Ch8 Energy and the Environment The Limits of Test Bank Docx

Chapter 8

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is a “collective good”?

a. Clean air.

b. Foreign aid.

c. A bilateral alliance.

d. All of the above.

2. Which of the following environmental agreements has the United States ratified?

a. The Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

b. The Convention on Biological Diversity.

c. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

d. The Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes.

3. Which U.S. president oversaw the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency?

a. Jimmy Carter.

b. George W. Bush.

c. Richard M. Nixon.

d. Dwight D. Eisenhower.

4. Which U.S. president had close ties to the energy industry?

a. Jimmy Carter.

b. George W. Bush.

c. Richard M. Nixon.

d. Dwight D. Eisenhower.

5. Which U.S. president introduced foreign species into America that are now viewed as environmentally harmful?

a. James Madison.

b. John Adams.

c. Thomas Jefferson.

d. Theodore Roosevelt.

6. Who was America’s “Conservationist President”?

a. James Madison.

b. John Adams.

c. Thomas Jefferson.

d. Theodore Roosevelt.

7. What did the Lacey Act seek to accomplish?

a. Establish America’s first wilderness area.

b. Prevent the illegal transport of fish, wildlife, and plants.

c. Set limits on U.S. carbon emissions.

d. Establish limits on corporate waste in rivers.

8. What U.S. president signed the National Environmental Policy Act, establishing a national policy to protect the environment?

a. Jimmy Carter.

b. George W. Bush.

c. Richard M. Nixon.

d. Barack Obama.

9. What did America’s “wise use” movement advocate?

a. Protecting private property rights and opening the country’s natural resources to development.

b. Paying greater attention to clean water and air in the U.S.

c. Enlarging federal wilderness areas.

d. Fostering support for the Kyoto Protocol.

10. Why might residents of West Virginia oppose limitations on carbon emissions?

a. West Virginians believe they have very clean air.

b. Many West Virginians fear that such limitations would reduce property values.

c. Many West Virginians fear such legislation would entail higher local taxes.

d. Many West Virginians are involved with coalmining.

11. What type of multilateral treaty are U.S. officials most likely to oppose?

a. Those that deal with issues that the U.S. already regulates domestically.

b. Treaties that require new domestic legislation.

c. Treaties which are consistent with U.S. law.

d. Treaties that affect international trade.

12. Which of the following are endangered by depletion of the ozone layer?

a. It causes water pollution.

b. It causes air pollution.

c. It is linked to cancer.

d. It reduces biodiversity.

13. What other environmental issue is linked to depletion of the ozone layer?

a. Climate change.

b. Biodiversity.

c. Renewable energy.

d. Smog.

14. What was the major objective of domestic U.S. air-quality legislation like the 1955 Air Pollution Control Act?

a. Pollution in U.S. cities.

b. Reducing greenhouse gases.

c. Closing the hole in the ozone layer.

d. Regulating the emission of methane.

15. What chemical compound produces depletion of the ozone layer?

a. Carbon tetrachloride.

b. Chlorofluorocarbon.

c. Hydrogen fluoride.

d. Mercury sulfide

16. What U.S. city experienced an air-pollution disaster in October, 1948?

a. Waco, Texas.

b. Akron, Ohio.

c. Saginaw, Michigan.

d. Donora, Pennsylvania.

17. What U.S. nongovernmental organization sued the Environmental Protection Agency for for failing to carry out ozone regulations?

a. Greenpeace.

b. The Natural Resource Defense Council.

c. The Sierra Club.

d. Environmental Defense Fund.

18. Where was a hole in the ozone layer discovered?

a. Over the Arctic.

b. Over Canada.

c. Over Brazil.

d. None of the above.

19. What is the “global commons” problem?

a. A problem that can be solved only with the cooperation of the world’s wealthiest countries.

b. A problem for which no solution is apparent owing to insufficient scientific data.

c. A problem in which the actions of a few countries could have global consequences and that requires everyone’s participation to resolve.

d. A problem requiring the participation of all the permanent members of the UN Security Council.

20. What U.S. statesman was instrumental in mobilizing political support for the Montreal Protocol?

a. James Baker.

b. Henry Kissinger.

c. George Schultz.

d. Warren Christopher.

21. Which of the following does not harm the ozone layer but is a greenhouse gas?

a. Hydroflurocarbon.

b. Carbon tetrachloride.

c. Chlorofluorocarbon.

d. Mercury sulfide

22. What is anthropogenic climate change?

a. Climate change resulting from the Earth’s proximity to the sun.

b. Climate change resulting from volcanic activity.

c. Climate change resulting from human activities.

d. None of the above.

23. What international organization hosted the First World Climate Conference in 1979?

a. The World Health Organization.

b. The World Meteorological Organization.

c. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

d. The United Nations Environmental Program.

24. Which of the following U.S. presidential candidates has been an outspoken advocate of environmental causes?

a. Bob Dole.

b. Al Gore.

c. John McCain.

d. Walter Mondale.

25. What U.S. president sponsored a Climate Change Action Plan to limit U.S. carbon emissions to their 1990 levels?

a. George H. W. Bush.

b. Bill Clinton.

c. George W. Bush.

d. Barack Obama.

