Ch20 Urban Development Cities In The Verified Test Bank

Chapter 20

Urban Development: Cities in the Global South

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What do urban dwellers need?
   1. Sources of livelihood
   2. Shelter
   3. Essential services
   4. Meaningful social engagement
   5. All of the above
2. Which of the following represents a threshold for an urban entity?
   1. For Canada, it is 1,000 people and a population density of 400 per square kilometre.
   2. For Botswana, it is 10,000 people and at least 75 per cent of the economic activity is non-agricultural.
   3. For India, it is 25,000 people and does not include populations on the city limits.
   4. For Beijing, it is 20,000 people and a population density of 4,000 per square kilometre.
   5. All of the above
3. In 2014, there were how many mega cities of 10 million people or more.
   1. 10
   2. 21
   3. 28
   4. 30
   5. 121
4. Which of the following has fuelled the growth of cities over time?
   1. Rural–urban migration
   2. Industrialization and economic growth
   3. Natural increase of urban populations
   4. Both A and C
   5. All of the above
5. Which of the following regions has the highest urban growth rate?
   1. Africa
   2. Asia
   3. Latin America
   4. The Middle East
   5. Europe
6. The urbanization of poverty is a trend most visible in ________________.
   1. the housing sector
   2. underemployment rates
   3. youth unemployment
   4. the disparities characteristic of global cities
   5. levels of educational achievement
7. Many developing countries today are urbanizing in an environment characterized by which of the following?
   1. New institutions of development policy
   2. Isolation from information technology
   3. Globalization
   4. Economic stagnation
   5. All of the above
8. Which of the following has shaped urbanization in developing countries?
   1. Natural disasters
   2. Public policies discouraging urbanization
   3. Policies promoted by the World Bank
   4. Both A and C
   5. All of the above
9. Which of the following cities is NOT listed as a major international financial city?
   1. New York City
   2. London
   3. Tokyo
   4. Beijing
   5. All of the above are major international financial cities.
10. What is associated with speculative and spectacular urban projects?
    1. Urban farming projects
    2. Loss of civic and community space
    3. Input from the arts community
    4. Localized ownership
    5. Public amenities
11. How do municipal governments in the Global South generally see Olympic bids?
    1. Contentious political issue
    2. A good source of national funding
    3. A means to generate good local jobs
    4. An economic black hole
    5. Good investments
12. In 2018, how many people lived in slums?
    1. 107 million
    2. 792 million
    3. 1 billion
    4. 1.8 billion
    5. 5.3 billion
13. Which of the following factors explains the formation of slums?
    1. Population growth outpacing housing production
    2. Inability to find the means to provide shelter for households
    3. Concentrated land ownership
    4. Distance from modern economic hubs
    5. All of the above
14. Where do most displaced people end up?
    1. In cities
    2. In refugee camps
    3. In Europe
    4. In North America
    5. In rural areas
15. A slum household could lack _____________.
    1. durable housing that can protect inhabitants from climatic conditions
    2. secure tenure, through documentation or de facto protection against forced evictions
    3. sufficient living area where not more than three people share the same room
    4. access to sanitation in the form of a private toilet or a public toilet shared with a reasonable number of people
    5. All of the above
16. The World Bank is now shifting towards what type of rhetoric in urban planning?
    1. State-intervention
    2. Land redistribution
    3. Civil society participation
    4. Infant-industry protection
    5. Exclusionary budgeting
17. Movements seeking to create just, sustainable, inclusive, and democratic cities have drawn on which theoretical concept?
    1. Global cities
    2. Communities first
    3. The right to the city
    4. Make poverty history
    5. The sociological imagination
18. Where was participatory budgeting initiated?
    1. Ghana
    2. Brazil
    3. India
    4. Bangladesh
    5. France
19. How many urban dwellers lack access to adequate shelter?
    1. One in three
    2. One in four
    3. One in five
    4. One in six
    5. One in seven
20. Which of the following is a positive impact of adequate shelter?
    1. Freedom to pursue income generation
    2. Freedom to pursue general life improvements
    3. Children have greater opportunity to attend school
    4. Improved sanitation and overall health
    5. All of the above
21. What is an important obstacle for women in the Global South to find adequate housing?
    1. Women are often accompanied by children which creates extra financial costs.
    2. Women lack access to political processes.
    3. Women are often denied access to inheritances and tenure.
    4. Women tend to remain with their parents even if it is denies them economic advancement.
    5. Women are often required to be accompanied by a male family member.
22. As of 2018, how many people reside in urban areas?

a) An estimated 55 per cent of the planet’s population—4.2 billion people

b) 7.2 billion people

c) 65 per cent of African populations

d) An estimated 25 per cent of the planet’s population

e) An estimated 40 per cent of the planet’s population

1. Where is the world’s urban population growing taking place?

a) North America

b) The Global South

c) Eastern Europe

d) Western Europe

e) The Global North

1. How many people will be living in cities by 2050?

a) One third of the global population

b) One quarter of the global population

c) One half of the global population

d) Two-thirds of the global population

e) Three quarters of the global population

1. What do the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) want to make urban areas?

a) International hubs of financial power

b) Inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

c) Grow

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

1. How are urban processes defined?

a) As the design and construction of big cities

b) In terms of sustainability

c) As the rural-urban divide

d) As uncontrollable

e) As the design and construction of the built environment and the act of living in cities

