Energy Flow And Trophic Structure Chapter 17 Exam Questions

Chapter 17 Energy Flow and Trophic Structure

Multiple Choice

1. The total rate of energy capture by autotrophs is
2. net primary production.
3. secondary production.
4. gross primary production.
5. always less than that of heterotrophs.
6. none of the above
7. Which of the following is an electron donor in chemoautotrophs?
8. NO₃^2-
9. CO₂
10. SO₄^2-
11. H₂S
12. none of the above
13. The evolution of photosynthesis
14. could only have happened on land.
15. led to more complex life forms.
16. led to the evolution of cyanobacteria.
17. arose at deep hydrothermal vents.
18. none of the above
19. The loss of energy between trophic levels
20. determines the structure of ecosystems.
21. is an apparent violation of the second law of thermodynamics.
22. depends on the rate of primary production.
23. is due to the inefficiency of photosynthesis.
24. none of the above
25. Stable isotope analysis of nitrogen
26. allows us to measure the rate of photosynthesis.
27. allows us to measure an organism’s trophic position.
28. is possible because isotopes of nitrogen are incorporated at the same rate.
29. removes the effects of omnivory.
30. none of the above
31. Which of the following is not a method of measuring primary production?
32. measurement of biomass
33. measurement of the uptake of ¹⁴C
34. EDDY analysis
35. measurement of chlorophyll
36. none of the above
37. EDDY analysis is based on
38. the measurement of chlorophyll.
39. measuring production in individual plants.
40. the assumption that respiration = production.
41. daily changes in atmospheric CO₂.
42. none of the above
43. Which of the following is not a limiting factor in primary production?
44. water
45. oxygen
46. micronutrients
47. red light
48. none of the above
49. C4 photosynthesis
50. is advantageous because RUBP carboxylase has a high affinity for CO₂.
51. is advantageous because PEP carboxylase has a high affinity for CO₂.
52. the stomata can remain open during the day.
53. evolved just once.
54. none of the above
55. Which of the following is a mismatch?
56. ingestion efficiency/energy consumed/energy available
57. assimilation efficiency/energy assimilated/energy ingested
58. production efficiency/energy produced by photosynthesis/solar energy available
59. production efficiency/energy in new tissue/energy assimilated
60. none of the above
61. Heat loss from an organism is
62. an example of negative allometry.
63. an example of isometry.
64. proportional to the organism’s volume.
65. proportional to the organism’s surface area.
66. none of the above
67. Which of the following are thought to determine the length of food chains?
68. primary production
69. the number of homeotherms in the food chain.
70. the degree of omnivory
71. disturbance
72. none of the above
73. Top–down control of ecosystems
74. is dependent on primary production.
75. is enhanced by disturbance.
76. can occur through keystone predators.
77. depends on omnivory.
78. none of the above
79. Wolf reintroduction to Yellowstone
80. demonstrated the effect of bottom-up control.
81. led to a decline in aspen reproduction.
82. changed the behavior of elk.
83. led to longer food chains in the Yellowstone food web.
84. none of the above
85. In a trophic cascade,
86. bottom–up factors are eliminated.
87. producers are released from competition.
88. top predators can affect producers.
89. omnivory is unaffected.
90. none of the above
91. In the allometric equation y = bx^a,
92. x and y are two measures of an organism.
93. x and y are the allometric coefficient.
94. b represents the isometry factor.
95. a measures hyperallometry.
96. none of the above
97. The study of food chain length by Young et al (2013) demonstrated that food chain length
98. does not vary among islands.
99. correlated with ecosystem size.
100. correlated with productive space.
101. correlated with productivity.
102. none of the above

True/False

1. Actual evapotranspiration is correlated with primary production.
2. Bioaccumulation is the result of biomagnification.
3. Chemoautotrophs do not require an electron donor.
4. C4 photosynthesis is an example of convergent evolution.
5. Trophic levels are integers in most ecosystems.
6. C4 photosynthesis should eventually replace C3 photosynthesis.
7. Prey adaptations affect the assimilation efficiency.
8. Annual production of new biomass can be used to measure net primary production.
9. Cultural eutrophication is a natural process.
10. Accessory pigments capture light of different wavelengths.

Short Answer/Fill in the Blank

1. __________ obtain energy from organic compounds; __________ obtain energy from inorganic sources.
2. Define primary production.
3. Explain the difference between biomagnification and bioaccumulation.
4. Explain one of the consequences to humans of the loss of energy in a food chain.
5. How do we know when photosynthesis evolved?
6. The biomass of blue whales is maintained by consuming large amounts of __________.
7. How do the laws of thermodynamics determine the flow of energy in an ecosystem?