Chapter 7: Crime, Law, and Deviance

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. This refers to all actions or behaviors that defy social norms.

a. crime

b. deviance

c. taboos

d. mores

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A History of Race, Crime, and Punishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Wearing a white dress as a guest to a wedding is an example of ______.

a. crime

b. deviance

c. taboos

d. mores

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A History of Race, Crime, and Punishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following relationships is true?

a. All things that are deviant are crimes.

b. All crimes are acts of deviance.

c. Not all deviant acts are criminal acts.

d. both “all things that are deviant are crimes” and “all crimes are acts of deviance”

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A History of Race, Crime, and Punishment

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. This refers to laws, practices, and behaviors that preserve and (re)create societal benefits that benefit people identified as white.

a. white privilege

b. racial hierarchy

c. racial stratification

d. black privilege

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Building a Foundation of Whiteness

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The idea that parents of white children do not have to worry as much that their children will be the target of police brutality compared to parents of minority children illustrates ______.

a. colorblindness

b. white privilege

c. deviance

d. mores

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Building a Foundation of Whiteness

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. This includes norms and institutions that obscure the racial intent of laws.

a. racial hierarchy

b. white privilege

c. systemic genocide

d. white normative structures

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Building a Foundation of Whiteness

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The colonial laws related to sexual behavior that were differentially applied to white men and black women illustrate ______.

a. racial hierarchy

b. white privilege

c. systemic genocide

d. both “racial hierarchy” and “white privilege”

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Building a Foundation of Whiteness

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The colonial laws related to sexual behavior, which stated that white women could lose their status if they engaged in a sexual relationship with an African, Indian, or Asian man, illustrate ______.

a. gender bias

b. colorblindness

c. white privilege

d. both “gender bias” and “white privilege”

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Building a Foundation of Whiteness

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. This refers to the awareness of race shared by members of both a group and the wider society.

a. race consciousness

b. black privilege

c. colorblindness

d. white privilege

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislating White Privilege

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The 1790 Naturalization Law ______.

a. granted citizenship to refugees without criminal records

b. limited citizenship to immigrants who were “free white persons of good character”

c. only granted citizenship to children whose fathers were U.S. residents

d. both “limited citizenship to immigrants who were ‘free white persons of good character’” and “only granted citizenship to children whose fathers were U.S. residents”

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislating White Privilege

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. These were organized groups of white men with police powers used to systematically regulate a specific population by enforcing the Slaves Codes.

a. slave police

b. slave patrols

c. military

d. Ku Klux Klan

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislating White Privilege

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which of the following is true for males of color?

a. They are most likely to racially profiled by the police.

b. They are most likely to receive the stiffest sentencing from the court.

c. They are most likely to be incarcerated.

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. This includes the use of law enforcement and private security to target people of color for ridicule, extensive policing, detentions, interrogations, searches and seizures often with no evidence of criminal activity.

a. racial profiling

b. genocide

c. gentrification

d. none of these

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The YouTube video “Driving While Black” depicts the frequency with which Black men are targeted for investigation by law enforcement. Which practice does this highlight?

a. racial profiling

b. genocide

c. gentrification

d. community policing

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. People have reported that they felt as though racial profiling was used at ______.

a. traffic stops by the police

b. airport security checkpoints

c. the store

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which of the following practices demonstrates the danger of racial profiling?

a. stop-and-frisk policies

b. community policing

c. D.U.I. safety checkpoints

d. both “community policing” and “D.U.I. safety checkpoints”

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. ______ is viewed as the father of modern criminology.

a. Karl Marx

b. Cesare Lombroso

c. Robert Merton

d. Max Weber

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biosocial Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. Which of the following did Lombroso associate with a person being a more primitive form of human being, inclining them toward deviance?

a. body type

b. face shape

c. size of ears

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biosocial Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The ______ approach to deviance situated human behavior within the social structure external to the individual.

a. biosocial

b. psychological

c. ecological

d. bio-psycho social

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Perspectives on Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which of the following is a strand of theory that derived from the ecological approach to crime and deviance?

a. disorganization theory

b. culture of poverty theory

c. broken windows theory

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Perspectives on Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. This theory of deviance links crime to neighborhood ecological patterns.

a. social disorganization

b. culture of poverty

c. cultural conflict

d. broken windows

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Perspectives on Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. This theory of deviance proposes that differences in criminal involvement among groups results from their differential definitions of criminality.

a. social disorganization

b. culture of poverty

c. differential association

d. broken windows

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture of Poverty

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. This approach to deviance views poverty as a set of choice made by unwed mothers that perpetuate crime, deviance, and other pathologies across generations.

a. social disorganization

b. culture of poverty

c. differential association

d. broken windows

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture of Poverty

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. This theory of deviance argued that a significant way of decreasing serious crime was to halt vandalism.

a. social disorganization

b. culture of poverty

c. differential association

d. broken windows

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Broken Windows Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. This theory of crime proposes that racism produces stressful events and environments that lead to negative emotional experiences that can lead to crime.

a. social disorganization theory

b. general strain theory

c. differential association theory

d. broken windows theory

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. According to general strain theory, criminal behavior can be buffered by ______.

a. coping skills

b. family support

c. self-esteem

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Spaces and Places of Crime and Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. According to general strain theory, these types of emotional reactions can lead to criminal behavior.

a. anger

b. fear

c. depression

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Spaces and Places of Crime and Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. This occurs when a system of inequality based on race, often within institutional settings such as police, prisons, or court systems, are often associated with differential outcomes in crime and deviance.

a. systemic racism

b. systemic genocide

c. systemic colorblindness

d. systemic black privilege

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The fact that people of color are more likely to be victims of police abuse, racial profiling, and differential criminal sanctioning illustrates this concept.

a. systemic racism

b. systemic genocide

c. systemic colorblindness

d. systemic black privilege

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Systemic racism includes the fact that more people of color are more likely to be the victims of ______.

a. police abuse

b. racial profiling

c. differential criminal sanctioning

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Strain Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Sociologists consider this to be a structural inequality.

a. racism

b. social isolation

c. genetic makeup

d. both “racism” and “social isolation”

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Structure and Context of Crime and Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. According to sociologists, ______ may lead to a culture of poverty.

a. racism

b. differential educational funding

c. lack of opportunities

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Culture of Poverty

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. This refers to the policies that target and greatly expand the U.S. inmate population.

a. prison-industrial complex

b. community policing

c. recidivism

d. parole

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prison-Industrial Complex

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The most significant increase in the adverse treatment of men of color occurred after the election of this U.S. president, after which voters and politicians decided to get “tough on crime.”

a. Richard Nixon

b. Ronald Regan

c. Bill Clinton

d. Henry Ford

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prison-Industrial Complex

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. This occurs when some individuals and groups are systemically signaled out and declared deviant by virtue of being in that particular group.

a. differential association

b. differential labeling

c. systemic racism

d. genocide

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Differential Labeling

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Differential labeling is a persistently held belief within the United States that ______.

a. blacks and Hispanics are more prone to crime

b. blacks and Hispanics are more prone to disorder

c. blacks and Hispanics are more likely to live in undesirable neighborhoods

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Differential Labeling

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. This type of crime is defined as the use of violence and intimidation to further stigmatize and marginalize disenfranchised individuals and groups.

a. hate crimes

b. property crimes

c. white collar crimes

d. organized crimes

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hate Crimes

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. The “Hate Crime Statistics Bill” was first introduced in ______.

a. 1990

b. 1985

c. 2005

d. 1973

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hate Crimes

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. Roughly what percentage of reported hate crimes in 2014 were racially motivated?

a. 50

b. 75

c. 25

d. 85

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hate Crimes

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. What percentage of racially motivated hate crimes in 2014 were against people?

a. 95

b. 80

c. 75

d. 63

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hate Crimes

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. This is the most common type of violent crime on college campuses.

a. rape

b. attempted murder

c. armed robbery

d. assault

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Violence against Women

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Across the United States, it is estimated that one in ______ women will be raped at some point in their lives.

a. 10

b. 15

c. 5

d. 7

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Violence against Women

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Across our country, it is estimated that one in ______ men will be raped at some point in their lives.

a. 60

b. 71

c. 27

d. 90

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Violence against Women

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. The highest percentage of sexual assaults on campuses involve this group of students.

a. LGBT students

b. black women

c. Asian women

d. Hispanic women

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Violence against Women

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Which of the following is an operation of urban gangs?

a. human trafficking

b. alien smuggling

c. prostitution

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which of the following were identified as major recruitment pools for gangs?

a. within prison walls

b. in the military

c. internationally in places like Central America, Africa, Europe, China and the Middle East

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. What function does a racial or ethnic gang serve?

a. provides a sense of belonging

b. provides a sense of protection

c. provides resources

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Gang membership may serve as a defensive response to perceived or real threats posed by ______.

a. social disorganization

b. economic disadvantage

c. high levels of racial conflict

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. This is the type of crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation.

a. white collar crime

b. institutional crime

c. disorganized crime

d. organized crime

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: White-Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Which of the following is true of homicide in the United States?

a. Homicide is the leading cause of death for black males between the ages of 15 and 24.

b. Homicide is the second leading cause of death for Hispanic males between the ages of 15 and 24.

c. Black males are eight times more likely to be homicide victims compared to their white counterparts.

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Capital Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. What percent of people of death row are either black or Latino(a)?

a. 37

b. 87

c. 65

d. 54

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Capital Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Which category of people have constituted almost 20% of new admissions to death row since 2009?

a. blacks

b. whites

c. Muslims

d. Hispanics

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Capital Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. This theory suggests that the increase of female incarceration is partly due to the idea that women are minor players caught up in the criminal activities of their boyfriends.

a. broken windows theory

b. culture of poverty

c. girlfriend theory

d. differential association theory

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Different Sentencing Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Which of the following is true of incarceration rates in 2014?

a. 1% of Hispanic men were incarcerated

b. .5% of white men were incarcerated

c. about 3% of black men were incarcerated

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prison-Industrial Complex

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Which of the following is true regarding the rate of incarceration in the United States?

a. Black females are twice as likely as white females to be incarcerated.

b. Black males between the ages of 18 and 19 are nine times more likely to be imprisoned than their white counterparts.

c. One percent of Hispanic males were incarcerated in 2014.

d. all of these are correct

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prison-Industrial Complex

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. DNA evidence has been used to help overturn wrongful convictions.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Formulate transformative narratives of crime and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scientific Advances

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that sentencing juveniles to life without parole for homicide convictions is acceptable and does NOT constitute cruel and unusual punishment.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Formulate transformative narratives of crime and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Alternatives to Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. In the colony of Jamestown, white women could lose their status if they engaged in a sexual relationship with African, Asian, or Indian men.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Building a Foundation of Whiteness

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Jim Crow laws held sway across the United States from the 1880s into the 1960s.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislating White Privilege

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Our earliest and most systematic attempts to understand deviance is linked to biology.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biosocial Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Lombroso argued that crime and deviance are biologically determined.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biosocial Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. This are no consistent data that record police killings of civilians across the country.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Two Competing Perceptions of Reality

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The key force driving mass incarceration in the United States is the war on drugs.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison-Industrial Complex

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Black females are more than twice as likely as white females to be incarcerated.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prison-Industrial Complex

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Regarding criminal activity, drugs such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine are now outpacing heroin and cocaine combined.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Differing Sentencing Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss two specific examples of gender bias in early American history.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Building a Foundation of Whiteness

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Describe the concept of “double-bind” as it applies to African American men.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Apply the matrix lens to the relationships among race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Spaces and Places of Crime and Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Discuss the controversial practice of racial profiling.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Examine the history of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Legacy of Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Identify and discuss one approach to studying the likelihood that a person will become deviant.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Biosocial Theories of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Identify and discuss one ecological perspective on crime.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Analyze stock theories of race, crime, and deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ecological Perspectives on Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium