Echinoderms & Hemichordates – Ch22 | Test Bank 18e

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Student name:__________

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) The functions carried out by the water vascular system of the echinoderms are numerous. At a very basic level, this singlesystem in the echinoderms carries out the roles of the appendages, muscular system, excretory systemand respiratory system of arthropods.

⊚ true
⊚ false

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
2) The Chaetognaths

A) have radial symmetry.
B) feed on clams.
C) are small ancestors of fish.
D) are mostly pelagic plankton feeders.
E) are solidly advanced deuterostomes.

3) The common name for chaetognaths is

A) arrow worms.
B) acorn worms.
C) spoon worms.
D) lancelets.
E) elvers.

4) As part of your work as a laboratory technician, you are responsible for keeping a population of arrow worms well-fed. What would be the best indication that these animals are eating well?

A) Plankton and small fish disappear from the tank.
B) The animals can be observed retracting a hood and snapping onto food items.
C) The animals are seen surfacing at night and drifting transparently among plankton.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

5) What is the best explanation for how arrow worms are unlike any other invertebrate?

A) Arrow worms lack any coelom.
B) Arrow worms lack a complete digestive tract.
C) Arrow worms have gills.
D) Arrow worms have well-developed circulatory and excretory systems.
E) Arrow worms have a many-layered epidermis.

6) Unique characteristics of echinoderms include all of the following EXCEPT

A) an endoskeleton of plates or ossicles.
B) marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species.
C) pedicellariae.
D) dermal brachiae.
E) a water vascular system.

7) As you analyze the fossilized echinoderm specimens in a museum collection on a class field trip, your lab partner seems unsure of the relationship between the extinct species and modern echinoderms. How can you explain this to your lab partner?

A) The echinoderm fossil record is sparse with few representatives, so no connections can be made to modern species.
B) The fossils record shows that echinoderms were a fairly modern group to arise, and no major changes have occurred over time.
C) Like modern echinoderms, early echinoderms were sessile and pentaradial, but they did have a bilateral ancestor.
D) Early echinoderms were free-swimming and bilateral but became sessile and pentaradial in recent times.

8) If you need to quickly gather echinoderms from their natural habitat, where do you think you would find the greatest number of specimens?

A) free-swimming in open ocean
B) in the benthos
C) as parasites
D) as sedentary particle feeders

9) As part of a laboratory investigation, you must identify a series of unknown echinoderms. The first echinoderm is far more active than the others. Based on this information alone, what is this animal?

A) a sea urchin
B) a sea star
C) a sea cucumber
D) a brittle star
E) a crinoid

10) Which of the following are considered "irregular" urchins?

A) sea urchins that swim
B) sand dollars and heart urchins
C) sea cucumbers
D) crinoids
E) brittle stars

11) Ecologically, sea stars are at what trophic level?

A) producer
B) herbivore
C) top carnivore
D) omnivore
E) detritivore

12) Within basic research, sea urchins have been a standard research animal in

A) immunology.
B) study of respiratory systems.
C) study of bone.
D) digestive anatomy.
E) molecular embryology.

13) Treating sea urchin eggs with hypertonic seawater or subjecting them to other stimuli causes them to develop without the presence of sperm, a phenomenon called

A) isogamy.
B) polyspermy.
C) artificial insemination.
D) artificial parthenogenesis.
E) fertilization sensitivity.

14) The orientation of a sea star is

A) a dorsal mouth and a ventral spiny surface facing upward.
B) an oral mouth facing downward and an aboral spiny surface.
C) an anterior mouth and a posterior spiny surface.
D) a dorsal oral mouth and a ventral-aboral spiny surface.
E) a ventral mouth and an anti-ventral spiny surface.

15) Tube feet run along the this groove that extends along the oral side from the mouth to the tip of each arm.

A) ambulacral
B) hemal
C) radial
D) dermal
E) lateral

16) Pedicellariae are

A) larval sea stars.
B) the mouth-like openings into the center of the bottom of the sea star.
C) structures linking the madreporite and the ring canal.
D) small pincer-like projections clustered on the skin of a sea star that serve to keep it clean of parasites and aquatic growth.
E) soft and delicate projections of the coelomic cavity covered with epidermis.

17) What do you think would occur if the papulae of a sea star were removed?

