Chapter 23 Ecosystems and Populations Full Test Bank

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e (Johnson)

Chapter 23 Ecosystems and Populations

23.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Populations of species that occupy the same geographic area and interact with each other are collectively called a(n)

A) population.

B) ecosystem.

C) drift.

D) biosphere.

E) community.

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

2) All of the red squirrels living on a college campus would be a(n)

A) genus.

B) family.

C) population.

D) ecosystem.

E) community.

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

3) A scientist is studying the flow of energy into and out of a rain forest as well as the usage of energy by the organisms that inhabit that area. This study would be at the level of a(n)

A) population.

B) biosphere.

C) community.

D) species.

E) ecosystem.

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G2

4) Woodpeckers, insects, bacteria, hawks, and raccoons are found to reside in the same forest. Studies of the interactions between these organisms would be at the level of a

A) community.

B) species.

C) biosphere.

D) population.

E) niche.

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G2

5) If an owl is moved from a mature evergreen forest to a mature hedgerow in a suburban neighborhood, the owl's ________ has been changed.

A) biosphere

B) habitat

C) range

D) environmental resistance

E) niche

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G2

6) A species' biotic potential is intrinsically determined by all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) the number of members of reproductive age

B) the number of offspring produced by each reproducing member

C) the time span before offspring reach reproductive maturity

D) the ratio of males to females

E) the presence of competing species in the same habitat

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

7) In a graphical representation of an organism's population growth in a given habitat, the growth rate for an organism whose population is increasing according to its biotic potential is best represented by a(n)

A) line with a negative slope.

B) S-shaped curve.

C) flat line (no slope) set at the carrying capacity of the environment.

D) exponential growth curve.

E) flat line (no slope) set at the equilibrium point of environmental resistance versus biotic growth potential.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G3

8) The population of a particular species that an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely is called its

A) climax community.

B) growth rate.

C) carrying capacity.

D) environmental range.

E) habitat distribution.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

9) Population sizes begin to stabilize near the carrying capacity when

A) zero population is achieved.

B) the number of species in the environment begins to decrease.

C) environmental resistance begins to limit the population's biotic potential.

D) the replacement fertility rate reaches 2.1.

E) a population's biotic potential becomes unlimited.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

10) Succession leads to the establishment of a(n)

A) community that consists of only one or two dominant species.

B) mature community.

C) ecosystem.

D) community that has a limited number of natural resources.

E) community that is inefficient in terms of its use of energy and nutrients.

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

11) The total living component of an ecosystem is its

A) niche.

B) biotic potential.

C) carrying capacity.

D) biomass.

E) geographic range.

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

12) Which one of the following statements accurately reflects the nature of mature communities?

A) Mature communities have more consumers than producers, because the producers are so efficient.

B) Mature communities develop very quickly.

C) Succession begins once a mature community has been established.

D) Mature communities are so well established that when disturbed, they quickly recover.

E) Mature communities are the most efficient in terms of energy utilization and exhibit the greatest species diversity.

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 23.4

GLO: G2

13) Regular, consistent intervention, such as some modern logging practices, may create which type of stable community?

A) immature

B) evergreen

C) forest

D) recovered

E) varied

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

14) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the flow of energy through an ecosystem?

A) Energy flows from the sun to consumers and then to producers.

B) Energy flows in multiple directions through an ecosystem.

C) Energy is cycled through an ecosystem and rarely lost as heat.

D) Energy flows from the sun to producers and then to consumers.

E) As energy flows through an ecosystem, it does not change form.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

15) Trees undergoing photosynthesis in a mature forest can best be described as

A) primary consumers.

B) secondary consumers.

C) chemoautotrophs.

D) primary producers.

E) heterotrophs.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

16) During photosynthesis, high-energy carbohydrates are produced at the end of

A) light absorption by chlorophyll.

B) cellular respiration.

C) the light reactions.

D) the Calvin cycle.

E) the electron transport pathway.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5a

GLO: G1

17) Omnivores differ from carnivores in that omnivores derive their energy from

A) green plants.

B) plants and animals.

C) detritus.

D) animals only.

E) plants, animals, and photosynthesis.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

18) Organisms that feed on detritus are known as

A) omnivores.

B) primary consumers.

C) herbivores.

D) decomposers.

E) autotrophs.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

19) Herbivores may also be referred to as

A) producers.

B) quaternary consumers.

C) primary consumers.

D) carbohydrate consumers.

E) autotrophs.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G2

20) Approximately ________% of the stored energy of an organism at one level of a food web is transferred to the tissues of the organism that consumes it at the next level of the food web.

