Dna Structure And Gene Function Full Test Bank Chapter 7

Biology: The Essentials, 3e (Hoefnagels)

Chapter 7 DNA Structure and Gene Function

1) The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called

A) amino acids.

B) monosaccharides.

C) phospholipids.

D) disaccharides.

E) nucleotides.

2) The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs

A) joined by covalent bonds.

B) joined by hydrogen bonds.

C) joined by ionic bonds.

D) NOT joined to each other.

3) In DNA molecules,

A) cytosine pairs with adenine.

B) thymine pairs with uracil.

C) adenine pairs with uracil.

D) adenine pairs with thymine.

E) cytosine pairs with thymine.

4) In DNA molecules,

A) cytosine pairs with guanine.

B) thymine pairs with uracil.

C) adenine pairs with uracil.

D) adenine pairs with guanine.

E) cytosine pairs with thymine.

5) The "central dogma" of molecular biology described by Watson and Crick describes

A) the passing of genetic information from DNA to RNA by translation.

B) the passing of genetic information from RNA to protein by transcription.

C) the inheritance of traits between generations.

D) the production of energy in a cell.

E) the directional flow of genetic information in cells.

6) RNA differs from DNA in many ways, including

A) DNA contains deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose.

B) DNA contains thymine while RNA contains uracil.

C) DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

D) RNA can catalyze some chemical reactions and DNA cannot.

E) All answers are correct.

7) DNA differs from RNA because, unlike RNA,

A) DNA contains uracil.

B) DNA contains thymine.

C) DNA can catalyze some chemical reactions.

D) DNA is single-stranded.

E) DNA contains ribose.

8) What type of RNA carries the information that specifies a protein?

A) transfer RNA

B) ribosomal RNA

C) messenger RNA

D) double-stranded RNA

E) complementary RNA

9) What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

A) complementary RNA

B) messenger RNA

C) ribosomal RNA

D) double-stranded RNA

E) transfer RNA

10) A DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene is

A) a codon.

B) an anticodon.

C) a terminator.

D) a promoter.

E) an amino acid attachment site.

11) In eukaryotic cells, sequences of mRNA removed before translation are called

A) introns.

B) anticodons.

C) exons.

D) rRNA.

E) terminators.

12) What process converts the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids?

A) transcription

B) replication

C) mitosis

D) amino acid synthesis

E) translation

13) Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three main steps in

A) translation only.

B) transcription and translation.

C) transcription only.

D) photosynthesis.

14) A three-base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a three-base sequence in mRNA is

A) a codon.

B) an anticodon.

C) a promoter.

D) a terminator.

E) an amino acid attachment site.

15) A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to

A) amino acids and DNA.

B) DNA and mRNA codons.

C) promoters and amino acids.

D) codons of mRNA and amino acids.

E) promoters and terminators.

16) The step of translation in which an mRNA, a small ribosomal subunit, and the initiator tRNA are aligned together is

A) initiation.

B) mitosis.

C) elongation.

D) termination.

E) transcription.

17) The step of translation in which amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide is

A) mitosis.

B) initiation.

C) elongation.

D) termination.

E) transcription.

18) A group of genes, a promoter, and an operator that control transcription are called a(n)

A) translational unit.

B) chromosome.

C) ribosome.

D) envelope.

E) operon.

19) In the lac operon, the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is

A) the repressor.

B) RNA polymerase.

C) DNA polymerase.

D) the promoter.

E) lactose.

20) Proteins that initiate transcription in eukaryotes by recognizing sequences within the promoter region of a gene and attracting RNA polymerase are called:

A) repressors

B) inducers

C) transcription factors

D) TATA boxes

E) poly A tails

21) A change in a cell's DNA sequence is

A) replication.

B) transcription.

C) a mutation.

D) translation.

E) an operon.

22) In a "silent" mutation, the

A) codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified.

B) codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified.

C) codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid.

D) mutation does not occur in a codon.

E) mutation is not in DNA.

23) In a "frameshift" mutation

A) the codon that mutates causes no change in the amino acid specified.

B) the codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid.

C) the mutation does not occur in a codon.

D) the mutation is caused by an addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides.

E) the mutation is not in DNA.

24) Mutations can be caused by chemicals.

25) Mutations can be caused by radiation.

26) Mutations can be caused by errors in copying DNA.

