Chapter 9 Verified Test Bank Intelligence

Student name:__________

1) Helen Keller’s visual and auditory deficits were

A) congenital.
B) caused by abuse.
C) psychosomatic.
D) the result of a childhood illness.

2) Alexander Graham Bell, the famous inventor, suggested to Helen Keller’s parents that they hire a tutor named

A) Sarah O’Malley.
B) Anne Sullivan.
C) Robert Jones.
D) Ann Fallwell.

3) Helen Keller put a great deal of effort and work into making progress with her disabilities. As an adult she

A) reached her plateau and was able to lead a simple life that was limited because of her disabilities.
B) appeared as though she would make great progress but suddenly she regressed.
C) graduated with honors from Radcliffe, became a successful educator, and crafted books about her life.
D) tried to write books about her life but was unsuccessful.

4) In 1799, a nude boy was observed running through the woods in France. The boy was captured when he was 11 years old. It was believed that he lived alone in the woods for six years. He was called the

A) Lone Boy from France.
B) Wild Boy of Aveyron.
C) “unknown child.”
D) “wolf child from the woods.”

5) The stories of both the Wild Boy of Aveyron and the modern-day child named Genie raise questions about

A) who would allow such things to happen to a child.
B) the biological determinants of language.
C) the environmental determinants of language.
D) the biological and environmental determinants of language.

6) Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?

A) Language is a form of communication.
B) Language is based on a system of symbols.
C) Language enables us to describe past events and also plan for the future.
D) Only the English language has infinite generativity.

7) ________ is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

A) Infinite generativity
B) Syntax
C) Phonology
D) Displacement

8) Studies have shown that language is

A) interesting but too confusing to learn.
B) highly ordered and organized.
C) highly unpredictable.
D) lacking in organization.

9) Language is made up of basic sounds called

A) vowels.
B) syllables.
C) phonemes.
D) morphemes.

10) Basic sounds, such as “th,” are called

A) vowels.
B) syllables.
C) morphemes.
D) phonemes.

11) How many morphemes are in the word farmer?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

12) The prefix “mono-” is a

A) phoneme.
B) morpheme.
C) vowel.
D) consonant.

13) The rules for forming acceptable sentences are part of a language’s

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) morphology.
D) pragmatics.

14) Which English-speaking adolescent would most likely know who is getting hit in the sentence “George was hit by John”?

A) one who understands syntax
B) one who understands displacement
C) one who understands generativity
D) one who understands morphology

15) A child is learning how nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions go together to form acceptable sentences. The child is learning

A) syntax.
B) phonology.
C) pragmatics.
D) semantics.

16) The text points out that in the English language an adjective usually precedes a noun, whereas in Spanish, adjectives typically follow nouns. This creates difficulty for individuals trying to learn another language. A person familiar with various aspects of language would realize that the problem is the result of differing

A) phonemes.
B) pragmatics.
C) syntax.
D) semantics.

17) The sentence “The carpet walked with the girl to buy something at the store” is

A) semantically correct but syntactically incorrect.
B) morphologically correct but semantically incorrect.
C) syntactically correct but semantically incorrect.
D) pragmatically incorrect but semantically correct.

18) Which term is semantically related to the word shrub?

A) cage
B) bush
C) house
D) field

19) The meanings of words and sentences are referred to as

A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) phonology.

20) The sentence “The mobile laughed at the baby until she cried” violates the language rule of

A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) phonology.

21) Which is NOT an aspect of pragmatics?

A) taking turns in conversation
B) using polite language
C) pronouncing your words correctly
D) telling convincing lies

22) The appropriate use of language in different contexts is called

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) pragmatics.
D) phonology.

23) When children learn to use their “quiet voices” in the library, they are learning rules of

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) pragmatics.
D) phonology.

24) Grace has learned that when her parents are entertaining guests in their home, she is to use formal etiquette with the adults. What set of language rules apply to Grace’s learning?

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) pragmatics.
D) morphology.