26. What was the Byrd-Hagel Resolution?

a. A Senate resolution endorsing the goal of limiting U.S. carbon emissions to their 1990 level.

b. A Senate resolution endorsing a ban on sales of refrigerants that cause global warming.

c. A Senate resolution objecting to a ban on sales of refrigerants that cause global warming

d. A Senate resolution objecting to binding carbon emissions reductions that might harm America’s economy.

27. Why did President George W. Bush oppose the Kyoto Protocol?

a. It placed an unfair burden on less-developed countries.

b. It did not require developing countries to reduce carbon emissions.

c. It did not call for binding limits on carbon emissions.

d. Russia refused to ratify the protocol.

28. Which of the following presidents described climate change as a threat to U.S. national security?

a. George H. W. Bush.

b. Bill Clinton.

c. George W. Bush.

d. Barack Obama.

29. Who was the first U.S. president to participate personally in multilateral climate change negotiations?

a. George H. W. Bush.

b. Bill Clinton.

c. George W. Bush.

d. Barack Obama.

30. Which of the following countries agreed to cooperate with U.S. to reduce carbon emissions?

a. Russia.

b. Brazil.

c. China.

d. India.

31. Which of the following companies oppose legislation requiring automakers to improve fuel efficiency?

a. FedEx.

b. Walmart.

c. McDonalds.

d. Google.

32. Which of the following produces a decline in biodiversity?

a. Habitat loss.

b. Climate change.

c. Overharvesting.

d. All of the above.

33. Why is biodiversity difficult to manage globally?

a. Countries are unwilling to share the profits of intellectual property like medical patents?

b. Countries no believe that biodiversity is endangered.

c. Countries are concerned that management of biodiversity will reduce agricultural production.

d. Countries do not wish to lose control of their natural resources.

34. Which of the following states do not participate in the Convention on Biological Diversity?

a. Andorra.

b. The Vatican.

c. The United States.

d. All of the above.

35. Which of the following U.S. groups have been the most opposed to the Convention on Biological Diversity?

a. Farmers.

b. Pharmaceutical firms.

c. Oil companies.

d. Airlines.

36. Which of the following companies was not one of the oil companies called the “Seven Sisters”?

a. Occidental Petroleum.

b. British Petroleum,

c. Mobil.

d. Gulf.

37. In what country did the CIA assist in overthrowing a government that sought to nationalize its oil industry?

a. Iraq.

b. Iran.

c. Venezuela.

d. Saudi Arabia.

38. What were the first oil-producing countries that succeeded in nationalizing foreign oil companies?

a. Iran and Iraq.

b. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

c. Algeria and Libya.

d. The United Arab Emirates and Morocco.

39. What largely accounted for increasing global oil prices between 2000 and 2011?

a. Instability in the Middle East.

b. A rapid reduction in Saudi Arabian oil production.

c. A Russian refusal to export oil.

d. China’s growing economy.

40. What development has most reduced U.S. dependence on imported oil in recent years.

a. Requirements for higher gas mileage for vehicles in the U.S.

b. Hydraulic fracturing.

c. The introduction of hybrid electric and fully electric automobiles.

d. The use of solar and wind power in generating electricity.

Essay Questions

41. What is a “collective good”?

42. What are “transboundary externalities”?

43. What is the “greenhouse effect”?

44. What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

45. What is a “cap and trade” system?

46. What U.S. agency has led the effort to reduce American carbon emissions?

47. Why are diverse ecosystems valuable?

48. What is OPEC?

49. What is the Keystone XL?

50. What is a carbon tax?

51. In September 2008, TransCanada filed an application for a cross-border permit to begin work on ____________ to carry heavy crude oil, known as bitumen, from Alberta’s tar sands to refineries on the Gulf Coast of Texas.

52. ____________ offer benefits that must be shared and made available to everyone if it is enjoyed by anyone.

53. Al Gore's 2006 film ______________ shifted public sentiment back in favor of government efforts to protect the environment.

54. ______________ is recalled as the America’s “Conservationist President.”

55. In the 1980s and 1990s, a _________________ that advocated protecting private property rights and opening the country’s remaining natural resources to development emerged.

56. President Reagan signed the 1987 ___________.

57. Transboundary externalities are _________________.

58. By the 1980s, evidence had accumulated that industrial chemicals were harming _____________, and a conference on the issue was convened in 1985 in Vienna, Austria.

59. __________ is the most controversial contemporary global environmental issue.

60. ____________ refers to the observed increase in the earth’s average temperature.

61. By the time Clinton left office, the ___________ had not entered into force, having failed to meet the threshold of ratification by 55 countries responsible for at least 55 percent of total 1990 emissions.

62. At the 2009 ______________ President Obama became the first U.S. president to participate personally in climate talks.

63. President Obama’s 2010 National Security Strategy was the first ________________.

64. In 2014 ___________________ announced new standards that required existing power stations to reduce CO2 emissions by 30 percent below 2005 levels by 2030.

65. The increase in U.S. shale-oil

a. hydraulic fracturing or “fracking”