Chordates – Ch23 | Complete Test Bank – 18th Ed

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) All chordates have

A) a single, dorsal, tubular, nerve cord.
B) a ventral heart.
C) pharyngeal slits.
D) a postanal tail as some stage.
E) All of the choices are chordate features.

2) Chordates typically have

A) a notochord.
B) radial cleavage.
C) the anus derived from the blastopore.
D) a coelom that is either enterocoelous or schizocoelous.
E) All of the choices are typical chordate features.

3) Several invertebrate groups have been proposed as chordate ancestors. However, if embryological evidence is prioritized, from which group do most zoologists now believe the chordates probably descended?

A) Arthropoda
B) Cnidaria
C) Annelida-Mollusca
D) Lophophorate
E) Echinodermata

4) The extant group likely to be the most closely related to the basal chordates are the echinoderms because

A) there is direct fossil evidence for a lineage from sea stars to tunicates.
B) tunicates are advanced echinoderms.
C) early embryonic development of echinoderms is similar to that of chordates.
D) although there are few similarities between echinoderms and chordates, there are even fewer between chordates and any other group.
E) new molecular evidence shows they are nearly identical at the rRNA level.

5) The difference between the traditional and cladistic classification of chordates and their extant sister groups is a difference in

A) the addition of new and comparative rRNA and DNA molecular sequence data.
B) fossil evidence that clearly shows that the traditional classification is simply wrong.
C) the insistence in traditional systematics that all taxa be paraphyletic.
D) the insistence in cladistics that all taxa be monophyletic.
E) All of the choices are points of argument.

6) What is the main focus of the definition of a monophyletic group?

A) There is evidence of transitional fossils in the geological record.
B) There is a description of the majority of species in each higher taxon.
C) The described animals are actually real species.
D) All higher taxa contain all known descendants of their single common ancestor.
E) All of the taxa fit into the seven ranks of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy.

7) One example of why a cladist is not satisfied with the traditional classification scheme is because it

A) includes too many levels of classification.
B) includes humans among the mammals.
C) includes birds with the reptiles.
D) does not include birds with the reptiles.

8) A notochord is most correctly defined as

A) a primitive spine.
B) the tissue that becomes the dorsal nerve.
C) a flexible stiffening rod extending the length of the body.
D) embryonic tissue that develops into bone and cartilage.
E) any tissue that functions in the role of a dorsal tubular nerve cord.

9) A dorsal tubular nerve cord is

A) another name for the notochord.
B) a strip of cartilage that forms a back and tail.
C) primitive tissue that forms bone vertebrae.
D) an early nerve cord that enlarges at one end to form the brain and also extends through vertebrae.
E) None of the choices are correct.

10) The perforated pharynx of chordates first evolved as a device for

A) support.
B) respiration.
C) suspension or filter feeding.
D) detecting odors.
E) All of the choices are correct.

11) Modification of the pharyngeal slits for first use in respiration occurred in early

A) fish with the development of gills.
B) amphibians with the development of external gills.
C) reptiles with the development of the modern lung.
D) lophophorates well before we reach the chordates.
E) echinoderms as a new respiratory apparatus.

12) The name Urochordata means literally

A) "tail chordates."
B) "head chordates."
C) "kidney chordates."
D) "tunic chordates."
E) "larval swimmer."

13) The phylum Urochordata includes the classes

A) Ascidiacea, Cephalaspidomorphi, and Myxini.
B) Appendicularia, Cephalochordacea, and Myxini.
C) Ascidiacea, Myxini, and Thaliacea.
D) Thaliacea, Cephalaspidomorphi, and Calcichordata.
E) Ascidiacea, Appendicularia, and Thaliacea.

14) The urochordates are

A) called tunicates.
B) marine animals.
C) sessile as adults, but tadpole-like as larvae.
D) often abundant in intertidal organisms.
E) All of the choices are correct.

15) Reproduction in sea squirts is

A) asexual, with new individuals budding off the adults.
B) hermaphroditic with internal fertilization.
C) hermaphroditic with external fertilization.
D) with separate sexes and internal fertilization.
E) with separate sexes and external fertilization.

16) Salps in the class Thalacea

A) are barrel-shaped open-ocean organisms.
B) have larger transparent bodies.
C) may be luminous at night.
D) may occur singly or in long chains.
E) All of the choices are correct.

17) Appendicularians

A) are sexually mature individuals that have retained the larval body form.
B) are pelagic.
C) build a delicate, transparent, and hollow sphere of mucus to trap food.
D) replace feeding houses every 3-4 hours.
E) All of the choices are correct.

18) Organisms that retain the larval form of their evolutionary ancestors when they are sexually mature are called

A) larviparous.
B) paedomorphic.
C) nymphogenic.
D) precocial.

19) Cephalochordates

A) are small fish-like, freshwater animals.
B) have a notochord only in their immature stage.
C) digest food in a hepatic cecum or liver diverticulum.
D) have a ventral nerve cord.
E) have a heart that circulates blood cells with hemoglobin in a closed system.