1. How are urban agglomerations of the Global South usually described?

a) As urbanism

b) As the rate of urbanization

c) As big cities for the future

d) As a large, polluted belt of slums

e) As a sign of progress

1. Why are cities considered a problem to their surroundings?

a) Because they stop consuming large quantities of water and energy resources and producing greenhouse gas emissions and industrial and residential waste

b) Because they can collaborate to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and industrial and residential waste

c) Because they consume large quantities of water and energy resources and produce greenhouse gas emissions and industrial and residential waste

d) Because they need to grow more

e) Because of climate change

1. What is urbanization?

a) The transition of an urban society to an even more urban one

b) The transition of a rural society to a futurist urban one

c) The transition of a rural society to a more urban one

d) The transition of an urban society to a more rural one

e) A process of building better urban green spaces

1. What is the process by which urbanization modifies the spatial distribution of the population in every region of the globe called?

a) Rate of urbanization

b) Urbanization

c) City building

d) Urban design

e) None of the above

True or False Questions

The number of people worldwide living in urban areas is expected to surpass those living in rural areas in 2050.

The threshold for what defines an urban entity varies from one country to another.

China and India have the highest urban growth rate.

Cities hinder innovation.

Malthusians see population growth as the main cause of the urban crisis.

Global cities have high-level international command functions and linked business services.

Cities in the Global South are still excluded from major financial flows.

Global events, such as the Olympics, often involve evictions, displacement, and security crackdowns for ordinary city residents.

Investment to incite economic growth in urban areas tends to improve the quality of life of ordinary citizens.

Economic crises make it easier for women to find work.

Slum dwellers are at increased risk of climate change.

People who live in slums often lack decent employment and housing, which has been exacerbated by economic crises and the COVID-19 pandemic.

In Cairo, rooftop gardens are a source of income for teenage women.

The World Bank has emerged as a player in the field of urban development.

The New Urban Agenda is a policy aimed to help local governments manage urban areas in a socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable way.

“The right to the city” expands quality of life to encompass the scale of the city and its surroundings.

The World Urban Social Forum seeks to establish model cities using the kibbutz as a model.

Changing weather and climate patterns are a concern for inland cities as well as coastal ones.

Rate of urbanization or urbanization level in a country or region compares the population living in rural areas to the total population.

The evolution of cities and towns has been only influenced by the physical characteristics of the environment.

Cities and towns vary greatly over time and space because of their role within larger political and economic territories, their internal economic structure and activities, and the dominant model of development.

The urban areas, priority to reverse and reduce gender inequalities include combatting overt forms of discrimination and overcoming “gender blindness” in the planning and provision of urban services.

The World Bank and United Nations track human welfare and progress toward development goals, assess development and urban programs, and consider local conditions in policy formulation and funding decisions by analyzing urbanization levels.

A city in Botswana is an area with at least 1000 people and a population density of at least 400 people per square kilometre; in the USA, a city is an agglomeration of 5000 or more people where at least 75 per cent of the economic activity is non-agricultural.

Latin America and the Caribbean began their urban transition—shifting to a majority urban population—in the year 2000.

The continent of Africa has the world’s highest urban growth rate in the world—between 3 and 4 per cent per year.

China and India, alone account for 10 per cent of the world’s population, and in both cases the rural population continues to grow dramatically.

Rural–urban migration and natural increase no longer fuel the growth of cities as they did in the past.

Natural increase is the excess of births over deaths in a country.

International, regional, and local forces, but not local actors, influence the rate and distribution of urban growth in direct and indirect ways.

Short Answer Questions

1. The vast majority of cities have a troubled relationship with their surroundings, and cities of the Global South are no exception. Discuss.
2. What is urbanization?
3. What is the primary obstacle to quantitatively analyzing urbanization?
4. What three factors influence urban swelling?
5. What is the difference between urban growth in Europe and North America and in developing countries today?
6. What are the development and sustainability challenges associated with urbanism?
7. Discuss how cities have spurred innovation.
8. What is the “urban crisis”? Cite two examples of urban crises.
9. How do theorists like David Harvey and Immanuel Wallerstein frame urban crisis in contrast to neo-Malthusians?
10. Discuss the spatial and socio-economic dimensions of globalized cities.
11. Summarize how global forces affect the form of metropolitan areas.
12. Provide an example of successful resistance by domestic actors to Olympic bids?
13. What are some of the ways that slums have come to characterize urban landscapes?
14. What is a slum and what are the two basic reasons underlying its formation?
15. What have been the impacts of the recent economic crisis on employment?
16. What explains the re-emergence of urban agriculture and what are the benefits?
17. How has the World Bank approached urban development?
18. Describe the emerging urban challenge of flooding. Include an example.
19. What were the three priorities that emerged from Habitat III?
20. How did urbanization take place in Europe or North America?
21. How do international, regional, and local forces and local actors influence the rate and distribution of urban growth?
22. Give examples of how prosperity is not an inevitable outcome of urbanization.

Essay Questions

1. What role has the World Bank played in urban development?
2. What role have cities played in dealing with flows of refugees and displaced peoples?
3. Explain the impact of gender on housing rights and women’s access to safe and adequate housing.
4. Give examples that may probe the contradictory effects of urban population growth. Explain.

1. What is the triple threat and how does it affect urban development?