Complete Test Bank Life History Strategies Ch.10

Chapter 10 Life History Strategies

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following statements is teleological?
2. Salmon die after spawning to leave more resources for their offspring.
3. Salmon exploit the high productivity of the marine environment.
4. The massive reproductive effort of salmon cannot occur more than once.
5. Salmon are an important source of nutrients in terrestrial environments.
6. none of the above
7. Reproductive value measures the
8. value of R₀ for the entire population.
9. lifetime reproductive output of an individual.
10. expected reproductive output of an individual of a specific age.
11. expected reproductive output at one moment in time.
12. none of the above
13. One reason the reproductive value changes over the life of the organism is that the
14. reproductive output changes with age.
15. morality rate increases with age.
16. reproductive rate increases with age.
17. b and c
18. none of the above
19. A life history strategy refers to the fact that
20. the organism designs its own reproductive pattern.
21. natural selection operates on just one aspect of reproduction.
22. energy does not limit reproduction.
23. the life history consists of a suite of adaptations.
24. none of the above
25. One advantage of metamorphosis is it
26. requires less energy than direct development.
27. minimizes mortality from predation.
28. is phenotypically plastic.
29. allows the organism to exploit important resources.
30. none of the above
31. Jack in the pulpit exhibits sequential hermaphroditism as an adaptation to
32. avoid predation on female plants.
33. avoid predation on male plants.
34. the variation in energy availability.
35. decrease the energy cost of switching sex.
36. none of the above
37. The evolution of the life span
38. cannot be explained.
39. is independent of the reproductive strategy.
40. depends on the increase in the intensity of selection with age.
41. counteracts pleiotropic effects.
42. none of the above
43. The cost of meiosis
44. is about 60%.
45. is due to the dilution of the genetic contribution.
46. is highest in asexual species.
47. occurs after the peak in V_x.
48. none of the above
49. Reproductive output
50. represents a trade-off between l_x and b_x.
51. is greatest after the peak in V_x.
52. is always the physiological maximum.
53. is independent of mortality.
54. none of the above
55. Empirical studies show that
56. reproduction has a mortality cost.
57. mortality has a reproductive cost.
58. artificially large clutches produce more young.
59. reducing the clutch size increases mortality.
60. none of the above
61. Which of the following is not a reproductive trade-off?
62. number and size of offspring
63. semelparity and iteroparity
64. number of offspring and parental care
65. pleiotropy and parental care
66. none of the above
67. Iteroparous species maximize
68. residual reproductive value.
69. residual reproductive value.
70. current reproduction at the expense of future reproduction.
71. reproduction at the expense of mortality.
72. none of the above
73. Cole’s paradox states that
74. the difference in between semelparity and iteroparity is relatively small.
75. iteroparity is really the same as semelparity.
76. for iteroparous species the mortality costs are small.
77. for semelparous species the mortality costs are small.
78. none of the above
79. Which of the following is not a hypothesis to explain the latitudinal increase in clutch size?
80. Longer days at high latitude permit increased foraging by adults.
81. High mortality at high latitude selects for larger clutches.
82. Migration reduces the energy available for reproduction.
83. Populations are smaller at high latitude and thus more energy is available to each individual.
84. none of the above
85. K-selection
86. emphasizes the number of offspring over their quality.
87. emphasizes the quality of offspring over their quality.
88. occurs when competition is low.
89. leads to semelparity.
90. none of the above
91. In jackdaws, experimentally increasing clutch size
92. leads to lower senescence.
93. leads to higher senescence.
94. has no effect on senescence.
95. demonstrates the trade-off between clutch size and fledging rate.
96. none of the above
97. Cole’s paradox states that
98. there is no trade-off between reproductive effort and mortality.
99. mortality and reproductive effort increase together.
100. there is a significant difference between annual and perennial reproduction.
101. there is a small difference between annual and perennial reproduction.
102. none of the above

True/False

1. Reproductive output is always maximized by natural selection.
2. r-selected species occur in competitive environments.
3. According to bet-hedging theory organisms reduce the variation in fitness relative to the mean fitness.
4. Reproductive is maximum at birth because the organism has not begun to reproduce.
5. Not all aspects of the life history are genetically fixed.
6. Resting stages are an adaptation to unpredictable environments.
7. Genes that act after reproduction is completed are not affected by selection.
8. Neoteny tends to occur in high energy environments.
9. Selection always favors the earliest age at sexual maturity.
10. Diapause is an example of a resting stage during development.

Short Answer/Fill in the Blank

1. Species with sexual larval forms that do not metamorphose are known as __________.
2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in ageing because they __________.
3. Deleterious mutations that act __________ the peak in V_x are not affected by selection.
4. What does the residual reproductive value measure?
5. The fundamental basis for the evolution of the life history strategy is that __________.
6. Natural selection has its greatest effect where V_x is __________.
7. What types of environments select for a bet-hedging strategy?