A) Respiration would be greatly decreased.
B) Excretion would be lessened.
C) Reproduction would not occur.
D) Digestion would not occur.
E) Defense and protection would be significantly more difficult.

18) The calcareous plates found underneath the epidermis are called the

A) ambulacrae.
B) tiedemann's bodies.
C) madreporite.
D) pedicellariae.
E) ossicles.

19) The meshwork of fiber-filled spaces that penetrate the ossicles of echinoderms is called a

A) pyloric cecum.
B) radial canal.
C) polian vesicle.
D) coelomocyte.
E) stereom.

20) If you went to the ocean and brought back a sea star to keep in a marine aquarium, what would you feed it?

A) algae
B) live clams
C) live fish
D) water in plankton since they are filter feeders
E) living coral

21) Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function in sea star anatomy?

A) ampullae—end of the tube foot that bears the sucker
B) polian vesicles—fluid storage
C) Tiedemann's bodies—production of coelomocytes
D) lateral canals—connects the radial canal to the tube feet and has one-way valves
E) stone canal—joins the madreporite and ring canal

22) If the radial nerve in an arm is cut, the podia in that arm lose coordination; if the circumoral nerve ring is cut, podia in all arms are uncoordinated and movement ceases. This indicates that

A) the hydraulic system is not involved in movement of tube feet.
B) the radial nerve controls the nerve ring.
C) part of the function of tube feet is hydraulic and part is controlled by the nerve stimulation.
D) water pressure in the hydraulic system is directly controlled by the nervous system.
E) the sea star is aware of the extent it is damaged and can change behaviors to compensate.

23) Structures in each arm of a sea star include the gonads, the system that works the tube feet, and

A) kidneys.
B) hearts of a circulatory system.
C) pyloric ceca that produce digestive fluids for extracellular digestion.
D) the intestine that collects large amounts of wastes to expel through the anus.
E) gills.

24) What best describes the nervous system of a sea star?

A) A complex of nerve ganglia in each ray
B) A central nervous system including a brain
C) A simple nerve ring and radial nerves leading to simple sensory cells scattered over the epidermis
D) No genuine nerve cells are found in echinoderms; they operate completely by a hydraulic system.

25) As you observe a sea star, you are amazed by the ability of the animal to open the shell of its prey, which is a bivalve mollusc. A classmate who is also observing the sea star wonders how the animal will feed, because its arms are all involved in keeping the shell of the mollusc open. How can you explain the feeding ability of the sea star to your classmate?

A) The sea star has tentacles that it will use to draw food into its mouth.
B) The sea star will use one of its arms to scoop out the soft body of the mollusc.
C) The sea star will use its arms to create a water current to draw food particles into its mouth.
D) The sea star can evert the lower part of stomach.

26) Explain what would occur if the hemal system of a sea star was absent.

A) Circulation would not occur.
B) Excretion would not occur.
C) Gametes would not be released.
D) Digestion would not occur.
E) It is impossible to say, as the function of the hemal system is still not known for certain.

27) Sea stars reproduce mostly

A) by budding.
B) only asexually by intentionally breaking off appendages.
C) sexually, usually with separate sexes.
D) sexually, with both sex organs on same organism, similar to earthworms, with cross-fertilization.
E) sexually, with both sex organs on same organism, but by self-fertilization.

28) "Bipinnaria" describes the

A) larval form of many echinoderms.
B) central two-branched reproductive structures of sea stars.
C) hydraulic system that controls the tube feet of sea urchins and sea stars.
D) ability of these animals to grow into either males or females.
E) underlying bilateral symmetry of an adult although it appears to be pentaradial.

29) In echinoderms, the main coelomic compartment is

A) missing.
B) a somatocoel.
C) completely converted into the water-vascular system.
D) the pyloric stomach.
E) restricted to a small space around the gonads.

30) As part of your study of echinoderms, you are trying to identify a specimen. You and your lab partner do not agree on the identification of this animal. You believe it is a brittle star, but your lab partner believes it is a sea star. What features can you point to to support your idea that this animal is a brittle star and not a sea star?

A) The specimen lacks pedicellariae.
B) The specimen lacks papulae, intestine, and an anus.
C) The specimen has ambulacral grooves taht are closed and covered with arm ossicles.
D) The specimen has tube feet without suckers.
E) All of the choices support the idea that the specimen is a brittle star but not a sea star.

