Ecology & Ecosystems – Ch24 | Test Bank – 16e

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Human Biology, 16e (Mader)

Chapter 24 Ecology and the Nature of Ecosystems

1) Which of the following defines an ecosystem?

A) a group of organisms of the same species interacting together

B) all of the living organisms in an area interacting together

C) all living organisms and the nonliving environment interacting together

D) aspects of the nonliving environment interacting together

E) all the places on Earth where living organisms can be found

Section: 24.01

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.01 Identify the relationship between ecosystems and the biosphere.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2) The bottom of the ocean floor is not considered part of the biosphere because no sunlight reaches it.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Climate and the Biosphere

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.01 Identify the relationship between ecosystems and the biosphere.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3) What two characteristics define a biome?

A) temperature and the types of plants found there

B) amount of precipitation and the types of plants found there

C) temperature and rainfall

D) latitude and rainfall

E) altitude and temperature

Section: 24.01

Topic: Climate and the Biosphere

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.01.01 Identify the relationship between ecosystems and the biosphere.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4) What is another name for the taiga?

A) savanna

B) tropical rain forest

C) prairie

D) coniferous forest

E) tundra

Section: 24.01

Topic: Terrestrial Ecosystems

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.01.01 Identify the relationship between ecosystems and the biosphere.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5) The richest marine ecosystems are those in the open water where large fish abound.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Aquatic Ecosystems

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.01.01 Identify the relationship between ecosystems and the biosphere.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

6) What is the name of the frigid ecosystem bordering the North Pole?

A) coniferous forests

B) prairies

C) temperate forests

D) taiga

E) tundra

Section: 24.01

Topic: Terrestrial Ecosystems

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.01 Identify the relationship between ecosystems and the biosphere.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7) Which of the following is a biotic component of an ecosystem?

A) decomposers

B) soil type

C) amount of rainfall

D) temperature

E) amount of sunlight

Section: 24.01

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.01 Identify the relationship between ecosystems and the biosphere.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8) What is another name for autotrophs?

A) herbivores

B) carnivores

C) omnivores

D) producers

E) detritus feeders

Section: 24.01; 24.02

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology; Community Interactions; Trophic Levels; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.02 Identify ways in which autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain nutrients.; 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9) Timothy has become a vegan. He does not eat any meat, eggs, milk, or cheese. How would Timothy be classified?

A) producer

B) herbivore

C) carnivore

D) omnivore

E) detritus feeder

Section: 24.01

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 24.01.02 Identify ways in which autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain nutrients.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10) What kind of an organism is an earthworm?

A) producer

B) herbivore

C) carnivore

D) omnivore

E) detritus feeder

Section: 24.01; 24.02

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology; Community Interactions

Bloom's: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

11) Decomposers perform a valuable service because they recycle nutrients.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology; Community Interactions; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.02 Identify ways in which autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain nutrients.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12) What do autotrophs require in order to produce food for themselves and all the heterotrophs?

A) sunlight, inorganic nutrients

B) sunlight, organic nutrients

C) an energy source, water

D) an energy source, inorganic nutrients

E) heat, water

Section: 24.01

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology; Community Interactions; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.01.02 Identify ways in which autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain nutrients.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13) Which term is analogous to the word niche?

A) address

B) job description

C) properties

D) needs

E) desires

Section: 24.01

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology; Community Ecology

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14) To say that something is a producer is to give information regarding its niche in an ecosystem.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Ecosystem Ecology; Community Ecology; Community Interactions

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.02 Identify ways in which autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain nutrients.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15) Both energy and chemicals cycle through an ecosystem.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16) All of the energy in an ecosystem eventually becomes

A) sunlight.

B) feces.

C) heat.

D) detritus.

E) body mass.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17) As a rule of thumb, how much of the food energy taken in by an herbivore is passed on to a carnivore (primary consumer)?

A) 1%

B) 5%

C) 10%

D) 50%

E) 90%

Section: 24.01

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18) Which of the following functions of an herbivore provides energy that becomes available to the carnivore that eats the herbivore?

A) excretion

B) defecation

C) growth and reproduction

D) cellular respiration

E) death

Section: 24.01

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19) Almost 100% of the energy taken in by plants from the sun is available to an ecosystem.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20) Life on Earth is dependent on a continued input of energy from the sun.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21) Which is at the beginning of a grazing food web?