25) At a party, Dr. Henson encounters two of his least favorite individuals: Burt, who is always interrupting others, and Mick, who tells unfunny jokes. Dr. Henson could best help these two by teaching them about

A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) morphology.

26) As an international businessperson, Deirdre, who already speaks Japanese, needs to be aware that in Japan numerous rules concern the process of thanking someone. Deirdre should take a class in the ________ of Japanese prior to her trip to Tokyo.

A) pragmatics
B) syntax
C) morphology
D) phonetics

27) What is the proper sequence for language acquisition?

A) cry, babble, coo, first word
B) babble, coo, cry, first word
C) cry, coo, babble, first word
D) coo, cry, first word, babble

28) Kiley most likely began waving bye-bye at what age?

A) 6 to 8 months
B) 8 to 12 months
C) 12 to 14 months
D) 15 to 18 months

29) Infants start using gestures, such as showing and pointing, at about ________ months of age. They may wave bye-bye or nod to mean “yes.”

A) 2 to 4
B) 4 to 6
C) 6 to 8
D) 8 to 12

30) Which word is LEAST likely to be the first word uttered by an English-speaking infant?

A) bye
B) dog
C) cry
D) doll

31) Infants are likely to utter their first intelligible word at about ________ months old.

A) 5 to 7
B) 7 to 10
C) 10 to 15
D) 16 to 18

32) The infant’s spoken vocabulary rapidly increases once the first word is spoken. ________ refers to the rapid increase in an infant’s vocabulary that begins to occur at approximately ________ months of age.

A) Vocabulary spurt; 18
B) Improvement; 12
C) Language; 15
D) Growth spurt; 12

33) When children fail to use a noun to name a relevant event or object, they are

A) expanding.
B) recasting.
C) telegraphing.
D) underextending.

34) Two-year-old Katya has a vocabulary that includes the word kitty. When she goes to a zoo for the first time, she refers to all four-legged animals with tails as “kitty.” Kim’s behavior provides an example of

A) overextension.
B) underextension.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) the holophrase hypothesis.

35) Gina calls her doll “dolly” but is unable to generalize this word to other dolls. This illustrates

A) overextension.
B) underextension.
C) overgeneralization.
D) undergeneralization.

36) Two-year-old Maya has a vocabulary that includes the word car. How would she demonstrate the concept of underextension?

A) using the term when she encounters any moving vehicle
B) beginning to use other words in its place, such as van
C) using the word only when referring to her parent’s station wagon and not other cars
D) beginning to string the word together with other words

37) As with most 20-month-olds, David’s language is dominated by

A) echoing.
B) aphasia.
C) holophrases.
D) two-word utterances.

38) The use of short, precise words to communicate in a minimum of two-word utterances is called

A) overextension.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) a holophrase.
D) expanding.

39) Which is an example of telegraphic speech?

A) pointing toward a toy
B) saying “toy”
C) saying “Mommy give toy”
D) saying “Mommy please give me a toy”

40) Two-year-old Gannon says to his mother, “I go park” to convey, “I want to go to the park.” This language is called ________ speech.

A) telegraphic
B) holophrastic
C) egocentric
D) infant-directed

41) Which of the following illustrates telegraphic speech?

A) “Down!”
B) “baa-baa-baa-baa”
C) “Daddy work.”
D) “I want to go the store now!”

42) During the ________ years, most children gradually become sensitive to the sounds of spoken words. They show this phonological awareness in such ways as noticing rhymes, enjoying poems, making up silly names for things by substituting one sound for another, and breaking long words into syllables.

A) elementary
B) primary
C) preschool
D) junior-high

43) Jean Berko is associated with an experiment in which she used fictional words (such as “wug”) to see if children could apply ________ rules without relying on past instances of hearing a given word.

A) fictional-word
B) syntax
C) morphological
D) semantic

44) Which of the following is an example of a wh- question?

A) Where is Daddy?
B) Can I go with Daddy?
C) Can I see Daddy?
D) Did you look at Daddy?

45) Cody has learned the difference between a pickup truck and a semi-truck through a process called

A) connection.
B) differation.
C) fast capacity.
D) fast mapping.