31) The five pairs of bursae in brittle stars are used for

A) digestion and excretion.
B) respiration and reproduction.
C) reproduction and digestion.
D) circulation and digestion.
E) circulation and excretion.

32) The echinoids

A) have five long, slender arms.
B) are enclosed in an endoskeletal test or shell.
C) lack tube feet.
D) lack ambulacral areas.
E) are unable to move because of their spines.

33) The complex chewing apparatus found in many sea urchins is the

A) ampulla.
B) Aristotle's lantern.
C) hydrocoel.
D) pedicellariae.
E) petaloid.

34) The oral tentacles of the sea cucumber are

A) modified tube feet.
B) actually primitive lophophores.
C) elaborated pedicellariae.
D) also part of its respiratory tree.
E) completely new structures evolved in this group.

35) The respiratory tree of a sea cucumber is

A) not present in other echinoderms.
B) branches off the cloaca of the animal.
C) also serving in excretion.
D) not a replacement for gas exchange through the skin and tube feet.
E) All of the choices are correct.

36) The crinoids

A) have the most primitive characters.
B) have far fewer living species than are found in the fossil record.
C) include the shallow-water feather stars of tropical oceans.
D) include sea lilies that resemble a stalked flower.
E) All of the choices are correct.

37) Echinoderm evolution is controversial but most zoologists agree that __________ are related and form one clade.

A) sea stars and brittle stars
B) sea stars and sea urchins
C) sea stars and sea cucumbers
D) sea urchins and sea cucumbers
E) crinoids and sea urchins

38) The designation of hemichordates as primitive chordates in 1885 by Bateson is viewed as

A) accurate using new molecular data.
B) overenthusiastic since the structure he interpreted as a notochord does not have notochord embryology.
C) completely wrong since new research indicates that all features he interpreted as chordate features are actually other structures.
D) as puzzling today as in 1885.
E) None of the choices are correct.

39) The hemichordate "notochord" is

A) the feature proposed by Bateson to include this animal with the chordates.
B) a buccal diverticulum.
C) not homologous with the chordate notochord.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

40) Hemichordates live

A) in the open ocean with a similar lifestyle to arrow-worms (which is why they are considered related).
B) in kelp beds.
C) in deep oceans, especially the rich and oxygenated Arctic Ocean.
D) on the bottom of shallow oceans, sometimes colonially and in secreted tubes.
E) just around thermal vents.

41) Hemichordates were not recognized until the 1800s because they

A) were considered roundworms.
B) are very rare.
C) are common but only around deep ocean vents.
D) have recently dramatically increased in numbers.
E) had secretive habits and fragile bodies.

42) Hemichordates seem to be related to

A) arrow-worms.
B) arthropods and annelids.
C) molluscs and echinoderms.
D) annelids and echinoderms.
E) both the echinoderms and the chordates.

43) The pores leading to both the protocoel and paired coelomic cavities of the enteropneust hemichordates allow

A) fertilization of eggs by sperm.
B) exchange of fluids for a low efficiency respiratory system.
C) water to be drawn in to stiffen the chambers to aid in burrowing.
D) excretion of wastes.
E) movement of ions and water to keep an osmotic balance.

44) The gill slits of enteropneust hemichordates function to

A) house gills.
B) strain food out of the water on the mucus-coated gill slits.
C) allow water to exit after food has been gathered from the inflow.
D) orient the animal in the water.
E) excrete wastes.

45) The excretory system of an enteropneust hemichordate (or acorn worm) consists of

A) a glomerulus or network of blood vessels that surround the sinus and buccal diverticulum.
B) a rich supply of blood vessels in the gill slits.
C) a network of flame cells at the periphery.
D) a simple metanephridium that empties into the cloaca.
E) a network of vessels under the epidermis.

46) The nervous system of an enteropneust hemichordate (or acorn worm) consists of

A) a small brain and a dorsal ladder network of ganglia for each body segment.
B) a network or plexus that runs underneath the epithelial cells that fuse to become ventral and dorsal neurochords.
C) a small brain and a ventral ladder network of ganglia for each body segment.
D) no brain but an extensive network of ganglia transferring information from sensory organs to the digestive system.
E) no specialized nerves; the epetheliomusculature must respond to stimuli itself in a manner similar to the cnidarians.