A) 1

B) 10

C) 25

D) 50

E) 100

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5c

GLO: G1

21)

The figure above shows an ecological pyramid. Which level of this pyramid contains the primary producers?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) C and D

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5c

GLO: G1

22) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding an ecological pyramid?

A) An ecological pyramid can depict either the total amount of energy stored at each level of an ecosystem or the total biomass at each level.

B) The population of producers depends largely on the populations of consumers below it.

C) The amount of energy represented by tertiary consumers is greater than the amount of energy represented by primary consumers.

D) Animals such as wolves and eagles would be located at the base of the pyramid.

E) The amount of energy represented by producers is equivalent to the amount of energy represented by the secondary consumers.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5c

GLO: G1

23) Most precipitation reaching land results from

A) evaporation of surface water over land.

B) upwelling of freshwater.

C) atmospheric synthesis of water.

D) evaporation of water from oceans.

E) evaporation of water from plants during photosynthesis.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

24) The process of converting nitrogen gas to ammonium is called

A) biogeochemical processing.

B) sublimation.

C) nitrogen fixation.

D) evaporation.

E) nitrification.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

25) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the nitrogen cycle?

A) Nitrogen fixation results in the production of nitrogen from carbon.

B) Atmospheric nitrogen is unavailable to living organisms because two nitrogen atoms are held tightly together by a triple covalent bond.

C) Plants take up ammonia directly from the atmosphere.

D) Once nitrogen is "fixed," it must then be converted to nitrogen gas before living organisms can use it.

E) In a balanced ecosystem, nitrogen fixation occurs more often than denitrification.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

26) In plants, ammonium is often converted to nitrate before it can be used by the plant. This process is known as

A) nitrogen fixation.

B) photosynthesis.

C) decarboxylation.

D) nitrification.

E) denitrification.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

27) Under natural conditions, the amount of nitrogen gas returned to the atmosphere by denitrification approximately equals

A) phosphorus cycling.

B) evaporation.

C) nitrogen fixation.

D) sublimation.

E) photosynthesis.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

28) The phosphorus cycle is unique from nitrogen and carbon in that it

A) forms the most layers of sediment.

B) is found only in aquatic environments.

C) is restricted to ocean habitats.

D) can be found anywhere.

E) never enters the atmosphere.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

29) Slow weathering of sedimentary rock makes "new" ________ available in the exchange pool found in soil.

A) phosphorus

B) nitrogen

C) high-energy carbohydrates

D) PCBs

E) oxygen

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

30) The average fertility rate required to achieve long-term zero population growth is referred to as the

A) fertility rate.

B) fertility growth rate.

C) human carrying capacity.

D) stabilization fertility rate.

E) replacement fertility rate.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3b

GLO: G1

31) If the population age structure of a country resembles a pyramid, with the pre-reproductive age group the largest proportion of the population, and the post-reproductive age group the smallest, this country can most likely be classified as one of the

A) stable populations.

B) least developed countries.

C) most developed countries.

D) steady-state populations.

E) expanding populations.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3b

GLO: G2

32) The rapid growth of the human population still seen today began in the

A) 1200s.

B) 1400s.

C) 1700s.

D) 1800s.

E) 1900s.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3a

GLO: G1

33) Human population began to rise rapidly following the

A) Industrial Revolution.

B) end of World War I.

C) period known as the Black Death.

D) end of the 20th century.

E) end of the Ice Age.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3a

GLO: G1

34) A progression of population changes that are tied to a region's industrial development and the economic well-being of its citizens is referred to as

A) replacement rate.

B) succession.

C) MICs.

D) population resistance.

E) demographic transition.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3a

GLO: G1

35) Which one of the following is represented by the calculation: (number of births — number of deaths)/total population?

A) fertility rate

B) birth rate

C) population growth rate

D) replacement fertility rate

E) zero population growth

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3a

GLO: G1

36) Which statement describes the expected population growth in the next 50 years?

A) The population growth will be relatively equal throughout the world.

B) The greatest population growth is likely to occur in the more industrialized countries, including the United States and Europe.

C) Most countries worldwide will achieve zero population growth in the next 10 years.

D) The greatest population growth is likely to occur in the least industrialized countries.

E) There will be a net decline of population, with the United States and other industrialized countries contributing most to the population decline.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3a

GLO: G2

23.2 True/False Questions

1) The biosphere is so large that, unlike the case of the more simple ecosystems, it is impossible to disturb the balances that exist in this ecosystem.

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

2) A population is composed of one or more species of organisms that may interact but do not interbreed.

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

3) Once populations exceed the carrying capacity of the environment, environmental resistance increases.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

4) A species moving into a new habitat will be able to adapt only if there is genetic change in the population.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

5) A population that is increasing at a rate of 10% a year will double in 7.2 years.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1, G4

6) The introduction of invasive species may increase the environmental resistance for a native species.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

7) A niche is the location within an environment where a species lives.