46) At about ________ years old, children develop a remarkable sensitivity to the needs of others in conversation.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

47) A good strategy for using books with preschoolers is to use them to

A) encourage children to ask questions.
B) initiate conversations with the children.
C) help them play with language skills.
D) All the answer choices are correct.

48) During ________, a change occurs in the way children think about words. They become less tied to the actions and sequential dimensions associated with words, and they become more analytical and categorical in their approach to words.

A) middle childhood
B) late childhood
C) the preschool years
D) middle childhood and late childhood

49) One model (Chall, 1979) describes reading skills in five stages. Which stage below is NOT stated correctly?

A) Stage 0: Children master several prerequisites for reading.
B) Stage 1: Children are in first and second grade and learn to read.
C) Stage 2: Reading is still not used much for learning.
D) Stage 3: Children have no trouble understanding information presented from multiple perspectives within the same story.

50) Children who begin elementary school with a small vocabulary are at risk when it comes to

A) paying attention.
B) making friends.
C) learning how to read.
D) sitting in their seats.

51) ________ is an approach to reading that stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning.

A) Phonetics
B) Keyword
C) Whole language
D) Back to basics

52) The whole-language approach supports the idea that reading should be

A) taught alone for its own sake.
B) focused on real-life materials.
C) integrated with other content areas such as science and social studies.
D) focused on real-life materials and integrated with other content areas such as science and social studies.

53) What approach to reading stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning?

A) ABC approach
B) drill approach
C) whole-language approach
D) basic-skills-and-phonetics approach

54) Comparing the effectiveness of the whole-language and phonics approaches to reading shows that

A) neither approach is particularly effective.
B) the whole-language approach is most effective.
C) the phonics approach is most effective.
D) both approaches are beneficial, based on stage of development.

55) Which is the proper sequence for children’s writing?

A) scribbling, printing letters, distinguishing between characteristics of letters, printing own name
B) scribbling, distinguishing between characteristics of letters, printing letters, printing own name
C) scribbling, printing letters, printing own name, distinguishing between characteristics of letters
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

56) Regarding concerns about immature printing and invented spelling, which of the following is true?

A) These traits should be viewed as potential markers for a learning disability.
B) It is legitimate to be concerned, since children can continue on in life this way.
C) Parents should not monitor the progress of children’s writing.
D) These traits are natural in early writing, and parents should continue to encourage writing regardless.

57) Luiz recently came to the United States from Peru. This year his math lessons will be taught totally in Spanish. Next year, only part of his math instruction will be in Spanish. The following year, Alexander will be taught math completely in English. Alexander is best thought of as being involved in the process of

A) bilingual education.
B) obtaining a language acquisition device.
C) recasting.
D) the whole-word approach to language.

58) In terms of bilingualism, the United States is

A) typically praised for its effort to encourage bilingual education.
B) typically surpassed by its counterparts, where bilingualism is often the norm rather than the exception.
C) seen as a “role model” for its development of effective bilingual programs.
D) viewed as unique, since it is one of the few nations to recognize the importance of bilingualism for success in the global economy of the next century.

59) Adolescents

A) develop more sophisticated and abstract abilities with words.
B) have a slight slowdown in understanding words that lasts about two years.
C) will do better in understanding language when they begin to think abstractly at 18 years of age.
D) struggle with understanding metaphors.

60) ________ is an implied comparison between unlike things.

A) Similarity
B) Satire
C) Metaphor
D) Vocabulary

61) ________ is the use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness.

A) Similarity
B) Satire
C) Metaphor
D) Vocabulary

62) In terms of writing, adolescents are better at

A) writing than children are.
B) organizing ideas before they write.
C) distinguishing between general and specific points as they write.
D) All the answer choices are correct.

63) When 13-year-olds Lisa and Alan use nicknames that are satirical and derisive they probably do so

A) only to be mean.
B) to show that they belong to a group.
C) to reduce the seriousness of a situation.
D) to both show that they belong to a group and to reduce the seriousness of a situation.

