Ch1 Philosophical Corrections Roots Test Questions & Answers - Complete Test Bank | Corrections Policy to Practice 2e by Mary K. Stohr. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 1: The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Corrections serves which of the following functions for accused and convicted individuals?
a. Management
b. Hospitality
c. Education
d. Networking
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. According to Durkheim, rituals of punishment function to ______.
a. reaffirm the justness of social norms
b. reduce solidarity
c. inhibit the formation of close social bonds
d. undermine social norms
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Function of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. The earliest known written code of punishment was:
a. British Common Law
b. Early Roman Code
c. The Civil Code
d. The Code of Ur-Nammu
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Beccaria advocates that a system of punishment should include which of the following elements?
a. Certainty
b. Swiftness
c. Severity
d. All of these
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Classical School
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. ______ believed that human action was often evoked by circumstances beyond their control.
a. Garofalo
b. Bentham
c. Beccaria
d. Hammurabi
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Bentham’s philosophy of social control rests on the principle of ______.
a. Retribution
b. Restitution
c. Utility
d. Torture
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The Enlightenment concept of human nature sees individuals as
a. endowed with free will.
b. hedonistic.
c. rational.
d. all of these
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. The notion of legal responsibility was called into question by ______.
a. the classical school
b. positivism
c. the deterrence doctrine
d. hedonism
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. The ______ model finds its roots in the medical model.
a. incapacitation
b. retribution
c. rehabilitation
d. deterrence
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rehabilitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Under Garofalo’s sentencing guidelines, the ______ criminal would be subjected to transportation to a penal colony.
a. impulsive
b. endemic
c. extreme
d. mentally ill
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Which of the following is the most recently identified objective of the practice of punishment?
a. Rehabilitation
b. Deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Reintegration
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Nationwide, following release, approximately 68% of former prisoners reoffend within:
a. 1 year
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Committing further crimes after being punished is called:
a. Deterrence
b. Recidivism
c. Reintegration
d. Rehabilitation
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. General deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the:
a. individual prisoner
b. general population
c. prison population
d. international population
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Which perspective on punishment focuses more on concrete programs such as job training rather than attitude change?
a. Retribution
b. Reintegration
c. Deterrence
d. Incapacitation
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reintegration
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. According to Durkheim, ______ justice offers a balance between calming moral outrage and exciting emotions of empathy and sympathy.
a. restitutive
b. repressive
c. retributive
d. rehabilitative
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Function of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. The incapacitation perspective on punishment views offenders as ______.
a. generally good people who have made bad decisions
b. mentally ill who need treatment
c. rational beings who weighed the cost and benefit of their crime
d. wicked people who need to be separated from innocent
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Incapacitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. ______ is a generic term covering a variety of functions carried out by government (and increasingly private) agencies having to do with the punishment, treatment, supervision, and management of individuals who have been convicted or accused of criminal offenses.
a. Corrections
b. Punishment
c. Crime
d. Incarceration
Learning Objective: 1-1:
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction: What is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. According to the authors, incapacitation originates from which of the following concepts?
a. General deterrence
b. Social defense
c. Specific deterrence
d. None of the above
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Incapacitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Deterrence research in general finds that legal sanctions have ______ on criminality.
a. a substantial effect
b. a mild effect
c. no effect
d. it is impossible to determine the effect
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. During what period in history did positivism emerge?
a. Antiquity
b. The Enlightenment
c. The 19th century
d. The 20th century
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. The desire to exact revenge can be traced to ______.
a. natural inclination
b. social norms
c. legal codes
d. familial beliefs
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers’ arguments, and instead relied on:
a. studies that declared that punishment should fit the offender rather than the crime
b. a view of individuals as hedonistic
c. similar punishments for similar crimes
d. swift justice regardless of the circumstances of a crime
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. The primary responsibility of the government of any country is to ______ its citizens from those who would harm them.
a. gather
b. preserve
c. protect
d. serve
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. What may be defined as the state authorized imposition of some form of deprivation-liberty, resources, or even life upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law?
a. Sentence
b. Punishment
c. Retaliation
d. Revenge
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. In the cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972), ______ of the offenders in the cohort committed 71% of all the homicides.
a. 6.3%
b. 10.4%
c. 18.0%
d. 34.2%
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Selective Incapacitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. Which doctrine maintains that all life goals are desirable only as means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain?
a. Rationalism
b. Revenge
c. Utility
d. Hedonism
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. The method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs is known as the:
a. Utilitarian principle
b. Hedonistic calculus
c. Punishment doctrine
d. Code of Hammurabi
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. ______ emphasizes community protections from criminals, and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe, well-ordered society.
a. Crime Control Model
b. Due Process Model
c. Retribution Model
d. Restorative Model
Learning Objective: 1-5: Explain the distinction between the crime control and due process models.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Crime Control Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. Who proposed two “ideal type” models reflecting different value choices undergirding the operation of the criminal justice system?
