Fishes | Ch24 – Test Bank – 18th Edition

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CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Shark characteristics include

A) having internal fertilization.
B) having blood solute concentration equal to that of marine water due to high concentrations of urea and trimethylamine oxide.
C) having teeth of modified placoid scales.
D) being able to detect bioelectric fields.
E) having a swim bladder to control buoyancy.

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
2) The cladistic use of the term "fish"

A) applies to a monophyletic group of aquatic vertebrates.
B) includes all swimming animals from the amphioxus lancelet up to, but not including, the true amphibians.
C) would also include the common ancestor with land vertebrates (including us) and a strict cladist would then include us in "fish."
D) only includes aquatic vertebrates with gills.
E) reflects any vertebrate that is adapted to water.

3) The most primitive of the early fishes were the

A) Agnathans.
B) Gnathostomes.
C) Acanthodians.
D) Lobe-finned fishes.
E) Ray-finned fishes.

4) The "Age of Fishes" was in the __________ period.

A) Permian
B) Cambrian
C) Carboniferous
D) Devonian
E) Silurian

5) The Teleostomi fishes consist of what three major groups?

A) Acanthodii, actinopterygii, and sarcopterygii
B) Chondricthyes, agnatha, and myxini
C) Myxini, placoderms, and holocephali
D) Agnatha, craniata, and osteichthyes
E) None of the choices is correct

6) The cartilaginous fishes do NOT include

A) skates.
B) rays.
C) sharks.
D) eels.
E) All of the choices are cartilaginous fishes

7) Cartilaginous fishes

A) lost the heavy dermal armor of their ancestors.
B) had ancestors with bone but moved to an all cartilage skeleton.
C) flourished in the Devonian and Carboniferous but nearly went extinct at the end of the Paleozoic.
D) lack a swim bladder.
E) All of the choices are correct

8) Hagfishes

A) are entirely fresh water animals.
B) are parasitic.
C) have a complex but well-researched reproductive cycle.
D) generate enormous quantities of slime if disturbed.
E) All of the choices are correct

9) Unlike other vertebrates, the body fluids of hagfishes are

A) strongly hypoosmotic to seawater.
B) strongly hyperosmotic to seawater.
C) in osmotic equilibrium with seawater.
D) very concentrated, with over 80% blood solids.
E) under high internal pressure near the surface.

10) The hagfish has a keen sense of

A) depth and water pressure in order to control its swim bladder.
B) smell and touch in order to locate dead and dying fish.
C) sight in order to locate dying fish and annelids, molluscs, and crustaceans.
D) hearing in order to locate prey in dark depths.
E) All of the choices are well-developed in hagfish

11) In North America, knowledge of the biology of lampreys

A) has led to the understanding that all native lampreys are parasitic.
B) led to the limited control of lampreys by larvicides and release of sterile males.
C) led to understanding that prey fish always die after lamprey has gorged and abandoned the prey.
D) All of the choices are correct

12) The lateral-line of a shark is used for

A) detecting and locating objects and moving animals in the water.
B) excretion of urea and water.
C) detecting odors.
D) secreting mucus as a swimming lubricant.
E) detecting the heat of prey animals.

13) Sharks have __________ scales.

A) placoid
B) ctenoid
C) cycloid
D) ganoid
E) polyploid

14) Shark reproduction and development involves

A) clearing a bottom area in order that the female can lay eggs and the male can deposit sperm over them.
B) no production of yolk at all but the first development of a primitive placenta in all sharks.
C) substantial care of young after the eggs are laid or young are born.
D) cases of oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous strategies.
E) a larval stage quite different from the adult.

15) The spiral valve in the intestine of a shark serves to

A) release strong acids to aid digestion.
B) function as a liver in producing bile salts.
C) entrap food molecules in a mucus strand.
D) slow passage of food and increase absorptive surface area.
E) propel food through the tract at a faster rate.

16) Ampullary organs of Lorenzini

A) are located along the lateral-line of a shark.
B) help the shark see prey at night.
C) help the shark detect bioelectric fields at a close range.
D) detect orientation similar to that perceived by our semicircular canals.
E) amplify sounds of struggling prey from great distances.

17) The large spiracles on the top of the head of skates and rays are for

A) air intake for respiration.
B) water intake to prevent clogging the gills.
C) detection of bioelectric fields from prey buried in the sea bottom.
D) detection of chemical odors in the water.

18) The ovoviviparous sharks are those that

A) lay eggs after external fertilization.
B) bear their young alive after retaining the eggs in the oviduct but with no further nourishment except from that of the yolk.
C) lay eggs after internal fertilization.
D) bear their young alive after external fertilization.
E) feed developing young a nutritious "uterine milk."

19) The chimaera

A) include representatives called ratfish and ghostfish.
B) have an odd mixture of shark-like and their own unique characteristics.
C) were more common in the Cretaceous than they are now.
D) have the upper jaw fused to the cranium.
E) All of the choices are correct

20) The most diverse fish group is the

A) ray-finned fishes.
B) lung-fishes.
C) lobe-finned fishes.
D) cartilaginous fishes.
E) None of the choices is correct

21) A representative of the ray-finned fish group, the chondrosteans, is the

A) gar.
B) sturgeon.
C) coelacanth.
D) bowfin.
E) carp.

22) Representatives of the most primitive non-teleost neopterygians are the

A) gar and bowfin.
B) sturgeon and paddle-fish.
C) coelacanths.
D) minnows and suckers.
E) carp and buffalo fish.

23) What feature(s) separates a shark from a ray-finned fish?