27) Changes in gene expression can be adaptive.

28) The amino acid that starts every protein and that is encoded by ACG is methionine.

29) "Mad cow disease" is caused by a viroid.

30) If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% adenine, then it will also contain ________ guanine.

A) 20%

B) 80%

C) 30%

D) 40%

E) 10%

31) If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% adenine, it will also have ________ thymine.

A) 30%

B) 80%

C) 40%

D) 20%

E) 10%

32) The DNA sequence ATGCATGC will pair with which of the following DNA strands?

A) TACGTACG

B) TACCTACC

C) ATGCATGC

D) TTGCATCC

E) CGTACGTA

33) Why would it take more energy to separate DNA with the sequence GCGCGCGC and its complementary strand than the sequence ATATATAT and its complementary strand?

A) A's and T's do not form pairs between separate DNA strands.

B) The helix is wound more tightly in G and C base pairs.

C) G and C base pairs form more hydrogen bonds between DNA strands.

D) The sequence containing G's and C's is longer.

E) G and C base pairs form more covalent bonds between DNA strands.

34) The DNA sequence ATGCATGC will pair with which of the following RNA strands?

A) UACGUACG

B) CGAUCGAU

C) AUGCAUGC

D) TAGCTAGC

E) UAGCTAGC

35) Only one of the two strands of DNA is transcribed because

A) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, initiating transcription on only one strand of DNA.

B) the start of transcription is random along the chromosome and does not always occur on a gene.

C) RNA polymerase binds to the terminator, stopping transcription on one strand of DNA.

D) both strands are transcribed, but only one strand of DNA contains a reading frame.

E) DNA consists of only one strand in the nucleus of the cell.

36) The length of a DNA sequence is ________ the mature mRNA transcribed from it because ________.

A) shorter than; the mature mRNA does not contain exons

B) equal to; the mature mRNA was transcribed from the DNA sequence

C) longer than; the mature mRNA does not contain introns

D) shorter than; each codon of three bases encodes only one amino acid

E) longer than; each codon of one amino acid encodes three bases

37) How many codons are in the mRNA sequence GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC?

A) 12

B) 6

C) 27

D) 9

E) 3

38) Using the genetic code, what are the amino acids encoded by the sequence AUGUCAACGUGA?

A) Met, Ser, Thr, (Stop)

B) Tyr, Ser, Cys, Thr

C) Ser, Tyr, Leu, Val

D) Met, Val, Asp, Met

39) Using the genetic code, how many amino acids are encoded by the following sequence from the start codon and up to the stop codon? AUGCUUGACUAAGUCCCC

A) 0

B) 1

C) 2

D) 3

E) 5

F) 6

40) Using the genetic code, predict what type of mutation has occurred in the hemoglobin sickle cell anemia allele.

Normal allele GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC

Mutant allele GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC

A) a substitution mutation, Val to Glu

B) a frame shift mutation, Val to Glu

C) addition of a new stop codon

D) a substitution mutation, Glu to Val

E) a frame shift mutation, Glu to Val

41) Amanatin is a toxin found in the death cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides. It inhibits RNA polymerase, thus blocking

A) transcription.

B) translation.

C) replication.

D) cell division.

E) RNA splicing.

42) If E. coli bacterium are grown in the presence of lactose

A) the repressor will bind the operator, thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.

B) the repressor will not bind the operator, thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.

C) the repressor will not bind the operator, thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.

D) the repressor will bind the operator, thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.

E) No answer is correct.

43) If E. coli bacteria are grown in the absence of lactose

A) the repressor will not bind the operator, thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.

B) the repressor will bind the operator, thus allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.

C) the repressor will not bind the operator, thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.

D) the repressor will bind the operator, thus preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.

E) No answer is correct.

44) What type of mutation occurred in the following?

Normal allele GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC

Mutant allele GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC

A) substitution

B) insertion

C) deletion

D) frameshift

E) No answer is correct.

45) What type of mutation occurred in the following?

Normal allele GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC

Mutant allele GGAAUGAAAUCAGGAACCC

A) insertion

B) substitution

C) deletion

D) All answers are correct

46) What did scientists discover was the primary cause for a genetically controlled language disorder in humans?

A) The cause was one mutation in a single gene on one chromosome.

B) The disorder was not inherited but related to diet.