47) The larva of an acorn worm is

A) always a juvenile that grows into a bigger adult.
B) a tornaria larvae that resembles an echinoderm bipinnaria larvae.
C) very close in structure to a tunicate larva.
D) nearly identical to a lancelet.
E) None of the choices are correct.

48) On a laboratory practical exam, you are presented with an unknown specimen. You know it either belongs to the Phylum Chaetognatha or to the Phylum Echinodermata. What characteristic would you look for that would tell you that the specimen is from the Phylum Chaetognatha and not the Phylum Echinodermata?

A) bilateral symmetry
B) diffuse nervous system
C) endoskeleton of ossicles
D) lack of cephalization

49) Why would taxonomists think that vertebrate animals (such as mammals)are more closely related to a sea starthan an octopus? After all, the octopus has a brain, well-developed eyes and other attributes that seem more like vertebrates.

A) The reason stems from early embryological development patterns that sea starand vertebrates have in common.
B) It is because of the structure of the skin of sea star.
C) The reason stems from the fact that the original vertebrates had pentaradial symmetry.
D) Sea starswere the first to evolve terrestrial forms that could be the original vertebrate type.

50) Predict what would happen to a chaetognath if a bacterial infection caused the loss of the sensory bristles.

A) The chaetognath would be unable to sense prey.
B) The chaetognath would be unable to filter feed.
C) The chaetognath would be unable to respire.
D) The chaetognath would be unable to recognize a potential mate.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
51) Clade Ambulacraria contains two deuterostome phyla: Echinodermata and __________.

52) Minute, pincer-like __________ are found on the surfaces of many sea stars.

53) On the inner end of each tube foot is a muscular sac called an __________.

54) A system of unknown function consisting of tissue strands enclosing unlined channels is the __________ system.

55) During metamorphosis of sea stars, the left side of the larva becomes the oral surface of the adult, and the right side becomes the __________ surface.

56) The mouth of the brittle star is surrounded by five movable plates that serve as __________.

57) In brittle stars, water circulates into the __________ for gaseous exchange.

58) The respiratory tree of sea cucumbers opens into the __________.

59) The madreporite of sea cucumbers is located in the __________.

60) The basic five arms of crinoids are usually branched to form many more, each of which bears barblike __________.

61) These odd little echinoderms were formerly considered a class of their own. They possess tube feet distributed around the periphery of their disclike body and belong to the group __________.

62) __________ larvae of nonbrooding echinoids may live a planktonic existence for several months and then metamorphose into young urchins.

63) The ancestor of the echinoderms had __________ symmetry.

64) A feature of the earliest echinoderms apparently was the development of endoskeletal plates with __________ structure.

65) Hemichordates do not have a kidney, but they do have a single __________.

66) Characteristics of the hemichordates that are shared with the echinoderms and are the basis for the clade Ambulacraria are a diffuse epidermal nervous system and a(n) __________ coelom.

67) Water for filter feeding in the hemichordates is driven by __________ currents.

68) The larva of enteropneust hemichordates is known as a __________.

69) The __________ live in secreted tubes on the ocean bottom.

70) The early embryology of hemichordates is much like that of the __________.

71) The hemichordates and echinoderms apparently form a sister group to the _________.

72) Of all the animals we have studied there are two groups that the nonbiologist ocean scuba diver would be the most likely to confuse with a plant. One are some of the members of the class Anthazoa (a cnidarian). The other belongs to what echinoderm class?

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
73) Explain how a molecule of water moves through the body of a sea star. Begin with the entry of the water molecule into the body, and end with the presence of the water molecule in a tube foot.

74) Compare and contrast the internal features of the enteropneustans and the pterobranchians.

75) Compare and contrast the internal features of a sea star with those of a sea cucumber.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
76) Describe the human response to the impact of sea star predators in oyster beds and include how the remedy for eliminating sea stars does not also eliminate the oysters.

77) If you examined a biology class chart from the first half of the last century, the echinoderm sheet would be found immediately following the cnidarian sheet, a very primitive location in the survey of the phyla. Today we discuss echinoderms as one of the last invertebrate groups before studying chordates. Describe why we have changed our perspective on the evolutionary placement of echinoderms.

78) Outline the phylogeny and adaptive diversification of the hemichordates and discuss the latest data of small subunit rRNA supporting a deuterostome phylogeny for this group.