Ch21 | Hexapods – Test Bank – 18th Edition

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CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Which of the following statements apply to the direct flight muscles of insects but do not apply to the indirect flight muscles? Select all that apply.

A) All flight muscles act on wing bases.
B) Downstroke of the wing is accomplished when longitudinal muscles of the thorax contract, sternotergal muscles relax, and the tergum arches upward.
C) Flight in bees and wasps relies uponthese flight muscles.
D) Flight in dragonflies relies onthese muscles.

2) You are walking along the shoreline of a lake enjoying a cool autumn evening. Your only annoyance is the healthy mosquito and midge populations present along the lake shore. You know of their presence by the hum of their wings as they fly around your head. This hum is created by wing beats in the range of 1,000 cycles per second. Which of the following statements help to explain this extremely high wing-beat frequency? Check all that apply.

A) A high frequency of nerve impulses (up to 1,000 per second) to flight muscles causes muscles to contract and relax at this frequency.
B) Resiliency of the exoskeleton contributes to the ability of these indirect flight muscles to contract and relax at this frequency.
C) Direct flight muscles of these flies are stimulated to contract when they are stretched by changes in shape of the thorax.
D) In the indirect flight muscles present in these flies, only a few nerve impulses are required to maintain many cycles of muscle contraction and relaxation.
E) These flies are using an asynchronous flight mechanism.
F) These flies are using a synchronous flight mechanism.

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
3) Primitively wingless hexapods are the

A) neuropterans.
B) thysanurans.
C) zorapterans.
D) isopterans.
E) hemipterans.

4) Entomology is the study of

A) the growth and development of animals.
B) millipedes and centipedes.
C) insects.
D) all arthropods.
E) all invertebrates.

5) The class Insecta

A) has more species than any other group of animals.
B) is of major medical importance to humans.
C) is of major economic importance to humans.
D) are critical in ecology that the loss of all insects would cause a major disruption in nature.
E) All of the choices are correct.

6) Insects differ from other arthropods because insects

A) have paired, jointed legs.
B) have ectognathous mouthparts.
C) have a single pair of antennae.
D) have mandibles.
E) have tagmata or fused segments.

7) The exoskeleton of insects is

A) very soft and pliable.
B) rigid due to deposits of calcium.
C) rigid due to chitin.
D) rigid due to unique scleroproteins.
E) variable depending on the thickness of the chitin.

8) Insect legs are attached to the

A) head, thorax, and abdomen (one pair each).
B) thorax and abdomen (two pairs on the thorax and one on the abdomen).
C) thorax with one pair on the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
D) thorax with all three pairs on the mesothorax.
E) thorax with two pairs on the mesothorax and one pair on the metathorax.

9) When insects have two pairs of wings, they are attached to the

A) thorax and abdomen (one pair each).
B) thorax with one pair on the prothorax and one pair on the mesothorax.
C) thorax with one pair on the mesothorax and one pair on the metathorax.
D) thorax with both pairs on the mesothorax.
E) thorax with both pairs on the metathorax.

10) Insect wings are

A) an extension of the cuticle formed by the epidermis.
B) a double membrane stiffened with veins.
C) reduced to a pair of wings and a pair of balancing halteres in true flies.
D) a feature of adult but not larval insects.
E) All of the choices are correct.

11) In insects, the genital appendages are located

A) at the end of the abdomen.
B) on the thorax next to the abdomen.
C) on the abdomen near the thorax.
D) in many locations including the pedipalps as occurs in spiders.
E) None of the choices are correct.

12) Insect wings operate by

A) only pulling the wing upward and letting gravity pull it downward.
B) small thin muscles actually contracting within the wing membrane itself.
C) either attaching to the wing directly or moving the wing by distorting the thoracic components.
D) extending the wing in and out of the thorax.
E) whirling the wing in a circle.

13) The major flight muscles of insects such as flies and bees

A) are all indirect.
B) are all synchronous.
C) do not require nervous stimulation to operate.
D) beat at a slow rate (under 100 beats per second) but with great efficiency.
E) None of the choices are correct.

14) The majority of insects

A) are parasitic.
B) feed on plant juices and tissues.
C) are carnivorous.
D) are omnivorous.
E) are detritivores.

15) When a parasitic insect is itself parasitized by another insect,

A) this is called a superparasite.
B) this is hyperparasitism.
C) this is co-parasitism.
D) the second parasite is a parasitoid.
E) the first insect is the host-parasite.

16) Which is NOT a correct association of insect mouthparts?

A) Sucking mouthparts—water scorpion
B) Sponging mouthparts—house fly
C) Biting mouthparts—grasshopper
D) Sponging mouthparts—butterfly
E) Sucking mouthparts—mosquito

17) When an insect larva slowly consumes and eventually kills its host, it is called a

A) hyperparasite.
B) phytophagous.
C) saprophagous.
D) hyperpredaceous.
E) parasitoid.

18) Saprophagous insects feed on

A) plant juices.
B) dead animals.
C) other insects.
D) any living organism.
E) None of the choices are correct.

19) How is an insect circulatory system best described?

A) The open system uses a dorsal aorta and accessory pulsatory organs to push hemolymph through the body cavities and wings, etc. but the hemolymph has little respiratory function.
B) The system is totally closed like ours with arteries and veins and the amebocytes aid in respiratory function.
C) The system is similar to ours with general closed sinuses but no distinct arteries and veins.
D) A circulatory system is totally absent and each body cell is on its own to gain food and get rid of wastes.
E) None of the choices are correct.

20) Insect tracheae are kept from collapsing by

A) having walls of thick chitin.
B) having spirals of cuticle called taenidia.
C) being filled with water all the way to the spiracle.
D) being inflated and under higher air pressure.
E) being wrapped in insect muscle.

21) Thin and threadlike tubes extend into the hemolymph from where they join the digestive tract between the midgut and hindgut. These are

A) tracheal gills.
B) sensilla.
C) segmental ganglia.
D) accessory pulsatile organs.
E) malpighian tubules.

22) The nervous system of an insect consists of

A) a brain where all ganglia extend out to communicate with each organ.
B) a minimal brain with neurosecretory functions and a nerve cord with ganglia extending down the dorsum.
C) a minimal brain with neurosecretory functions and a nerve cord with ganglia extending down the ventral surface.
D) no brain but coordination handled by ganglia in each segment and a nerve ladder for coordination.
E) None of the choices are correct.

23) A male silkworm that locates a female by detecting the odor of her pheromone is using a sensory system located in his

A) antennae.
B) abdomen.
C) legs.
D) wings.
E) thorax.

24) Based on proportionate body length, a flea's jump is the equivalent of a 6-foot human jumping 600 feet. This is

A) evidence of the superior strength of insect muscle on a cross-section comparison.
B) partially due to the protein resilin that stores energy in insects.
C) an advantage of anchoring muscles inside an exoskeleton.
D) due to the superior ability of insects to deliver both food and oxygen to muscle tissues.
E) related to the length of muscles; the shorter they are, the more powerful they are.

25) Which is an advantage of a more complex form of metamorphosis where an adult is very different from the larvae?

A) This would allow an insect species to exploit two different food sources.
B) An insect could evade a predator specialized for one stage.
C) It allows an insect to overwinter in resistant stage.
D) All of the choices are advantages.
E) None of the choices is correct.

26) Examples of holometabolous, hemimetabolous and direct development would be, respectively

A) a dragonfly, grasshopper, and butterfly.
B) a springtail, beetle, and butterfly.
C) a wasp, beetle, and butterfly.
D) a butterfly, grasshopper, and springtail.
E) a grasshopper, springtail, and butterfly.

27) Insects undergo a period of dormancy in winter or summer called

A) ecdysis.
B) trophallaxis.
C) metamorphosis.
D) diapause.
E) the pupal stage.

28) The protection possessed by a monarch butterfly is due to

A) the fact that it has a stinging proboscis.
B) a natural bad taste possessed by all butterflies.
C) a toxic chemistry acquired from ingesting milkweed cardenolids when it was a caterpillar.
D) mimicry of another butterfly that has a bad taste.
E) orange pigments that are always toxic, which is why orange animals are always protected.

29) Termites transfer inhibiting pheromones to suppress female offspring from becoming fertile through a mutual feeding process called

A) mimicry.
B) trophallaxis.
C) biological control.
D) diapause.
E) saprophagous behavior.

30) Integrated pest management

A) never uses pesticides for insect control.
B) combines use of resistant plants, crop rotation, timing of sowing, and use of biological controls with limited insecticide use.
C) is synonymous with organic farming.
D) requires a willingness to harvest far less food of poorer quality.
E) All of the choices are correct.

31) Fleas and springtails both lack wings

A) because they never evolved wings and are both primitive insects.
B) because they are both parasites and lost wings from winged ancestors.
C) fleas are primitive but springtails lost wings when they gained their springtails.
D) springtails never had wings but fleas are derived from winged fly-like ancestors and secondarily lost wings when they became parasites.
E) None of the choices are correct.

32) The distinction between entognathous and ectognathous insects is a distinction between

A) diplurans, springtails, and proturans versus the rest of the insect orders.
B) holding the mandibles and maxillae internally in a pouch versus having external mouthparts.
C) adaptation for feeding on very small particles versus a wider ability to feed on larger food.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

33) The relationship between many insects and flowers is

A) neutral, and of neither harm nor benefit.
B) a case of herbivores eating host plants.
C) co-evolutionary, with flowers evolving to attract insects and the insects adapting to pollinate flowers and harvest pollen and nectar.
D) always harmful to the plants.
E) None of the choices are correct.