C) Affected family members were lacking vocal chords.

D) The cause was multiple mutations in multiple genes on one chromosome.

E) The cause was multiple mutations in multiple genes on many chromosomes.

47) In studies of the genetic basis of language, FOXP2 sequences differed the most between mice and 

A) rhesus monkeys.

B) gorillas.

C) chimpanzees.

D) humans.

E) All answers are correct.

48) If you found a living Neandertal, genetic analysis of FOXP2 would show maximal similarity to the homologous gene in mice.

49) If you were creating a system for protein synthesis in a test tube, for RNA you would only need tRNA and rRNA.

50) A gene is an RNA sequence that is transcribed to mRNA only.

51) A gene is any DNA sequence that is transcribed to any type of RNA.

52) A poly A tail is added to the mature mRNA after transcription.

53) Cystic fibrosis may be caused by a protein that does not fold correctly.

54) If you were looking at an electron micrograph of a mRNA molecule being translated by many ribosomes at once, you would be looking at a picture from a prokaryote.

55) In the bacterium E. coli, a repressor protein binds to the operator region of the DNA in the absence of lactose, thus preventing the transcription of the genes of the lactose operon.

56) In a DNA molecule, hydrogen bonds link the

A) complementary nitrogenous bases, thus keeping the two strands of DNA parallel to each other.

B) two strands of DNA end to end during transcription and translation.

C) two strands of DNA end to end during transcription only.

D) complementary deoxyribose sugars, thus maintaining a separation between the two DNA strands.

57) If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence ATTCGACGCTA, then the complementary strand has the nitrogenous base sequence

A) TAAGCTGCGAT.

B) ATCGCAGCTTA.

C) UAAGCUGCGAU.

D) ATTCGACGCTA.

58) Mutations produce new alleles that may

A) be beneficial to the organism's fitness.

B) have no effect on the organism's fitness.

C) decrease the organism's fitness. 

D) increase diversity at a genetic locus.

E) All answers are correct.

59) Most viruses

A) infect only a few closely related species.

B) infect only animal cells.

C) infect a wide variety of organisms.

D) cannot infect living cells.

E) infect only plant cells.

60) Which of the following diseases is caused by something other than viruses?

A) influenza

B) mononucleosis

C) polio

D) AIDS

E) diabetes

61) Viruses

A) consist of only a single cell.

B) are smaller than cells.

C) consist of multiple cells.

D) contain a nucleus.

E) contain ribosomes.

62) The genetic information in viruses

A) is found in the nucleus of the virus.

B) is always DNA.

C) is either DNA or RNA.

D) is always RNA.

E) can be replicated outside of a cell.

63) A layer of membrane attached to a virus is called

A) an envelope.

B) a protein coat.

C) a chromosome.

D) a plasmid.

E) a nucleus.

64) HIV is a

A) double-stranded DNA virus.

B) single-stranded RNA virus.

C) single-stranded DNA virus.

D) double-stranded RNA virus.

E) prion.

65) The correct sequence of stages of viral replication is

A) attachment—synthesis—penetration—assembly—release

B) penetration—attachment—assembly—synthesis—release

C) penetration—attachment—synthesis—release—assembly

D) attachment—penetration—assembly—synthesis—release

E) attachment—penetration—synthesis—assembly—release

66) The stage of viral replication in which the viral nucleic acid is released inside the cell is

A) penetration.

B) release.

C) attachment.

D) synthesis.

E) assembly.

67) The stage of viral replication in which the host cell produces viral nucleic acids and proteins is

A) release.

B) attachment.

C) synthesis.

D) penetration.

E) assembly.

68) The stage of viral replication in which the virus binds to a cell surface receptor is

A) release.

B) penetration.

C) synthesis.

D) attachment.

E) assembly.

69) The stage of viral replication in which the new viruses leave the host cell is

A) release.

B) attachment.

C) penetration.

D) synthesis.

E) assembly.

70) You are sorting labels for a diagram about viral replication, and you find a part of the diagram that says: "the stage of viral replication in which viral components are put together to form new viruses," you would look for a label referring to 

A) release.

B) assembly.

C) attachment.

D) penetration.

E) synthesis.

71) If you were a vet examining a cat with an illness, and tests showed that a viral infection was causing the cat's cells to burst, you would say that the cat had 

A) a rare form of viral infection.

