Conflict And Development Exam Questions Chapter.22

Chapter 22

Conflict and Development

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The concept of a “conflict trap” is grounded in which of the following?
   1. Poststructuralist theory
   2. Neoliberal theories of globalization
   3. The liberal theory of violence
   4. Alienation and injustice
   5. Marxist theory
2. How do liberal theories view development and violence?
   1. Development is a way out of violence
   2. Violence is an intrinsic part of development
   3. Violence is negatively correlated to the strength of state institutions
   4. Development is a necessary but insufficient cause of violence
   5. Structural violence is a necessary step to economic rehabilitation
3. Which approach to development and conflict strives to understand the process historically?
   1. The structural approach
   2. The grand narrative
   3. The deconstruction of language
   4. The legitimation of the past
   5. The rational choice model
4. How does the “positivist” tradition analyze development?
   1. By examining positive “dimensions” of development
   2. By examining the various “dimensions” of development
   3. By seeking to analyze fact and value in a positive light
   4. By scientifically examining the factors of development
   5. By eschewing speculation in favour of an examination of the facts
5. Which of the following is true, according to Karl Marx?
   1. Conflict is intrinsic to the development process.
   2. Capitalism will fall apart due to the preponderance of external contradictions.
   3. Dialectical material enslaves the proletariat.
   4. Capital is responsible for the formation of the proletariat.
   5. Philosophers have only sought to explain the world; the point is to affirm it!
6. What does the term “structural violence” refer to?
   1. Organizational equality
   2. Extreme and systematic inequality
   3. A social structure that infringes on the rights of individuals
   4. Violence caused by political structures
   5. Guerrilla attacks against infrastructure
7. What does the term “symbolic violence” refer to?
   1. The desecration of cultural symbols
   2. Discourse that is disrespectful of the customs and values of other cultures
   3. The misappropriation of the “voice” of Aboriginal culture
   4. Violence that is caused “symbolically”
   5. The internalization of humiliation and the legitimation of inequality
8. Why would it be misleading to enter “the war in Afghanistan” in an event database?
   1. It does not specify the external causes.
   2. It lacks definition of domestic combatants.
   3. It is a complex event.
   4. It lacks measurable data points.
   5. It is an example of multiple causality.
9. Which of the following is true, according to the Kant’s theory of perpetual peace?
   1. Democratic countries seldom engage in war with one another.
   2. Peace promotes economic development and democracy.
   3. Economic development promotes peace and democracy.
   4. For peace to succeed, the peace movement itself needs to be democratized.
   5. Democratic countries behave in accordance with the principle of hegemony.
10. Who inspired the theory of perpetual peace?
    1. Hegel
    2. Popper
    3. Kant
    4. Ladd
    5. Bernhard
11. What does modernization theory assume?
    1. Technological progress allows modernization to take place.
    2. Modernization is desirable.
    3. The process of modernization will result in social upheaval.
    4. Economic growth will accompany modernization.
    5. Ethnic identity becomes less important as countries modernize.
12. Which of the following statements about the relationship between inequality and conflict is NOT true?
    1. Forms of inequality are less likely to lead to conflict when they coincide with cultural differences among groups.
    2. Inequality is a necessary but insufficient condition to produce an uprising.
    3. For inequality to lead to rebellion, the state must first be weakened.
    4. International support is critical to the success of uprisings based on inequality.
    5. All of the above are true.
13. How are dissatisfaction and despair linked to rebellion?
    1. They are causally linked to rebellion in 98 per cent of modern conflict.
    2. They create the possibility but are an insufficient cause of rebellion.
    3. They tend to be politically manipulated.
    4. They prove the political economic basis of rebellion.
    5. They function as mutually reinforcing independent variables of conflict.
14. What is an important cause of ethnic tensions in Rwanda?
    1. The primordial aspect of ethnic attachment between Tutsi and Hutu
    2. The political connection of ethnic identity
    3. Regional political forces that used Rwanda as a proxy conflict
    4. The role of Belgian colonial policy of issuing ethnic identity cards
    5. The geopolitics of MNCs and the resource curse
15. Moore’s classic study on the origins of the industrial democracies in the US, France, and England showed that they emerged from which of the following?
    1. Civil wars
    2. Slavery
    3. Physical violence
    4. Structural violence
    5. All of the above
16. How did Charles Tilly describe early European state-building?
    1. The largest example of organized crime
    2. An instrumental and rational enterprise
    3. A struggle between democracy and empire
    4. An example of social Darwinism
    5. An example of spill over from economics into politics into social policy
17. Which of the following is true about peace-building efforts by the UN?
    1. They are doomed to fail because of improper initial assessments.
    2. They are often successful because of their neutrality.
    3. They are postmodern in nature.
    4. They are often criticized because of insufficient backing.
    5. They are highly standardized.
18. What important report did UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali present in 1992?
    1. The Responsibility to Protect
    2. Peace in Our Time
    3. The Agenda for Peace
    4. The End of History
    5. Collective Rights, Collective Responsibility
19. Which of the following is NOT associated with the UN’s approach to “peace-building”?
    1. The provision of security by UN soldiers
    2. A redistribution of wealth to prevent future conflict
    3. Encouraging the return of refugees
    4. A restoration or reform of political institutions
    5. Ensuring respect for human rights
20. How can high-profile centralized peace conferences be counterproductive?
    1. Motivates agents to be disruptive in order to be included.
    2. Puts too much pressure on the peace makers.
    3. Gives too much influence to local actors and not those involved in fighting.
    4. Creates a form of structural violence imposed from international institutions.
    5. Requires a formalized system of recognition which excludes important stakeholders.
21. In what way is it argued liberalism is ill suited as a framework for reconstruction after conflict?
    1. Liberalism’s focus on economic solutions is ill-suited to political consensus building
    2. Liberalism’s European heritage makes it ill-suited in states that experienced colonialism
    3. Liberalism’s institutional role makes it ill-suited for grass root solutions
    4. Liberalism’s privileging of conflict is ill-suited to reconciliation
    5. Liberalism’s weak hold on elites in the Global South makes it ill-suited for adoption
22. What expression defines COINs tactical approach to counter insurgency?
    1. Suppress, Swarm, Reinforce
    2. Communicate, Integrate, Hold
    3. Close, Scatter, Consolidate
    4. Surge, Restructure, Rebuild
    5. Clear, Hold, Build
23. What does the relationship between development and conflict depend on?