A) Gill slits versus operculum
B) Cartilage versus bones
C) Internal versus external fertilization
D) No swim bladder versus swim bladder
E) All of the choices are correct distinctions

24) In schooling, fish rely on sensitivity to vibration and water currents. This is provided by cells called neuromasts located inside what structure?

A) Caudal fin
B) Gills
C) Swim bladder
D) Lateral-line
E) Placoid scales

25) Darters are fish that live in fast-running rapids. They eat surface insects, rest on the bottom avoiding the push of the water, and make brief dashes to the surface to feed. If they swam midstream, they would expend a huge amount of energy. What physiological strategy allows them to live on the bottom?

A) Lack of gills
B) Loss of a lateral-line
C) Loss of a swim bladder
D) Reduction in fin size and number
E) Expansion of a swim bladder into a lung

26) The lungfishes

A) are all extinct.
B) do not really have functional lungs.
C) live only in Australia, Africa, and South America.
D) are an aberrant branch of the cartilaginous fishes.
E) are survivors of primitive ray-finned fishes.

27) The primary propulsive mechanism of a fish is

A) its trunk and caudal musculature.
B) movement of water into the mouth and forced out the gills.
C) movement of the pectoral fins.
D) movement of the pelvic fins.
E) None of the choices is correct

28) The mechanism whereby buoyancy is achieved in different kinds of fishes is

A) through the presence of a large, oily liver when a swim bladder is not present.
B) through the presence of a swim bladder that is kept filled as the fish periodically swims to the surface and gulps air.
C) through the presence of a swim bladder that is regulated internally by structures that add or remove gas from the bladder by capillary beds.
D) All of the choices are methods for achieving buoyancy.
E) None of the choices is correct.

29) Marine bony fishes are

A) hypoosmotic regulators.
B) in osmotic equilibrium with seawater.
C) hyperosmotic regulators.
D) osmotic adjustors.
E) None of the choices is correct

30) To replace water lost osmotically, marine fish

A) pump water inward across the gill surface by means of special absorptive cells.
B) drink seawater and then pump extra salt outward across the gill surface by means of salt secretory cells, and excrete the remaining ions in the feces.
C) increase glomerular filtration by the kidney.
D) drink much more seawater and accumulate unwanted salts in crystalline form.
E) produce water metabolically by the oxidation of food stuffs.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
31) Eel-like, jawless fishes with both marine and freshwater species belong to the class ____________.

32) The class __________ is composed of vertebrates having eel-like bodies, a rasping mouth with two keratinized plates, and numerous slime glands.

33) The group designation __________ was formerly considered a class name and designated bony fishes that possessed a swim bladder or lungs. Cladistic analysis has resulted in the division of this group into two classes. One includes ray-finned fishes and the other lobe-finned fishes.

34) The class ____________ is composed of vertebrates having placoid scales, a heterocercal caudal fin, a ventral mouth, and a cartilaginous endoskeleton.

35) Great Lakes fisheries nearly collapsed last century due to an invasion by sea _____________.

36) In the elasmobranchs, the sexes are separate and fertilization is _________.

37) The lateral-line system of sharks contains special receptor organs, called __________, that are sensitive to vibrations and currents in water.

38) Sharks remove excess sodium chloride from blood by means of the kidney and the ____________ gland.

39) Lobe-finned fishes are the sister group of the __________.

40) A lobe-finned fish thought to have been extinct for 70 million years, but discovered off the coast of South Africa in 1938, is called the __________.

41) Teleost fishes have a symmetrical type of tail that called a __________ tail.

42) The gas gland of the teleost swim bladder contains a remarkable network of blood capillaries called the __________.

43) The gills of bony fishes are covered with a movable flap called the __________.

44) Adult eels from both Europe and North America swim enormous distances to spawn at great depths in the __________.

45) Migratory fishes, such as the Atlantic salmon, that spend their adult lives at sea but return to freshwater to spawn are called __________.

46) Experiments have shown that homing salmon are guided upstream by the characteristic _________ of the parent stream.

47) Some sharks that develop a placental-like attachment for the nourishment of the embryo in the mother's reproductive system exhibit __________ reproduction.

48) The term for external fish reproduction where eggs are released and sperm (milt) is exuded over the eggs is __________.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
49) How does a shark detect potential prey or distinguish it from floating non-living debris?

50) Why has the coelacanth apparently changed so little from its fossil ancestor of 70 million years ago?

51) Why is there a relationship between fish size and speed? Does this not start an evolutionary speed race driving predator and prey to grow to ever increasing lengths? Why do any small fish survive?

52) How is gas moved into and out of the teleost swim bladder? Describe the physiological process in detail.

53) Describe the life cycle of the catadromous freshwater eel. Contrast this migration with the Pacific salmon.

54) Explain how fish scales can be used by researchers to determine the age of a fish.

55) Technically a teleost fish has a four-chambered heart. Yet this is not the same as a four-chambered heart of a bird or mammal. Compare and contrast these two "four-chambered" hearts.

56) Discuss the efficiency of swimming versus walking or flying, in energy cost per kilogram per unit distance covered. How does this translate into advantages for being small or large?

57) Explain why some fish die if they are prevented from continuously swimming forward.

58) Compare the ammocoete larva with the fry of a teleost fish.

59) Compare the swimming mechanisms of invertebrates such as cnidarians, flatworms, and annelids with those of the fishes. Is one form superior to another? Why or why not?

60) Discuss the vascularization of the gills of fish. Is this homologous or analogous to the vascularization of mammalian lungs?

61) Outline and compare the life histories of Pacific Salmon and the freshwater eel. Which of these two life histories is the more evolutionary successful in your opinion?

62) Discuss the difficulty of sound detection faced by fish and the adaptations that have evolved in certain groups to help increase their hearing sensitivity.