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

8) Mature communities generally exhibit the greatest species diversity.

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

9) According to the second law of thermodynamics, when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy is transformed into heat energy, which is generally released from the "system."

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5a

GLO: G1

10) Major end products from photosynthesis include oxygen gas and simple, high-energy carbohydrates.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5a

GLO: G1

11) With the exception of lipids, plants are capable of producing all the organic molecules they need using water and minerals from the soil and energy stored in the sugar molecules they make through photosynthesis.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5a

GLO: G1

12) Because a food chain underestimates the degree of complexity in most ecosystems, a food web is a more accurate depiction of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5c

GLO: G1

13) Modern farming practices have advanced to the point where they have little impact on the balance of existing ecosystems in the area.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5c

GLO: G1

14) Chemicals that make up living organisms are constantly recycled between organisms and the Earth.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

15) The majority of precipitation reaching land is derived from evaporation of oceanic waters.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

16) Nutrients cycle most rapidly with the reservoir pool of a biogeochemical cycle and least rapidly with the biomass pool.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

17) As soon as a population achieves the replacement fertility rate of 2.1, the population will stop growing.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3a

GLO: G1

23.3 Matching Questions

Match each term to its definition.

A) habitat

B) ecosystem

C) geographic range

D) niche

E) community

1) the location of a particular organism; characterized by certain chemical and physical features

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

2) area in which the species is distributed

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

3) a community of organisms and the physical environment in which they live

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

4) the role of an organism in its community

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

5) all populations of all species occupying the same geographical area

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) D 5) E

Match the following.

A) herbivore

B) decomposer, carnivore

C) omnivore

D) producer

6) a bee drinking nectar from a flower

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

7) a blow fly feeding on a corpse

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

8) a human eating a dinner of broccoli, baked potatoes, and steak

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

9) a cow feeding on grass in a field

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

10) a plant producing high-energy carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from the sun

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1

Answers: 6) A 7) B 8) C 9) A 10) D

Each chemical element cycles between three different pools of the biogeochemical cycle: the exchange pool, biomass, and reservoir. Match each of the following to the pool in which it would be classified. Answers may be used more than once.

A) exchange pool

B) biomass

C) reservoir

11) minerals in solid rock

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

12) carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

13) carbon-containing compounds in fossil fuels

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

14) a deer eating grass

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

Answers: 11) C 12) A 13) C 14) B

23.4 Short Answer Questions

1) The study of the relationship between living organisms and their physical environment is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.0

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

2) In a given geographic location, the combination of all living organisms plus the physical environment in which they live is termed a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.1

GLO: G1

3) For an organism reaching its biotic potential, the growth rate is characterized by a(n) ________ curve.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

4) The type of location where a species lives is its ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

5) The number of offspring produced by each reproducing member of a species, the ratio of males to females, and the time it takes offspring to become reproductively mature are determinants of the ________ of a population.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

6) Factors in the environment that limit the ability of a species to meet its biotic potential are known as ________ factors.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

7) The size of a population of a given species that can be indefinitely sustained by an ecosystem is its ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.2

GLO: G1

8) The point at which the number of births equals the number of deaths is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.3a

GLO: G1

9) The ________ is an organism's role in its community.

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

10) The process by which there is a natural sequence of change in the type of organisms within a particular community is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.4

GLO: G1

11) During photosynthesis, high-energy carbohydrates are produced during the ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5a

GLO: G1

12) Excess sugar produced by plants is stored in the form of ________ in cells of their seeds, fruits, or roots.

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5a

GLO: G1

13) Biogeochemical cycles that involve exchange between living organisms and atmospheric gases are called ________ cycles.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

14) A biogeochemical cycle involves the cycling of a chemical element between the biomass, exchange pool, and ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

15) The process by which some bacteria convert nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen gas is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

16) Unlike the carbon and nitrogen cycles, the phosphorous cycle is classified as a(n) ________ cycle because phosphorus never enters the atmosphere.

Topic: Sec. 23.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.6

GLO: G1

23.5 Essay Questions

1) Most primary producers are plants that generate simple, high-energy carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. This biochemical event essentially captures sunlight and uses the energy to fuel pathways that lead to the production of useful products. How are plants able to capture sunlight to initiate this process?

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 23.5a

GLO: G1

2) During a murder investigation in your hometown, the crime scene investigation unit has discovered blowfly maggots developing on the body. As an amateur detective, you arrive on the scene just in time to explain to the investigators how the flies are serving as decomposers and carnivores at the same time. How is this possible?

Topic: Sec. 23.4

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 23.5b

GLO: G1