal Abdel Nasser.

c. Anwar Sadat.

d. Hosni Mubarak.

3. Which of the following is an external factor that has influenced U.S. policy toward the Arab Middle East.

a. Differences within the Obama administration over whether to intervene in Syria.

b. President Obama’s reluctance to commit U.S. “boots on the ground” in the Middle East.

c. The presence of oil in the Persian Gulf region.

d. The interests of U.S. companies in stability in the Arab world.

4. Which of the following became a French mandate after World War I?

a. Palestine.

b. Iran.

c. Transjordan.

d. Syria.

5. Which of the following aided the Arab Rebellion against the Ottoman Turks in World War I?

a. Sir Henry McMahon.

b. Arthur Balfour.

c. T. E. Lawrence.

d. Sir Mark Sykes.

6. What Arab state was established in 1932 that was an absolute monarchy based on the principles of Wahhabism?

a. Iraq.

b. Saudi Arabia.

c. Jordan.

d. Iran.

7. Where did King Feisal rule?

a. Iraq.

b. Saudi Arabia.

c. Syria.

d. Morocco.

8. What triggered growing interest in oil during the early 20^th century?

a. The growing number of automobiles in the United States.

b. The invention of the airplane.

c. The growing dependence of the West on electricity.

d. The shift from coal to oil as a fuel for naval vessels.

9. Where did the Soviet Union establish bases for naval vessels during the Cold War?

a. South Yemen.

b. Turkey.

c. Iran.

d. Greece.

10. Which of the following countries established close relations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War?

a. Saudi Arabia.

b. Iran.

c. Syria.

d. Jordan.

11. What ideology did Gamal Abdel Nasser advocate?

a. Pan-Arab nationalism.

b. Marxism-Leninism.

c. Political Islam.

d. Market capitalism.

12. What event alienated the United States from Egypt during the Cold War?

a. Egypt’s construction of the Aswan dam.

b. Egyptian guerrilla raids against Israel.

c. Egypt’s animosity toward Iran.

d. Egypt’s purchase of arms from the Soviet bloc.

13. What event in the Middle East found the United States and the Soviet on the same side?

a. The 1956 Suez War.

b. The overthrow of Iraq’s monarchy in 1958.

c. The 1958 Lebanon crisis.

d. The 1967 Six-Day War.

14. What two Arab countries briefly formed the United Arab Republic?

a. Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

b. Iraq and Kuwait.

c. Egypt and Syria.

d. Algeria and Morocco.

15. Where did the United States send troops to intervene in 1958?

a. Jordan.

b. Lebanon.

c. Egypt.

d. Syria.

16. What Middle East country did the USSR cultivate after 1958 and with which it signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in 1972?

a. Iran.

b. Syria.

c. Iraq.

d. Yemen.

17. What two Middle East countries went to war between 1980 and 1988?

a. Iran and Iraq.

b. Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

c. Egypt and Yemen.

d. Iraq and Syria.

18. What was the main element of the Nixon Doctrine?

a. The United States would intervene in the Middle East to prevent the spread of communism.

b. The United States would regard friends of President Nasser as U.S. foes.

c. The United States would contain Soviet efforts to penetrate the Middle East.

d. The United States would provide arms and military assistance to Middle East friends like Saudi Arabia.

19. What event turned the attention of the Carter administration away from its focus on seeking an Arab-Palestinian settlement?

a. The revolution in Iran.

b. The civil war in Yemen.

c. The upsurge in Shia-Sunni violence.

d. The formation of OPEC.

20. What was the Carter doctrine a response to?

a. The hostage crisis in Iraq.

b. The Iran-Iraq war.

c. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

d. The growing menace of militant Islam.

21. What event was a “complete” surprise to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger?

a. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat’s shift away from Moscow.

b. The outbreak of the Six-Day War.

c. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

d. Iran’s Islamic revolution.

22. What is the major objective of political Islam?

a. Overthrow pro-Western governments.

b. Persuade Muslim rulers to govern according to Islamic law.

c. Make war on Shia Muslims.

d. Modernize Arab states.

23. Who founded the Muslim Brotherhood?

a. Abul A’la Maududi.

b. Hasan al-Banna.

c. Hasan al-Hudaybi.

d. Sayyid Qutb.

24. Which of the following best describes the Muslim Brotherhood?

a. It sought power in Egypt through elections.

b. It sought to use force to Islamize Egypt.

c. It refused to participate in Egyptian elections.

d. It allied itself with al-Qaeda.

25. In which of the following countries did the Arab Spring fail to topple a dictator?

a. Tunisia.

b. Egypt.

c. Jordan.

d. Yemen.