20) The lancelets or Branchiostoma are found

A) very rarely and are about extinct.
B) as parasites inside the tracts of fish.
C) commonly in the sandy bottoms of coastal waters around the world.
D) in tropical freshwater streams.
E) near deep ocean thermal vents.

21) The lancelet reproduces

A) byasexual processes alone.
B) by budding.
C) sexually with both sex organs on the same organism, similar to earthworms.
D) sexually but with separate sexes and internal fertilization.
E) sexually but with separate sexes and external fertilization.

22) Development of the vertebrate head and sense organs was largely the result of two innovations, which are the

A) appearance of an outer epidermis and an inner dermis.
B) neural crest and ectodermal placodes.
C) living endoskeleton and highly differentiated brain.
D) 10 to 12 pairs of cranial nerves and an autonomic nervous system.
E) pharynx and endocrine system.

23) Pikaia gracilens, the earliest known chordate collected from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, closely resembles

A) the amphioxus lancelet.
B) living sessile tunicates.
C) the ammocoete larva.
D) an adult larvacean.
E) the lamprey.

24) Walter Garstang's hypothesis of vertebrate evolution could be described as the

A) annelid-vertebrate hypothesis.
B) echinoderm-vertebrate hypothesis.
C) amphioxus-vertebrate hypothesis.
D) ascidian larva-vertebrate hypothesis.
E) ammocoete larva-vertebrate hypothesis.

25) The larva of the freshwater lamprey, that closely resembles the amphioxus lancelet, is the

A) ammocoete.
B) Branchiostoma.
C) cephalaspidomorph.
D) heterostracan.
E) ostracoderm.

26) What feature can be found in the ammocoete but not in amphioxus?

A) a true liver with a gallbladder
B) a two-chambered heart
C) a three-part brain
D) eyes, nostrils, and auditory vesicles
E) All of the choices are ammocoete features lacking in the amphioxus lancelet.

27) The ammocoete larva is important in zoology because it

A) is the "missing link" between chordates and vertebrates.
B) represents the features of the most advanced chordate that is not a vertebrate.
C) represents the features of the first vertebrates that are not obscured by advanced vertebrate development.
D) is identical to the earliest Burgess shale fossil vertebrate.
E) possesses all features found in derived vertebrates, and evolution from this point forward was a matter of losing different features.

28) The ostracoderms

A) are the adult form of the ammocoete.
B) were the first vertebrate to have jaws.
C) are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish.
D) were the first fish with paired fins that led to paired appendages.
E) were the first jawed animals.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
29) While several invertebrate groups (phyla) have in the past been proposed as chordate ancestors, embryological evidence indicates the chordates are most probably a sister group to the _____________.

30) In the chordates, the __________ forms in the vicinity of the embryological blastopore.

31) Unlike most invertebrate phyla, the nerve cord of chordates is single, tubular, and located __________ to the alimentary canal.

32) In both tunicates and cephalochordates, the ventral side of the branchial sac contains a ciliated, mucus-secreting groove, the __________.

33) Tunicates belong to the subphylum __________ (Tunicata).

34) Of the five chordate hallmarks, adult tunicates have only two, the __________ slits and the endostyle.

35) Pelagic tunicates with barrel-shaped bodies and complex life histories belong to the class __________.

36) "Sea squirts," the most common kind of tunicate, belong to the class __________.

37) Lancelets belong to the subphylum __________.

38) The development of a new vertebrate head was largely the result of two embryonic innovations: the neural crest and the ectodermal __________.

39) The earliest known vertebrate fossil, from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, is an amphioxus-like creature called __________.

40) The jawless vertebrates are called Agnatha, and the jawed vertebrates are called __________.

41) The early vertebrate fossils belong to an extinct group of jawless fish known as __________.

42) The oldest jawed fish are extinct and are called __________.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
43) Compare and contrast the internal features of an ammocoete larva and Amphioxus.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
44) Describe the core difference between the traditional and cladistic classification systems as they relate to chordates.

45) The characteristics of the chordates and the characteristics of the vertebrates are not the same. List the features that distinguish these two groups.

46) Usually we think of evolution acting on organisms with different structures. How could evolution select the developmental pattern seen in paedomorphosis?

47) Outline the five chordate features. What is the fate of the endostyle in the higher vertebrates?

48) Larval and adult tunicates look virtually nothing alike. How can you explain this dramatic metamorphosis in evolutionary terms?

49) Discuss the contention that the ammocoete larva of lampreys is a successful model of the primitive vertebrate body plan.

50) Are the jawless ostracoderms a real taxon (that is, are they a monophyletic group)?

51) Outline the process that may explain how vertebrates evolved jaws. Be sure to discuss Meckel's cartilage and the significance of that structure.

52) Why are traditional grouping such as Reptilia and Agnatha not recognized in cladistics? Explain why that does or does not make evolutionary sense.

53) Explain why fossil specimens of Haikouella lanceolata offer many clues to understanding the evolution of vertebrates from cephalochordates.