34) Which is NOT a human disease using an insect as the vector?

A) Malaria
B) Plague
C) Chagas' disease
D) Yellow fever
E) AIDS

35) All of the following statements regarding the function of Malpighian tubules and excretion are true except one. Select the exception.

A) Alkaline conditions in the upper tubules make the urate found there relatively water soluble.
B) Reabsorption of KHCO 3 by Malpighian tubules creates an acidic environment within the tubules that causes uric acid to precipitate.
C) As uric acid passes into the hindgut, water is normally secreted into the hindgut to aid in elimination of the uric acid.
D) Sap-feeding insects, like aphids, reabsorb very little water through the hindgut.

36) Reproduction in one of the following orders involves the use of externally deposited spermatophores. From the choices below, select the order and the correct explanation of the evolutionary significance of this observation.

A) Siphonaptera. The parasitic lifestyle of fleas makes it unlikely that male and female fleas will come into close enough contact to exchange sperm through copulation.
B) Hymenoptera.Bees, ants, and wasps are often social insects. In Hymenopteran caste systems, the use of spermatophores means that more individuals are workers. Deposition of spermatophores by reproductives means fewer reproductive males are needed in a colony.
C) Thysanura. Primitive groups of insects are more likely to use spermatophores. This observation is most likely tied to the use of spermatophores by the marine ancestors of terrestrial arthropods.
D) Lepidoptera. Male butterflies and moths are attracted to, and deposit spermatophores on, the plants upon which eggs will be laid and caterpillars will feed.

37) An absence of trophallaxis in a termite colony would result in which of the following?

A) The termite colony would produce more workers.
B) The termite colony would produce more reproductives.
C) The termite colony would produce more soldiers.
D) The amount of inhibiting hormone distributed through the colony would increase causing the king and queen to initiate a mating flight.

38) An obvious difference between crustaceans and insects is the absence of abdominal appendages in insects and their presence in crustaceans. Recent research has found a relatively straight-forward explanation for this apparently striking difference in the two body forms. Which of the following observations helps explain the difference in body forms?

A) Abdominal segments of insects are not homologous to the superficially similar abdominal segments of crustaceans.
B) Abdominal appendages of ancestral arthropods have become fused into cerci and genitalia of insects.
C) Abdominal appendages in crustaceans are a derived character that evolved later in the Pancrustacea.
D) Certain Hox genes prevent the expression of D istal-less genes in the abdomen of insects but not crustaceans. Minor changes in the activity of these Hox genes produced striking morphological differences.

39) Your mother, an avid gardener, does not like to use insecticides. Which would be a logical explanation for her lack of enthusiasm for these chemicals?

A) Subsequent generations of insects would have widespread resistance to the insecticide.
B) Although insecticides can be effective against insects, they can also cause harm to plants.
C) Generally the efficacy of insecticides is very low, so they are not cost-effective.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
40) The dorsal sclerite of a body segment is the ________________.

41) Wing muscles that are attached to the wing itself are considered ____________ flight muscles.

42) The majority of insects are phytophagous or ______________, which means that they feed on plant juices or tissues.

43) The stages in the life cycle of a hemimetabolous insect are egg, ______________, and adult.

44) The major endocrine organs involved in development of insects are the brain, ecdysial glands, and corpora cardiaca and corpora __________.

45) Each stage of an insect between molts is called a/an __________.

46) Brain hormone stimulates the corpora __________ to secrete ecdysone.

47) A genetically programmed arrest in development of some insects is called _____________.

48) Substances secreted by one individual that affect the behavior or physiology of another individual are called _____________.

49) In honeybees, the caste of sexually mature males are called ______________.

50) Wings of butterflies, order _________________, are covered with minute scales.

51) Flies and mosquitoes belong to the order _________.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
52) Provide a biologically reasonable explanation for why insects never exploited the marine environment.

53) Decades ago, newspaper headlines announced that scientists concluded that bumblebees could not fly. The actual situation involved measurements of the nerve impulses to the flight muscles. This count of nerve impulses, translated to one wing beat per impulse, was too low for the surface area of the bumblebee wing to lift the big bumblebee body off the ground. The formula for calculating the lift of a wing surface was well-demonstrated for airplane wings. From our present knowledge of insect wing control, did scientists actually prove that bumblebees could not fly, and why do we no longer consider this aerodynamic calculation a problem?

54) What adaptations do insects have that make the use of respiratory pigments unnecessary or of less value?

55) Explain how the contraction of muscles of the jaw or limbs aid in insect respiration.

56) Describe the philosophy and the strategies used in integrated pest management.

57) Explain why some entognathans may be more closely related to insects than other entognathans.

58) Discuss hypotheses for the evolution of insect wings.