Early Corrections & Jails Exam Questions Chapter 2

Chapter 2: Early Corrections: From Ancient Times to Colonial Jails and Prisons

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In 1831, which pair came to America with the intention to study the newly minted prison system?

a. Bentham and Beccaria

b. Howard and Penn

c. Beaumont and Tocqueville

d. Dix and Maconochie

Learning Objective: 2-1: Explain the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following was a benefit when examining the extent of punishment among tribal groups?

a. Gender and religion

b. Wealth and status

c. Religion and wealth

d. Status and gender

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What was the first type of correctional facility to develop?

a. Day reporting centers

b. Prisons

c. Jails

d. Bridewells

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In Ancient Greece and Rome, Citizens who broke the law might be subjected to:

a. rehabilitation

b. exile

c. probation

d. medication

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. King Henry II required that gaols be built for the purpose of:

a. extorting fine money from citizens

b. removing the poor from the streets

c. holding the accused for trial

d. providing a shelter to the homeless

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The Catholic church had their greatest influence on punishment during:

a. The Middle Ages

b. Elizabethan England

c. The Reform Era

d. None of these

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Galley slavery was used more regularly:

a. By the ancient Greeks and Romans

b. By the late Middle Ages

c. In the American colonies

d. In Norfolk Island, Australia

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Galley Slavery

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. After the disintegration of feudalism, what sparked government entities to increasingly respond in a more severe fashion in the demand for resources?

a. Crime

b. Prostitution

c. Poverty

d. War

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors’ Prisons, and Houses of Correction

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Early workhouses that were built to hold and whip “beggars, prostitutes, and nightwalkers”, were known as:

a. gaols

b. reformatories

c. prisons

d. bridewells

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors’ Prisons, and Houses of Correction

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The removal of those deemed as criminal to other locations such as the American colonies or Australia is known as:

a. the marks system

b. galley slavery

c. transportation

d. corporal punishment

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following is a benefit associated with the practice of transportation?

a. The removal of criminal classes

b. Increase of wealth amongst those removed

c. Humane treatment of criminals

d. A chance at a new beginning for the criminals

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer personally experienced incarceration while he was a prisoner of war?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: John Howard

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer wrote in his book On Crimes and Punishment that “it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, and determined by law?”

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bentham and Beccaria

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer was the Sheriff of Bedford, in England?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: John Howard

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer created the panopticon?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bentham and Beccaria

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer sought reform in every gaol throughout England and Europe?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: John Howard

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer was also influenced by his Quaker religious principles?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The prison was created with a philosophy of

a. punishment.

b. religion

c. penitence

d. rehabilitation

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss how what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer instituted his Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal and capital punishment for all but the most serious crimes?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer was imprisoned in the Tower of London for his promotion of his religion and defiance of the English Crown?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The influence of religion on early prison operations in the United States is primarily due to:

a. The Shakers

b. The Quakers

c. Enlightenment thinkers

d. Presbyterians

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The first jail in America, built around 1606, was located in:

a. Jamestown, Virginia

b. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

c. Ossining, New York

d. Barnstable, Massachusetts

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. One of the earliest American makeshift prisons known as Newgate prison in Simsbury, Connecticut started as a:

a. well

b. cave

c. dungeon

d. mine

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Derelict Naval Vessels that were transformed into prisons were known as:

a. hulks

b. bridewells

c. Cuttleships

d. galleys

Learning Objective: 2-6: Compare early American prisons with early European and British prisons.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early European and British Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. It is believed that about ______ convicts were deposited on American shores from English gaols.

a. 100,000

b. 50,000

c. 25,000

d. 2,000

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Who is known for their reform efforts on the labor colony that was 1000 miles off the coast of Australia?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. Alexander Maconochie

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. What was the name of the penal labor colony established in 1788 of the coast of Australia?

a. Norfolk Island

b. Madagascar

c. New Zealand

d. Garcia’s Island

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. In the text, the Enlightenment period is compared to which occurrence in Star Trek?

a. Waking up from a dream

b. Eating forbidden fruit

c. Breathing in magical spore

d. Hypnotized by a cult

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Spock Falls in Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Jails that did exist in the 18th century were run on a ______ model with the jailer and his family residing on the premises. The inmates were free to dress as they liked, to walk around freely and to provide their own food and other necessities.

a. household

b. institution

c. religious

d. education

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The social control function becomes most apparent when less powerful populations, such as the _____ are involved.

a. poor

b. minorities

c. females

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss how what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Burning was the penalty for

a. high treason and heresy.

b. murder of a husband by a wife.

c. murder of a master by a servant.