64) A dialect is a variety of language that is distinguished by its

A) vocabulary.
B) grammar.
C) pronunciation.
D) All the answer choices are correct.

65) Which provides the strongest evidence for the biological basis of language?

A) the phonetic similarity between most languages
B) the fact that only human beings can acquire language
C) the consistent timing and order of language acquisition around the world, in spite of wide variations in the way adults interact with infants
D) the recent identification of a “linguistic gene sequence” on the eighteenth chromosomal pair

66) Which statement describes Broca’s area?

A) It is involved in speech production and grammatical processing.
B) It is involved in understanding language.
C) It is found in both brain hemispheres.
D) It is the location of the language acquisition device.

67) Edgar, who survived a gunshot wound to the head, appears to have lost the ability to speak, even though he understands directions. Based on this description, you would most likely guess that the bullet damaged

A) the right hemisphere.
B) Broca’s area.
C) the language acquisition device.
D) Wernicke’s area.

68) Broca’s area is to speech production as

A) Wernicke’s area is to language comprehension.
B) Bruner is to language acquisition support system.
C) Chomsky is to language acquisition device.
D) Skinner is to reinforcement.

69) After suffering a stroke, Chad has regained his ability to speak but still cannot understand anything that he is told. Chad most likely sustained severe damage to

A) the right hemisphere.
B) Broca’s area.
C) the language acquisition device.
D) Wernicke’s area.

70) Which area of the brain’s left hemisphere is involved in language comprehension?

A) Broca’s area
B) Wernicke’s area
C) temporal lobe
D) parietal lobe

71) The psychology club is sponsoring a speaker. The title of her talk is “The Prewired Nature of Language.” This speaker is most likely highly supportive of the ideas of

A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Catherine Snow.
C) Noam Chomsky.
D) Jerome Bruner.

72) Who argues that children are born into the world with a language acquisition device?

A) Noam Chomsky
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Jerome Bruner
D) Roger Brown

73) According to Noam Chomsky, we are born with a

A) language deficit.
B) language acquisition device.
C) zone of proximal development.
D) mean length of utterance.

74) Roger Brown (1973) challenged the behavioristic explanation of language acquisition by pointing out that parents

A) play no documented role in their children’s acquisition of language.
B) contribute to their children’s language development by genetic means.
C) often pay no attention to the grammatical form of their children’s utterances.
D) imitate and expand upon the sounds and words produced by their children.

75) Which of the following is NOT among Kathy Hirsh-Pasek and Roberta Golinkoff’s six key principles in young children’s vocabulary development?

A) Children learn words best in responsive and interactive contexts.
B) Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are considered.
C) Children learn new words best when exposed to them in heightened emotional states.
D) Children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful.

76) Child-directed speech is the kind of speech often used by adults to talk to babies and young children. Which is NOT a characteristic of this type of speech?

A) higher pitch than normal speech
B) simple words and sentences
C) cannot be used until the child is 12 months old
D) tends to be automatic and not consciously planned

77) When Doug drops his 1-year-old son off, the child-care worker approaches the son and says in a high-pitched voice, “Does baby want to play with the ball-ball today?” This person is

A) using child-directed speech.
B) expanding.
C) recasting.
D) echoing.

78) Restating what the child has said in a linguistically sophisticated form is called

A) recasting.
B) echoing.
C) labeling.
D) expanding.

79) Gloria is reading a book to her young son. As they go through the book, Gloria points to the objects in the pictures and says things like, “This is a tree. What is it? A tree.” Gloria is supporting her son’s language development through

A) recasting.
B) echoing.
C) labeling.
D) motherese.

80) What strategy did Roger Brown identify as “the original word game,” claiming that much of the early vocabulary acquired by children is motivated by this adult pressure to identify the words associated with objects?

A) echoing
B) labeling
C) recasting
D) expanding

81) At the market with her 1-year-old son, Pam identifies the names of fruits and vegetables as they walk down each aisle. What strategy is she using to help her son acquire language?

