Test Questions & Answers Ch.16 Krohne Species Diversity

Chapter 16 Species Diversity

Multiple Choice

1. In a plot of species richness as a function of the number of samples taken
2. the asymptote represents species evenness.
3. additional samples after the asymptote will add little new information.
4. the slope of the line at the asymptote is a measure of beta diversity.
5. a bimodal curve indicates a high degree of endemism.
6. none of the above
7. In a graph of the number of species as a function of their geometric abundance class,
8. rare species are found on the left tail of the curve.
9. rare species are found on the right tail of the curve.
10. species at the peak of the bell curve will be represented even in small samples.
11. a and c
12. b and c
13. “Uncertainty” in the Shannon-Weiner Index
14. is a measure of species richness.
15. is a measure of species abundance.
16. is a measure of species richness and abundance.
17. refers to the variation inherent in sampling.
18. none of the above
19. Which of the following are not regions with high species diversity?
20. ecotones
21. upland tropical forest
22. the deep ocean floor
23. peninsulas
24. none of the above
25. In the species area equation S = cA^z ,
26. c is the competition coefficient
27. A is the area of the island
28. z is the tangent to the curve
29. the value of z is unknown for most islands
30. none of the above
31. The global extinction rate began to increase
32. before humans migrated from Africa.
33. coincided with the development of agriculture.
34. began when humans became hunter-gatherers.
35. when the Pleistocene glaciers advanced.
36. none of the above
37. The equilibrium number of species on an island
38. occurs when the extinction rate reaches zero.
39. is independent of island size.
40. occurs when immigration equals extinction.
41. occurs when no more species are able to immigrate.
42. none of the above
43. On distant islands, the
44. extinction rate is higher.
45. equilibrium number of species is higher.
46. immigration rate is lower.
47. value of z is higher.
48. none of the above
49. In the allopatric model of speciation,
50. hybrid matings are selected against.
51. species arise in the same region.
52. gene flow increases as speciation proceeds.
53. the populations must experience a single environment.
54. none of the above
55. In the Court Jester model of diversity,
56. disturbances are predictable.
57. abiotic conditions change unpredictably.
58. biotic interactions are unimportant.
59. the geographic area is irrelevant.
60. none of the above
61. In the lottery model of species diversity,
62. disturbance prevents species coexistence.
63. all species recolonize a site after disturbance.
64. after disturbance a subset of all possible species colonizes.
65. alpha and beta diversity are equal.
66. none of the above
67. According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,
68. species diversity is highest when disturbance is rare.
69. species cannot colonize after intermediate disturbance.
70. competition eliminates species when disturbance is rare.
71. competition eliminates species when disturbance is common.
72. none of the above
73. Which of the following does not depend on chance events?
74. the theory of island biogeography
75. the Court Jester model
76. the lottery model
77. keystone structures
78. none of the above
79. Species diversity is high in
80. Baja, California.
81. Arctic tundra.
82. Easter Island.
83. the Great Barrier Reef.
84. none of the above
85. Pre-mating reproductive barriers
86. generally arise before post-mating barriers.
87. are the result of local adaptation.
88. arise when hybrids are selected against.
89. facilitate gene flow.
90. none of the above
91. In grasslands,
92. species diversity increased during drought.
93. species-poor communities were less affected by drought.
94. species-rich communities were less affected by drought.
95. evenness is correlated with drought resistance.
96. none of the above
97. Which of the following was not a cause of mass extinctions in the fossil record?
98. tectonic movement
99. asteroids
100. changes in sea level
101. changes in solar output
102. none of the above

True/False

1. When the habitat is complex, few species can survive.
2. The Shannon-Weiner index of diversity measures gamma diversity.
3. Species arise when gene flow between populations is inhibited.
4. Biodiversity is the sum of alpha, beta, and gamma diversity.
5. Islands have fewer species than the nearby mainland because there has not been sufficient time for species to colonize them.
6. Habitats with moderate levels of disturbance have higher species diversity.
7. In coral reefs, the Lottery Model results in low alpha diversity but high gamma diversity.
8. In the Shannon-Weiner index (H = -∑ p_i ln p_i) the variable p_i represents the number of individuals in species i.
9. The Yasuni forest in the Amazon is characterized by high but uniform species diversity.
10. In Simberloff’s experimental test of the theory of island biogeography, the same species were found on each island as had been present before the treatment.

Short Answer/Fill in the Blank

1. Ecological stability is the result of __________, the tendency of a system not to change when disturbed and __________, the ability of the system to recover.
2. Define a species.
3. Why do large islands have lower extinction than small islands?
4. Explain why the immigration rate declines as a function of the number of species on an island.
5. Explain why species diversity is low when disturbance is frequent in the Intermediate Disturbance hypothesis.
6. How do the measures of diversity, species richness and evenness, differ?