B) a transgenic infection.

C) a lysogenic infection.

D) a lytic infection.

E) a systematic infection.

72) If genetic tests showed that a tomato plant had viral DNA integrated into its chromosomes without outward symptoms caused by the virus, you could say that the tomato plant had

A) a rare form of viral infection.

B) a transgenic infection.

C) a lytic infection.

D) a systematic infection.

E) a lysogenic infection.

73) HIV

A) is a retrovirus.

B) infects most mammals.

C) can be killed with antibiotics.

D) causes liver cancer.

E) can be transmitted through the skin.

74) The enzyme that HIV uses to convert its RNA into DNA is

A) reverse transcriptase.

B) DNA polymerase.

C) RNA polymerase.

D) RNA integrase.

E) translase.

75) Our most potent weapon in the fight against viruses is

A) antibiotics.

B) sulfa drugs.

C) gene therapy.

D) surgery.

E) vaccinations.

76) A highly wound circle of RNA without a protein coat is a

A) virus.

B) virion.

C) viroid.

D) prion.

E) prophage.

77) An infectious protein is a

A) virus.

B) viroid.

C) prion.

D) virion.

E) prophage.

78) One key reason why viruses are not considered living organisms is

A) viruses do not contain genetic information.

B) viruses do not reproduce on their own.

C) viruses are all smaller than the smallest known cells.

D) viruses do not contain a nucleus.

E) viruses can be frozen and still survive.

79) Most antibiotics are not effective against viruses because they ________ and this does not affect the activity of viruses.

A) inhibit synthesis of cell walls

B) destroy DNA and RNA

C) inhibit all protein synthesis

D) target envelopes

E) inhibit reverse transcriptase

80) Viruses often spread from plant to plant by plant eating insects who physically injure the plant while eating the plant. What probably prevents viruses from easily entering plant cells?

A) the virus' cell walls

B) the plant's plasma membrane

C) the plant's cell wall

D) the virus' plasma membrane

E) the virus' protein coat

81) Oral infections with herpes simplex virus 1 can lie dormant in nerve cells for years. When a patient becomes stressed, the virus is released, forming cold sores on the lips. While lying dormant, the virus is in which of the following states?

A) lytic

B) symptomatic

C) latent

D) replicative

E) infective

82) Oral infections with herpes simplex virus 1 can lie dormant in nerve cells for years. When a patient becomes stressed the virus is released, forming cold sores on the lips. Why would the virus form a cold sore?

A) to spread to a new host

B) so that it can mutate and survive antibiotic treatment

C) to become latent in the body

D) to avoid the immune system

E) to warn other people that the host is infected

83) The influenza virus contains an RNA genome. Scientists typically need to make a new flu vaccine every year because

A) our bodies develop resistance to the vaccine and it becomes less effective.

B) the virus develops resistance to the vaccine.

C) the virus can mutate into new strains.

D) people change their habits each year and become susceptible to different strains of the virus.

E) the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals including cats and dogs.

84) Many viruses are inhibited by antibiotics.

85) How does the spread of viruses differ between plants and animals?

A) Viruses must penetrate through cell walls of plant cells and not animal cells.

B) Viruses spread faster in plants than animals because of photosynthesis.

C) Viruses do not spread to plants, only animals.

D) Viruses spread more slowly in plants than animals because of photosynthesis.

E) Viruses that affect plants are all DNA viruses.

86) Where is the majority of DNA located in a human cell?

A) nucleus

B) mitochondrion

C) chloroplast

D) ribosome

87) Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA, proteins, and RNA?

A) DNA is transcribed into RNA, then RNA is translated into proteins.

B) DNA is transcribed into proteins, then proteins are translated into RNA.

C) DNA is translated into RNA, then RNA is transcribed into proteins.

D) DNA is translated into proteins, then proteins are transcribed into RNA.

88) A cell can receive new genes from a virus and then produce a new set of proteins.

89) A drug that inhibits reverse transcriptase could be used to fight some viruses. 

90) RNA processing involves splicing.

91) In DNA, A binds to C.

92) In DNA, T binds to G.

93) RNA processing involves covalently attaching a piece of RNA to a piece of DNA.

94) Antibiotic resistance enhances the reproductive success of bacteria that have it.

95) Plant cells may help the whole plant fight a virus by dying on purpose.