A) echoing
B) labeling
C) recasting
D) expanding

82) When 2-year-old Latisha asked her mother, “Daddy goed to bank?” her mother replied, “Yes, Daddy went to the bank.” What strategy did her mother use to enhance her daughter’s language acquisition?

A) echoing
B) labeling
C) recasting
D) expanding

83) Three-year-old Elizabeth says to her mother, “We went to the playground.” Her mother asks her, “When did you go to the playground?” This strategy to enhance Elizabeth’s language is called

A) echoing.
B) labeling.
C) recasting.
D) expanding.

84) When walking through a zoo, 2-year-old Oliver says, “Elephants are big.” One way that his mother can enhance his language development is through recasting. She could accomplish this by saying,

A) “Good job!”
B) “That was very observant.”
C) “Did you also see the monkey?”
D) “Was the elephant really big?”

85) While sitting at a baseball game, De Andre points to a weeping baby and says, “Baby cry.” De Andre’s big sister Rose responds, “Yes, the baby is crying. The baby is crying a lot.” Rose is enhancing De Andre’s language acquisition through

A) echoing.
B) labeling.
C) expanding.
D) motherese.

86) What is one thing that parents should NOT do if their child is slow in developing language skills?

A) give the child opportunities to talk
B) talk often and read to the child
C) avoid expanding what the child is saying after he talks
D) provide a rich verbal environment

87) Barbara is trying to promote infant language development in her child. She should

A) be an active conversation partner with her child.
B) adjust to the child’s idiosyncrasies.
C) play games.
D) All the answer choices are correct.

88) Which of the following is true about children all over the world acquiring language milestones?

A) They acquire language milestones at about the same time developmentally.
B) They acquire language milestones in about the same order.
C) They acquire language milestones both at about the same time developmentally and in about the same order.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

89) The interactionist view of language emphasizes

A) biology.
B) environment.
C) open-mindedness.
D) both biology and experience.

90) Wendy Verougstraete has Williams syndrome, a genetic birth disorder that was first described in 1961 and affects about 1 in 7,500 births. Which one of the following is NOT a feature of this syndrome?

A) unique combination of expressive verbal skills
B) extremely low IQ
C) limited spatial control
D) excellent motor control

91) On vocabulary tests, children with Williams syndrome show a

A) preference for unusual words.
B) very low score.
C) reluctance to even be tested.
D) language deficit.

92) There are essentially two basic and separate issues involved in exploring connections between language and cognition. Which of the following are the correct issues?

A) whether cognition is necessary for language; and whether spoken language is necessary for cognition
B) whether language development is necessary for the first year of life; and whether a language delay is a problem
C) whether Roger Brown is connected to Vygotsky in theory; and whether Vygotsky connected to Piaget in theory
D) whether written language is necessary for full language learning; and whether written language is necessary for advanced cognition

93) What has research shown about the link between four aspects of information-processing skills—memory, representational competence, processing speed, and attention—and children’s language development?

A) Representational competence assessed at 12 months of age predicts simultaneous language development.
B) Cross-modal transfer is linked to delays in language development.
C) Acquisition of object permanence positively predicts language development.
D) Joint attention in infancy shows no linkage with vocabulary development.

94) Identify the primary lesson learned from the Wild Boy of Aveyron and the wild child named Genie.

95) Compare and contrast phonology and morphology.

96) Compare and contrast the semantics and pragmatics of language.

97) List the three steps of infant language development prior to the first spoken word.

98) Consider language development from birth through 2 years of age. Outline the process, using the major language milestones to support your response.

99) What is bilingualism? Describe the preferred strategy for teaching a child a second language. What do advocates of bilingual education argue?

100) There are several linguists and theorists associated with language development. Describe three linguists or theorists and explain their connection to language development.

101) Compare and contrast the actions of recasting, expanding, and labeling.

102) Based on the works of Naomi Baron and Ellen Galinsky, identify four ways parents may facilitate infants’ and toddlers’ language development.

103) List six symptoms or characteristics associated with Williams syndrome.

104) Identify two basic issues that characterize connections between language and cognition, and provide one example of each.