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. In Ancient Rome, the most common punishment for penal slaves was

a. branding.

b. whipping.

c. exile.

d. shaving of the head.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Galley slavery also served the purpose of providing the requisite labor of

a. rowing.

b. construction.

c. plowing

d. herding

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Galley Slavery

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Under Pope Pius, galley slaves were entitled to _____ each day, and their sentences ranged from three years to life.

a. fruit

b. beef

c. rice

d. bread

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Galley Slavery

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Which of the following are considered to be some of the central tenets of reform proposed by John Howard?

a. the fee system for jails should be increased

b. inmates should be separated by age

c. staff should serve as a moral model for inmates

d. single celling is mandatory

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: John Howard

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which of the following thinkers was jailed due to his defense of religious freedom and practice?

a. John Howard

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. William Penn

d. Jeremy Bentham

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of the following individuals was identified as an advocate for improved conditions, guidelines, training, and work skills for women inmates?

a. Jane Addams

b. Elizabeth Gurney Fry

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-6: Compare early American prisons with early European and British prisons.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Early European and British Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. The early European prisons and jails classified inmates by their

a. social status

b. gender

c. age

d. criminal offense

Learning Objective: 2-6: Compare early American prisons with early European and British prisons.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early European and British Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Jeremy Bentham’s proposed panopticon would be

a. octagonal.

b. square.

c. circular

d. hexagonal.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bentham and Beccaria

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which of the following fields flourished during the Enlightenment?

a. arts

b. sciences

c. philosophy

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Spock Falls in Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Beaumont and Tocqueville came to the United States but did not observe anything wrong with the systems that they studied.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Explain the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. One of the constant themes in corrections is that money, or a lack thereof is a factor that exerts over virtually all correctional policy decisions.

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss how what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Prisons and other such institutions serve as a social control mechanism.

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss how what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Religious influence is not one of the themes that are apparent in corrections history.

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss how what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Among tribal groups, the wealthy and poor were treated equally under the eyes of punishment.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The use of imprisonment can be traced as far back as the Old Testament in the Bible.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The Protestant church had its greatest influence on punishment in the Middle Ages.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Galley slavery was only used to get the poor off the streets.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Galley Slavery

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Under 18th century England, a person could receive the death penalty for rioting over wages or food.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors’ Prisons, and Houses of Correction

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Bridewells provided a location to send poor people in order to remove them from the streets.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors’ Prisons, and Houses of Correction

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The practice of transportation was short-lived in the correctional system.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The English continued to transport their prisoners to America well after the Revolutionary War.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The Progressive period was the era that spelled out major changes in correctional reform and gave rise to such great thinkers as Cesare Beccaria.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Spock Falls in Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. John Howard believed that English gaols treated inmates inhumanely and needed to be reformed.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: John Howard

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. William Penn is credited with creating the panopticon, which was the first prison ever to be constructed.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. William Penn proposed the Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal punishment and capital punishment for all crimes, but the most serious.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. One of the oldest American prisons was a copper mine.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The first jail built in America was in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1790.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Rotary jails were like squirrel cages that were segmented into small “pie-shaped cells,” were secured to the floor, and could be spun at will by the sheriff.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Ancient societies and ‘primitive’ social groups often invested the penal process with a wholly religious meaning, so that punishment was understood as a necessary sacrifice to an aggrieved deity.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. What are constant themes that have been seen throughout the history of corrections?

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss how what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to the text, along with widespread use in England, who else maintained a form of jails and prisons during the Middle Ages?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. According to the text the Riot Act, created during 18th century England, allowed the use of capital punishment for what behavior?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors’ Prisons, and Houses of Correction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Where did bridewells get their name?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Poverty and Bridewells, Debtors’ Prisons, and Houses of Correction

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Why did transportation from England to the American colonies end?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. John Howard’s genius was his main insight regarding corrections. What was this insight?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: John Howard

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Though they created separate deterrence theories, on what specifics did both Bentham and Beccaria agree?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bentham and Beccaria

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Bentham believed that his creation, the panopticon, would greatly enhance management of inmates by melding which two ideas?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bentham and Beccaria

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What did William Penn’s Great Law seek to achieve?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: William Penn

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The reforms instituted by Alexander Maconochie were such a success that upon release his prisoners became to known as

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Discuss ALL of the themes noted in the text that underlie correctional practice.

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss how what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. What key events as described in the text facilitated the widespread use of gaols in England?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The First Jails

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss the history of galley slavery from its first uses to its end as well as the rationale behind it.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Galley Slavery

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the history of transportation from its first uses to its end as well as the rationale behind it.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transportation

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Pick one of the four Enlightenment Period reformers discussed in detail from the text. What did they believe in regard to reforming corrections? How did they propose to promote such reform?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various Pages

Difficulty Level: Hard