26. What factor was most responsible for the rapid spread of democratic aspirations during the Arab Spring?

a. A common religion throughout the Middle East.

b. Information and communication technologies and social media.

c. The spread of poverty and illiteracy in the region.

d. The encouragement provided to protesters by the Obama administration.

27. Which of the following were common to new constitutions written in Arab countries during the Arab Spring?

a. Promote the principles of Islam.

b. Provide civil and political rights.

c. Endorse democratic elections.

d. All of the above.

28. In what country was violence partly the product of the government’s failure to cope with a devastating drought?

a. Egypt.

b. Libya.

c. Syria.

d. Iraq.

29. In what country did an Islamic political party voluntarily surrender power after an election?

a. Egypt.

b. Tunisia.

c. Syria.

d. Algeria.

30. In what country was unrest produced by the assassination of two secular politicians?

a. Egypt.

b. Tunisia.

c. Syria.

d. Algeria.

31. What Middle East dictator was responsible for the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland?

a. Muammar Qaddafi.

b. Saddam Hussein.

c. Hafez al-Assad.

d. Ayatollah Khomeini.

32. In what country did NATO intervene in order to protect citizens from government violence?

a. Syria.

b. Yemen.

c. Bahrain.

d. Libya.

33. Why was Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi overthrown in 2013?

a. He had seized power by force the year before.

b. He was concentrating power in his hands and foes feared he was becoming a dictator.

c. He had decided to abrogate the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.

d. He was loathed by extreme Islamic groups that feared he would compromise the Islamic revolution.

34. What of the following best describes the nature of the Syrian civil war?

a. It pits an Alawite minority against a Shia majority.

b. It pits Syrian Kurds against a Sunni majority.

c. It pits an Alawite minority against a Sunni majority.

d. It pits a Sunni minority against an Alawite majority.

35. What country is a close ally of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad?

a. Egypt.

b. Libya.

c. Turkey.

d. Iran.

36. What country is a bitter foe of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad?

a. Egypt.

b. Libya.

c. Turkey.

d. Iran.

37. Which of the following opposed arming Syrian insurgents in 2012?

a. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.

b. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta.

c. CIA Director David Petraeus.

d. President Barack Obama.

38. Which of the following was instrumental in keeping Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in power so long after the Syrian civil war erupted?

a. Russian military assistance.

b. Iranian political support.

c. Assad’s willingness to use poison gas.

d. The intervention of Hezbollah.

39. Which of the following divisions characterized President Assad’s foes?

a. Politicians outside Syria versus militant groups fighting within the country.

b. Sunni moderates versus radical Sunni jihadists.

c. Sunni jihadists versus one another.

d. All of the above.

40. Which of the following best describes the impact of U.S. policy toward Egypt during the Arab Spring?

a. It alienated Egyptian Islamists.

b. It alienated Egyptian secularists.

c. It alienated both Islamists and secularists.

d. It brought the Egyptian army to power.

Essay Questions

41. What marked the shift in American foreign policy toward fostering democracy in the Arab world?

42. What was the Sykes-Picot agreement?

43. What was the slogan of the Muslim Brotherhood?

44. What was the message of the Arab Spring?

45. What proved a major source of tension in the Arab world as it drew up constitutions during the Arab Spring?

46. Why Russia upset by events in Libya?

47. What did Hillary Clinton regard as her “biggest regret” as secretary of state?

48. In what way did revolution in Egypt prove a challenge to the Obama administration?

49. What are America’s interests in cooperating with Egypt’s military regime?

50. What did Hillary Clinton mean when she described the Syrian civil war as a “wicked problem” for U.S. policymakers?

51. The acme of the Arab Spring was a revolution in _______ that overthrew its pro-American president.

52. The shift in American foreign policy toward fostering democracy in the Arab world began in 2009 with a speech, “A New Beginning,” delivered by _______________.

53. The two countries that most strongly supported President Assad during the Syrian civil war were ________ and _________.

54. Britain and France signed the secret _________________ that divided the Arab world between them.

55. __________________ transformed Egypt into a one-party secular socialist republic and fostering pan-Arab nationalism.

56. The leading example of political Islam in the Arab world was _________________

57. The Arab Spring began in 2011 in _______________

58. The Muslim Brotherhood was founded by _______________

59. _______________________________ facilitated the spread of democratic aspirations during the Arab Spring.

60. NATO airstrikes aided the overthrow of ________________ in ________ in 2011.

61. Hillary Clinton described ________________________ as “biggest regret” as secretary of state.

62. For three decades, Egypt’s President _____________ was an American ally.

63. The Obama administration refused to call the overthrow of Egyptian President Morsi ___________ because under U.S. law that ____________________________________ to Egypt.

64. President Assad’s survival in Syria owed much to the intervention of the Shia group __________________

65. President Obama warned the Syrian government its use of _______________ would constitute “

a. chemical weapons