Coevolution I Exploitative Interactions Test Bank Chapter.12

Chapter 12 Coevolution I Exploitative Interactions

Multiple Choice

1. Parasitoids are a type of parasite in which
2. the host benefits as well.
3. the larvae develop in the body of the host.
4. plants are the primary host.
5. the eggs are laid in the nest of another species.
6. none of the above
7. According to the life-dinner principle,
8. selection acts asymmetrically on predator and prey.
9. selection acts symmetrically on predator and prey.
10. coevolutionary interactions always come to equilibrium.
11. coevolutionary interactions never come to equilibrium.
12. none of the above
13. In a coevolutionary arms race,
14. selection is stronger on the predator.
15. selection favors equilibrium.
16. each adaptation by one species leads to a new adaptation in the other.
17. each adaptation by one species negates selection on the other.
18. none of the above
19. Group hunting
20. is an adaptation to large, dangerous prey.
21. is an adaptation that requires cooperation.
22. evolves when prey are widely scattered.
23. evolves when prey occur in large groups.
24. none of the above
25. Optimal foraging theory makes the assumption that
26. predators can make decisions.
27. there is a single, optimal foraging strategy.
28. selection operates on groups.
29. the foraging strategy has a genetic basis.
30. none of the above
31. Optimal foraging theory suggests that
32. when search time is long relative to handling time, predators should be generalists.
33. when handling time is long relative to search time, predators should be generalists.
34. new items are added to the diet only if their handling time is larger than average.
35. specialized diets are rare in nature.
36. none of the above
37. Which of the following is not a determinant of how long a predator should stay in a patch?
38. the energy gain for the patch
39. the travel time to a new patch
40. the handling time
41. the line tangent to the energy-gain curve
42. none of the above
43. In Holling’s study of sawfly predation, he was able to determine the functional response of the predators because
44. each predator had a significant functional response.
45. none of the predators had a numerical response.
46. the numerical and functional responses were equal.
47. the predators opened the pupae in distinctive ways.
48. none of the above
49. In a Type II functional response,
50. at very high prey density consumption is limited by handling time.
51. at low prey density consumption increases because search time is small.
52. as search time increases consumption also increases.
53. as handling time decreases consumption also decreases.
54. none of the above
55. The principle of crypticity states that
56. cryptic prey have large handling times.
57. crypticity applies only to visual predators.
58. prey should appear as a random sample of the background.
59. learning is unimportant in crypticity.
60. none of the above
61. Plant secondary compounds
62. were thought to be biochemical byproducts.
63. render plants toxic or indigestible.
64. include compounds such as lignin and silica.
65. a and b
66. b and c
67. none of the above
68. According to the phytochemical coevolution theory,
69. most herbivorous insects are generalists.
70. plant secondary compounds are universally toxic.
71. plants with novel secondary compounds can diversify into new species.
72. insects cannot adapt to some secondary compounds.
73. none of the above
74. Parasite virulence
75. is selected against.
76. cannot decline.
77. is independent of the mode of transmission.
78. requires multiple infections of the host.
79. none of the above
80. Plants tolerate grazing by
81. changing the pattern of tissue production.
82. reducing all plant growth.
83. decreasing photosynthesis.
84. shifting more resources to roots.
85. none of the above
86. In general plants that employ secondary compounds to deter grazing are
87. more successful than those with compensatory ability.
88. less likely to have high compensatory ability.
89. more likely to have high compensatory ability.
90. less successful than those with compensatory ability.
91. none of the above

True/False

1. Species with a large functional response tend to have a small numerical response.
2. King snakes are Mullerian mimics of coral snakes.
3. One advantage of a complex parasite life cycle is that large numbers of infectious forms can be produced.
4. There is a negative correlation between a plant’s apparency and chemical protection from grazing.
5. In diverse communities, resistant plant species may protect other plant species.
6. Predator swamping can overwhelm the predator functional response but not the numerical response.
7. In some birds’ body size and niche breadth are positively correlated because large birds can consume both large and small prey.
8. The fitness of time maximizers is correlated with the rate of energy acquisition.
9. At high prey density predators should be less specialized.
10. Predators must learn to avoid aposematically colored prey.

Short Answer/Fill in the Blank

1. In __________ one species benefits but the other is unaffected; in __________ both species benefit.
2. __________ predators remain stationary until the prey is detected; __________ predators move through the landscape searching for prey.
3. Predators that maximize the efficiency of energy acquisition are known as __________.
4. How do Mullerian mimics differ from Batesian mimics?
5. Explain how noctuid moths avoid predation by bats.
6. Natural selection is __________ (stronger; weaker) on the prey than the predator.
7. What happens if Batesian mimics become more common than the noxious species they mimic?