A) detritus

B) earthworms

C) beetles

D) shrews

E) leaves

Section: 24.02

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.02.01 Recognize the differences between a grazing food web and a detrital food web.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

22) What organism would be at the second level in a detrital food web?

A) leaves

B) detritus

C) birds

D) earthworms

E) shrews

Section: 24.02

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.02.01 Recognize the differences between a grazing food web and a detrital food web.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23) What does the word trophic mean?

A) energy

B) niche

C) web

D) feeding

E) biomass

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

24) A detrital food web and a grazing food web are separate because each starts at a different level.

Section: 24.02

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.02.01 Recognize the differences between a grazing food web and a detrital food web.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

25) Diagram an ecological pyramid that consists of four trophic levels. Indicate the category of organisms at each level and provide an example of an organism for each category.

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 6. Create

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

26) If the first-level carnivore consumes 500 kg of energy from herbivore tissue, how much is available to the second-level carnivores?

A) 500 kg

B) 100 kg

C) 50 kg

D) 10 kg

E) 5 kg

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

27) Assuming all of the following organisms are part of the same food web, which of the following would be an example of a secondary consumer?

A) leaves

B) caterpillars

C) sparrows

D) hawks

E) eagles

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

28) Which of the following is on the same trophic level as a rabbit?

A) deer

B) snake

C) fox

D) hawk

E) bobcat

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels

Bloom's: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

29) Do all ecological pyramids have a broad base with a smaller top?

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

30) What is the advantage of constructing an ecological pyramid based on biomass?

A) Aquatic ecosystem pyramids actually look like pyramids.

B) Size of the various organisms is eliminated as a factor.

C) This includes the detrital food web as well as the grazing food web in one pyramid.

D) This takes into account nutrient cycling as well as energy flow.

E) This eliminates the need to include producers in the pyramid.

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

31) Most ecosystems contain quaternary consumers.

Section: 24.02

Topic: Trophic Levels; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.02.02 Explain the energy flow among populations through food webs and ecological pyramids.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

32) Which of the following biogeochemical cycles is a sedimentary cycle?

A) carbon

B) nitrogen

C) phosphorus

D) water

E) ice

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.01 Define the term biogeochemical cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

33) A biogeochemical cycle involves only the abiotic components of an ecosystem, and describes how chemicals circulate through those components.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.01 Define the term biogeochemical cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

34) The atmosphere would be considered what component of a chemical cycle?

A) reservoir

B) exchange pool

C) biotic community

D) source

E) The atmosphere is not any of these components.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

35) Minerals in rocks are considered what type of component of a chemical cycle?

A) reservoir

B) exchange pool

C) biotic community

D) abiotic community

E) Rocks are not any of these components.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.01 Define the term biogeochemical cycle.; 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

36) Are humans capable of upsetting global biogeochemical cycles with their activities?

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

37) Hail and snow are examples of

A) evaporation.

B) precipitation.

C) runoff.

D) transpiration.

E) aquifers.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

38) When water evaporates from the ocean, it leaves the salts behind.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

39) List and explain the six steps in the hydrological cycle.

2. Vaporized freshwater rises into the atmosphere that condenses and falls as precipitation over the oceans and land.

3. Water also evaporates from land, and transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants.

4. Gravity causes the water to eventually return to the sea.

5. Runoff from higher elevations will eventually make its way downhill towards the ocean. As it travels, it will collect various pollutants, nutrients, and sediment load.

6. Groundwater can be stored in underground aquifers that can release it into wells and springs.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 6. Create

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

40) What is the loss of water from plants called?

A) runoff

B) precipitation

C) evaporation

D) transpiration

E) transference

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

41) Which of the following is associated with groundwater mining?

A) aquifers

B) standing water (lakes and ponds)

C) ice

D) ocean

E) runoff

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

42) One of the consequences of building roads, parking lots, and buildings is

A) increased evaporation from the ocean.

B) decreased precipitation over the oceans and the land.

C) increased transpiration of plants in the vicinity.

D) increased runoff into nearby streams, lakes, wetlands, or the ocean.

E) a decrease in the level of the water table.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

43) Which is an exchange pool for the carbon cycle?