a. Bentham
b. Beccaria
c. Packer
d. Garofalo
Learning Objective: 1-5: Explain the distinction between the crime control and due process models.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Due Process and Crime Control Models
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. The correctional enterprise is primarily about
a. punishment
b. community
c. rehabilitation
d. protection
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. The correctional enterprise exists to _____ the attitudes and behavior of its “clientele.”
a. “correct”
b. “amend”
c. “put right”
d. all of these
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Easy
33. The period in history in which a major shift in the way people viewed the world and their place in it occurred, moving from a supernaturalistic to a naturalistic and rational worldview is known as
a. the Enlightenment
b. the Revolution
c. the Dark Ages
d. Antiquity
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. Garafalo’s endemic criminals are those who commit what we today might call
a. property crimes.
b. victimless crimes.
c. violent crimes.
d. white-collar crimes
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. Which of the following is drive by the natural passion for punitive revenge?
a. retribution
b. restitution
c. rehabilitation
d. reintegration
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Function of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. ______ is the state of having good sense and sound judgement.
a. Hedonism
b. Determinism
c. Rationality
d. Irrationality
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. The capacity of humans to make choices and their responsibility to make moral ones regardless of internal or external constraints on their ability to do so is referred to as?
a. rationality
b. hedonism
c. human agency
d. hedonistic calculus
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. Which of the following punishments does not require any favorable consequence to justify it except to maintain that justice has been served?
a. Rehabilitation
b. Reintegration
c. Incapacitation
d. Retribution
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Retribution
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. _____ obviously “works” while criminals are incarceration.
a. Incapacitation
b. Rehabilitation
c. Deterrence
d. Reintegration
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Incapacitation
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. The present emphasis on rehabilitation is drive both by _____ and by decades of research aimed at discovering “what works” in correctional assessment and treatment.
a. politics
b. biology
c. economics
d. culture
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Rehabilitation
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. The correctional enterprise is primarily about punishment.
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Penology is the study of the penal code.
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The 18th century marked the beginning of an era of brutal punishment.
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The Positivist school was created by Beccaria.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Enrico Ferri was one of the early positivists.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The Enlightenment ideas eventually led to the Positivist school of thought.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Positivist approaches to punishment invoked the notion of science to determine the causes of crime and craft the appropriate punishments.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender or the Offense?
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Severity of punishment is the most effective element in deterrence.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. The principle of utility was used to evaluate the success of prisons.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Classical School
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the life experience of individual to be punished.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Both specific and general deterrence rely on individuals engaging in hedonistic calculus.
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Early state-controlled punishment was typically as severe as uncontrolled vengeance.
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Beccaria created the hedonistic calculus.
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. “Controlled vengeance” is about the state taking responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged.
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Foundation of Correctional Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Nobel Prize winning economist Gary Becker dismisses the idea that criminals lack the knowledge and the foresight to take punitive probabilities into consideration when deciding whether or not to continue committing crimes.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. There are two types of deterrence.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. The Crime Control Model is similar to an obstacle course in which impediments to carrying the accused’s case further are encountered at every stage of processing.
Learning Objective: 1-5: Explain the distinction between the crime control and due process models.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Crime Control Model
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. Incapacitation refers to a punishment strategy that largely reserves prison for a select group of offenders composed primarily of violence repeat offenders.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Incapacitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Rehabilitation refers to the "just deserts" model that demands that punishment matches as closely as possible the degree of harm criminals have inflicted on their victims.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Rehabilitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Underlying all systems of criminal law is the philosophical belief that individuals are deterred by the threat of punishment.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer
1. What is “corrections?”
Learning Objective: 1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophical underpinnings.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. What is the principle of utility?
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Classical School
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. What is rehabilitation?
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Rehabilitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. How does specific deterrence differ from general deterrence?
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. What is hedonism?
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. What is the function of punishment?
Learning Objective: 1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Function of Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. What is recidivism?
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Explain the contrast effect.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. What is reintegration?
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Reintegration
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. What is selective incapacitation?
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Selective Incapacitation
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
1. Explain the major objectives and justifications for punishment.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Various Pages
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Compare and contrast the rehabilitation and reintegration goals of punishment.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Various Pages
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. What is deterrence? Explain the types of deterrence.
Learning Objective: 1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Deterrence
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.
Learning Objective: 1-5: Explain the distinction between the crime control and due process models.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Due Process and Crime Control Models
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Explain Beccaria’s view on crime and punishment.
Learning Objective: 1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools in terms of their respective stances on punishment.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Emergence of the Classical School
Difficulty Level: Medium
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Complete Test Bank | Corrections Policy to Practice 2e
By Mary K. Stohr