a) On how development is defined

b) On how conflict is defined

c) On the result of the conflict

d) On macroeconomic terms

e) None of the above

1. Conflict is generally understood as _________.

a) war

b) political violence

c) physical violence

d) tension between opposing economic and social indicators

e) tension between opposing views, interests, or wills

1. What is the most common meaning of violence?

a) conflict

b) structural violence

c) physical violence

d) war

e) opposition between views

1. Why is war treated as a discrete event?

a) To study it statistically

b) Because the frequency of wars can then be examined statistically in relation to probable causes

c) To study of the relationship between war and physical conflict

d) To study of the relationship between social indicators and development

e) Because large databases have been established for this purpose since the 1960s

1. What is one of the problems of using databases to assess war and development?

a) Human rights monitors manipulating the information

b) Human rights monitors have controversial access to information

c) The unreliability of raw data from NGOs

d) The unreliability of raw data from war zones

e) Several data sets have indicators for intensity

1. What other alternatives ways to study war are there?

a) In its historical and sociological settings

b) By avoiding placing it in its historical and sociological settings

c) By studying complex and continuing wars

d) From a great narrative perspective

e) Focusing on one-sided genocides

1. What are the advantages of analyzing war in its historical and sociological settings?

a) It is a clear method for massacres of unarmed people to be counted.

b) Current civil war data sets can then include deaths from war-related famine and disease.

c) Violence can be then examined as part of a social process of transformation, with causes and functions that cannot be understood just from a data set.

d) In many contemporary conflicts, violence is diverse, carried out by militias as well as state or rebel armies, and civilians are often the victims.

e) Using these databases to assess the links between war and development is straightforward.

1. What was the main trigger to the conflicts in the Balkans and the former Soviet Union according to many analysts?

a) ancient hatreds that modernization neutralized

b) the collapse of ethnic animosities

c) the collapse of Cold War constraints that had kept ethnic animosities under control

d) the disintegration of the Soviet Union

e) the disintegration of Yugoslavia

1. How are divisions between different social groups deepened?

a) By unequal access to political, economic, and social resources that coincide with ethnic differences among groups

b) Solely by unequal access to political, economic, and social resources

c) By ethnic differences among groups

d) By way of ethnic wars

e) By political decisions

True or False Questions

The liberal theory of violence sees violence as an aberration that can be overcome through development.

All poor countries have fallen into the conflict trap.

The “positivist” tradition examines development through historical analysis.

Karl Marx and Max Weber are classical scholars who used the “grand narrative” approach to development.

The term “structural violence” refers to the legitimation of inequality and hierarchy.

Quantitative analysis is the best method to capture complex events such as war.

Max Weber’s concept of modernity is built on secularism and rationalism.

Internal violence is more common in the hybrid “anocracies” than in true autocracies.

Europe’s process of democratization was essentially peaceful.

Ethnic conflict is sometimes fuelled by democratic transition.

Systematic inequality is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for violent social transformation.

Failed states are defined by their inability to uphold a monopoly of violence and provide basic services.

The 1994 Rwandan genocide was triggered by both concrete issues and ethnic tensions.

Samuel Huntington argued that the critical issue of development was the question of growth, not order.

The colonial system facilitated the accumulation of riches from Asia, Africa, and America to capitalists in Europe.

Charles Tilly described the process of early European state-building as “our largest example of organized crime.”

The political economy of war perspective views violence and development as unconnected phenomena.

UN peace-building is primarily a military approach to development.

The UN’s peace-building approach is rooted in dependency theory.

The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have prompted a shift in thinking about peace-building programs toward transformation and development.

Unsuccessful campaigns in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya have questioned Western hegemony.

Western liberal thinking brought about the notion that modernization and economic progress will bring stability.

The idea that democracies and peace belong together was developed after the 1980s.

Non-democratic countries were much likely than democratic ones to experience internal collective violence.

The “Arab Spring” demonstrated that attempted transitions to more democratic politics can be extremely destabilizing.

Efforts to reduce systemic and overlapping social, economic, and political inequalities in many countries have been at the heart of the development process.

Leon Trotsky observed that the existence of privations is enough to cause an insurrection.

Climate change does not add any significant element to inequality and its possible conflictual consequences.

Quantitative studies find statistically significant links between climate change and armed conflict, whether within or among states.

In Darfur, conflict between nomads and pastoralists at the turn of this century clearly originated in climate change.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which approach did Karl Marx and Max Weber use to analyze the relationship between conflict and development?
2. Compare and contrast the terms “war,” “conflict,” and “violence.”
3. In what ways is war a unique category of conflict?
4. What limitations are associated with the use of statistical databanks in the study of the relationship between violence and development?
5. How does the Western discourse on peace and stability draw on Weber’s concept of modernity?
6. How did the Cold War influence conflict in the Global South?
7. How did academics such as Robert Kaplan explain the post–Cold War conflict in the Balkans?
8. Discuss “ethnic” violence in the context of the Rwandan genocide.
9. Discuss the view that high levels of inequality often lead to violent social transformations.
10. What is primitive accumulation and how is it relevant in the study of conflict and development?
11. Explain Charles Tilly’s view that early European state-building was an example of “organized crime”?
12. How did the end of the Cold War influence UN activism in the area of peace building?
13. Discuss the roles and positions of non-violent actors in areas conflict situations.
14. What are some criticisms of contemporary peace building?
15. What have the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan taught us about peace-building?
16. What difficulties did the US encounter in trying to implement its “hearts and minds” COIN strategy?
17. How did imposed economic and political reforms exacerbate the conflict in the former Yugoslavia?
18. Explain the contradiction between peace-building and the conflict trap.
19. Compare the views of Marx and Weber about the relationship of development and violence.
20. Why can the war in Afghanistan not be appropriately explained from a merely quantitative analysis?
21. What is the role of modernization in the reduction of conflicts and violence?
22. How has the changing international order affected peace-building?

Essay Questions

1. How does our understanding of “conflict and development” change when it is framed as “conflict in development”?
2. How do the concepts of conflict, violence, and war differ from each other?
3. Compare and contrast the utility of quantitative and qualitative approaches to understanding the Afghanistan conflict(s)?
4. Explain the evolution of Kant’s idea of perpetual peace.
5. What connections can be drawn between failed states and violence?