A) the ocean

B) carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

C) limestone

D) fossil fuels

E) soil

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

44) Organisms that live in an aquatic environment get their carbon from calcium carbonate shells on the bottom, instead of from carbon dioxide in the environment.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

45) How is carbon dioxide made available to living organisms?

A) by breathing

B) by cellular respiration

C) by photosynthesis

D) by combustion

E) by decay

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

46) What is the primary source of carbon for aquatic algae?

A) calcium carbonate

B) calcium chloride

C) bicarbonate

D) carbon dioxide

E) carbon monoxide

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

47) There are no reservoirs of carbon for the carbon cycle.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

48) Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?

A) carbon dioxide

B) methane

C) nitrous oxide

D) hydrofluorocarbons

E) All of the answer choices are greenhouse gases. 

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

49) The ratio between the uptake of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis and the release of carbon dioxide by respiration is approximately

A) 1 (i.e., about the same).

B) 2 (i.e., twice as much carbon dioxide is taken up by photosynthesis as is released by respiration).

C) 5 (i.e., five times as much carbon dioxide is taken up by photosynthesis as is released by respiration).

D) 0.5 (i.e., half as much carbon dioxide is taken up by photosynthesis as is released by respiration).

E) 0.1 (i.e., one-tenth as much carbon dioxide is taken up by photosynthesis as is released by respiration).

Section: 24.03

Topic: Climate and the Biosphere; Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.; 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

50) Which of the following is an effect of climate change?

A) rise in sea level

B) melting of glaciers

C) wetter coastal regions

D) flooding of coastal agricultural land

E) All of the answer choices are consequences of global climate change. 

Section: 24.03

Topic: Climate and the Biosphere

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

51) The global climate has already warmed about 0.6 degrees Celsius since the Industrial Revolution.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Climate and the Biosphere

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

52) Water vapor contributes to global warming.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Climate and the Biosphere

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

53) There is more nitrogen gas in the atmosphere than there is oxygen.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

54) Which of the following is a legume involved in housing nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A) ferns

B) oak trees

C) grass

D) beans

E) roses

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

55) How is the nitrogen cycle like the carbon cycle?

A) Both are gaseous cycles.

B) Both require photosynthesis to utilize the chemical.

C) Both are lost to the atmosphere during cellular respiration.

D) Both are stored in fossil fuels.

E) Neither has a reservoir in nature.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

56) What is involved in the process of denitrification?

A) conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonium

B) conversion of nitrogen gas to nitrate

C) conversion of ammonium to nitrate

D) conversion of nitrite to nitrate

E) conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

57) How does phosphate enter the soil?

A) conversion in the atmosphere due to lightning

B) precipitation from clouds

C) weathering of rocks

D) photosynthesis

E) cellular respiration

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

58) Phosphorus is needed by living organisms because it is a part of proteins.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Energy and Chemical Cycling; Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.02 Identify the steps of the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

59) Cultural eutrophication can be caused by

A) respiration and transpiration.

B) mercury from industrial sources.

C) bacteria and viruses from sewage and barnyard waste.

D) detergents, fertilizers, and sewage treatment plants.

E) biological magnification.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

60) Biological magnification occurs as organisms get larger due to increased water, air, and soil pollution.

Section: 24.03

Topic: Trophic Levels; Biogeochemical Cycles

Bloom's: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 24.03.03 Identify how human activities can alter each of the biogeochemical cycles.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

61) When energy flows from one trophic level to another, only a small amount is actually used. Which of the following uses of energy by an organism allows for the least amount of transfer to a different trophic level?

A) cellular respiration

B) growth

C) death

D) excretion

E) reproduction

Section: 24.01

Topic: Trophic Levels; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

62) When a rabbit eats a bean plant, a portion of the available energy moves into the rabbit's body. When the rabbit is eaten by a hawk, a portion of the available energy moves into the hawk's body. Indicate the various areas that energy is used by an organism, and why only 10% of the rabbit's available energy will move to the hawk.

1. Cellular respiration uses energy and converts it into heat that dissipates into the environment.

2. Some of the available energy is released through excretion and defecation. This is unavailable to the next trophic level.

Section: 24.01

Topic: Trophic Levels; Energy and Chemical Cycling

Bloom's: 6. Create

Learning Outcome: 24.01.03 Interpret the energy flow and biogeochemical cycling within and among ecosystems.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation