Conservation Biology Complete Test Bank Chapter.19

Chapter 19 Conservation Biology

Multiple Choice

1. Why is it so difficult to estimate the current extinction rate?
2. There are 100 million named species.
3. Beetles go extinct more rapidly than other species.
4. Nematodes are so abundant.
5. The fungi bias our samples.
6. none of the above
7. Hotspots of species diversity
8. are found at high latitude.
9. contain many endemics.
10. occur where beetle diversity is high.
11. are well protected from human impacts.
12. none of the above
13. If a population conforms to the equation dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K,
14. density dependent factors can protect a population from extinction.
15. extinction occurs at an exponential rate.
16. the growth rate is positive if N>K.
17. extinction risk is measured by the variable K.
18. none of the above
19. The effect of environmental stochasticity
20. is greater in small populations.
21. is due to density-dependent effects.
22. does not explain the rarity of the spotted owl.
23. is measured by λ.
24. none of the above
25. Which of the following is not affected by demographic stochasticity?
26. sex ratio
27. λ
28. b_x
29. R₀
30. none of the above
31. The Allee Effect
32. is due to variation in K.
33. is the result of random changes in λ.
34. occurs when the growth rate declines at low density.
35. protects species from extinction.
36. none of the above
37. Alleles that are identical by descent
38. are heterozygous.
39. are more common in relatives.
40. decrease fitness by the factor F.
41. lead to lower levels of homozygosity.
42. none of the above
43. Inbreeding
44. increases the frequency of heterozygotes by 2pqF.
45. decreases the frequency of homozygotes by pqF.
46. increases the chances of deleterious genes combining.
47. increases the total genetic variation of the population.
48. none of the above
49. One reason grizzlies are at risk in the Rocky Mountains is that
50. their sex ratio is highly skewed.
51. N_e is greater than N.
52. homozygosity is declining.
53. heterozygosity is declining.
54. none of the above
55. Which of the following is a mismatch?
56. pikas/require alpine talus slopes
57. spotted owl/require successional habitat
58. grizzlies/lower N_e
59. migratory birds/summer and winter habitat.
60. none of the above
61. A relaxation fauna forms when
62. a new species diversity equilibrium develops.
63. the stresses of climate change are reduced.
64. the immigration rate exceeds the extinction rate.
65. the extinction rate exceeds the immigration rate.
66. none of the above
67. Maximum sustainable harvest
68. is independent of the value of r.
69. is determined by the value of Q, the variance in the carrying capacity.
70. maintains the population at the highest value of N.
71. maintains the population at K/2.
72. none of the above
73. Which of the following is not a characteristic that increases the risk of extinction?
74. habitat specialization
75. high reproductive rate
76. large body size
77. core species in a core-satellite community
78. none of the above
79. Ecosystem services include
80. flood control.
81. reducing the concentration of pollutants.
82. the aesthetic values.
83. sequestering carbon.
84. none of the above.
85. The SLOSS debate focuses on the
86. financial value of ecosystem services.
87. ethics saving some species at the expense of others.
88. relative benefit of total habitat size vs edge effects.
89. relative importance of habitat size and shape.
90. none of the above.
91. The study of myrtle by González-Varo et al. (2015) showed that Myrtle
92. shows a significant extinction debt from past disturbance.
93. occurrence is negatively associated with current patch size.
94. occurrence is positively associated with patch disturbance.
95. occurrence occurs in small, disturbed patches.
96. none of the above
97. Which of the following is not an example of an ecosystem service?
98. pollination of crops
99. agricultural pest control
100. sequestering carbon
101. filtering pollutants from aquatic systems
102. none of the above

True/False

1. Cowbirds are at risk due to edge effects.
2. About 2 million species have been identified and named.
3. Demographic stochasticity is the result of random changes in population parameters.
4. The maximum rate of harvest occurs at the highest population density.
5. Inbreeding depression is the result of increased homozygosity.
6. The Allee Effect occurs when the growth rate of a population declines at high density.
7. The extinction debt is the consequence of lost ecosystem services.
8. The theory of island biogeography can be applied to fragmented habitats.
9. The extinction vortex is a positive feedback system that increases the probability of extinction.
10. The Minimum Viable Population (MVP) is the minimum population size that avoids inbreeding depression.

Short Answer/Fill in the Blank

1. How does the fitness Allee Effect differ from the Allee Effect?
2. What is the difference between a fixed-effort harvest and a fixed-quota harvest?
3. An __________ is a species that if protected, will protect many other species; an __________ is a species that require specific habitat conditions.
4. The species on coral reefs are at risk of extinction due to __________.
5. Why are some successional species at risk of extinction?
6. What is the difference between demographic and environmental stochasticity?