Complete Test Bank Evidence Of Evolution Chapter 13

Biology: The Essentials, 3e (Hoefnagels)

Chapter 13 Evidence of Evolution

1) The sequence of eras beginning with the earliest era and proceeding forward to the most recent era in the geologic timescale is

A) Archean - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.

B) Cenozoic - Archean - Mesozoic.

C) Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic.

D) Mesozoic - Cenozoic - Paleozoic.

E) Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.

2) The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the

A) Mesozoic era.

B) Archean era.

C) Proterozoic era.

D) Cenozoic era.

E) Paleozoic era.

3) A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from at least

A) 500 years ago.

B) 1000 years ago.

C) 25,000 years ago.

D) 10,000 years ago.

E) 100,000 years ago.

4) The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate that Oklahoma was

A) always a vast desert with almost no rainfall.

B) once part of a mountain range that has now eroded.

C) once covered by a shallow ocean.

D) once part of a vast tropical forest.

E) always a grassland.

5) Fossils may be

A) from impressions left after an organism decays.

B) formed as organic matter is replaced by minerals, turning to stone.

C) formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen.

D) casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone.

E) All answers are correct.

6) Relative dating uses ________ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A) radioactive isotopes

B) a molecular clock

C) structural features

D) depth within rock layers

E) embryonic structures

7) Absolute dating uses ________ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A) depth within rock layers

B) radioactive isotopes

C) a molecular clock

D) structural features

E) embryonic structures

8) If an isotope's half-life is 100 years, then

A) that isotope will no longer exist in 50 years.

B) that isotope will no longer exist in 200 years.

C) in 50 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.

D) in 100 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.

E) in 200 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain

9) Carbon-14 is useful in determining the age of a fossil up to about ________ years ago.

A) 40,000

B) 10,000

C) 20,000

D) 50,000

E) 100,000

10) Potassium-40 is useful in determining the age of a fossil in samples

A) less than 25,000 years of age.

B) of 40,000 to 50,000 years of age.

C) 300,000 years of age and older.

D) aged between 50,000 and 100,000 years of age.

E) aged between 100,000 years and 250,000 years.

11) Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean. The landmass is named

A) Panthalassa.

B) Pangaea.

C) Laurasia.

D) Gondwana.

E) Ultima Continenta.

12) If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry, these structures are

A) vestigial.

B) analogous.

C) homologous.

D) homeotic.

E) heterologous.

13) If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect independent evolution, these structures are

A) analogous.

B) vestigial.

C) homologous.

D) homeotic.

E) heterologous.

14) If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed

A) analogous.

B) homologous.

C) homeotic.

D) vestigial.

E) heterologous.

15) A gene that when mutated leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places is termed

A) parsimonious.

B) homeotic.

C) homologous.

D) vestigial.

E) dominant.

16) Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A) a leaf or stem

B) a bone or shell

C) an organ like an eye or lung

D) a complete large organism

E) an organism that died on land

17) Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A) a bone or shell

B) a leaf or stem

C) an organ like an eye or lung

D) a complete large organism

E) an organism that died on land

18) The half life of 14C is 5,730 years. 11,460 years after an organism dies what percent of the initial 14C will still be present in the organism bones?

A) 50%

B) 25%

C) 75%

D) 100%

E) 0%

19) The half life of 14C is 5,730 years. If you test a fossilized bone and find that it has 1/8th the 14C as a modern bone, you could conclude that it is approximately ________ years old.

A) 11,460

B) 5,730

C) 42,960

D) 716

E) 17,190

20) Marsupials are mammals that

A) lay eggs.

B) do not give live birth.

C) have evolved recently.

D) carry their young in a pouch.

E) breathe through gills.

21) The fossil record indicates that at one time marsupials were common to both Australia and South America, but today most South American marsupials have become extinct. The most probable explanation for marsupials being common to Australia yet not very common to South America today is that

A) South American marsupials were displaced by placental mammals when a land bridge formed between North America and South America about seven million years ago.

B) marsupials were able to flourish in South America because of its isolation from other land masses.

C) placental mammals are less fully developed than marsupials when born and therefore have a better chance of survival after birth.

D) South American and Australian marsupials interbred.

E) marsupials can survive only in warm climates like Australia.

22) The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of

A) analogous structures.

B) homologous structures.

C) vestigial structures.

D) homeotic structures.

E) heterologous structures.

23) The wings of a bat and an insect are examples of

A) analogous structures.

B) homologous structures.

C) vestigial structures.

D) homeotic structures.

E) heterologous structures.

24) The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of

A) homologous structures.

B) analogous structures.

C) homeotic structures.

D) vestigial structures.

E) heterologous structures.

25) The observation that most aquatic animals, like fish, penguins, and whales, all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of

A) sexual selection.

B) artificial selection.

C) analogous selection.

D) vestigial selection.

E) convergent evolution.

26) Amphibians, birds, and mammals look the most similar as

A) newborns.

B) embryos.

C) adults.

D) fossils.

E) juveniles.

27) In a fruit fly embryo, the end that becomes the head contains high amounts of the protein bicoid. What may happen if you injected high levels of bicoid in the other end of the embryo?

A) It would fail to develop a head.

B) It would develop two heads.

C) Legs would grow out of its head.

D) It would not grow legs.

E) It would not have segments.

28) The number of differences between cytochrome c of humans and cytochrome c of other organisms is as follows: Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; pigeon - 12 differences; fruit fly - 24 differences. The order in which these species are most similar to humans is

A) Rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly.

B) pigeon, Rhesus monkey, fruit fly.

C) pigeon, fruit fly, Rhesus monkey.

D) Rhesus monkey, fruit fly, pigeon.

E) fruit fly, pigeon, Rhesus monkey.

29) If many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years, approximately how many years have passed since the two species diverged?

A) 5 million

B) 3 million

C) 10 million

D) 20 million

E) 200 million

30) If many genes from two species differ in about 5% of their bases and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 5% per one million years, approximately how many years have passed since the two species diverged?

A) 1 million

B) 5 million

C) 10 million

D) 20 million

E) 50 million

31) Why do different mutations accumulate in two species once they diverge?

A) They can no longer mate and exchange mutated genes.

B) The molecular clock runs at different speeds in different species.

C) Convergent evolution causes the difference in mutations.

D) Natural selection favors mutations in one species over another.

E) All answers are correct.

32) Dinosaurs lived during the Paleozoic era.

33) If you were looking for a time line of Earth's history, you would need one spanning about 4.6 billion years.

34) The abundant presence of ammonite fossils in a large area indicates that the area was once part of an ocean.

35) The fossil record is often incomplete, in part because scientists will never be able to discover some of the fossils that are buried deep in the earth and in part because some living things fossilize more readily than others.

36) When a land bridge formed about 70 million years ago, marsupial mammals moved into South America and displaced many of the placental mammal species.

37) Placental mammals give birth to more fully developed offspring than marsupial mammals and therefore have a greater chance of survival.

38) The techniques used to study molecular evolution are based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species.

39) In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards," what was hypothesized about the loss of legs in modern-day snakes?

A) Snakes descended from land-dwelling ancestors.

B) Snakes descended only from burrowing lizards on land.

C) Snakes descended only from marine lizards.

D) Snakes do not have forelimbs or hindlimbs.

E) Some extant snakes have forelimbs or hindlimbs.

40) In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards," how did the scientists test the hypothesis?

A) They examined decrease in length of hind limbs in land-dwelling snakes.

B) They compared anatomy of fossil ancestors and extant snakes.

C) They examined decrease in length of hind limbs in marine snakes.

D) They compared terrestrial, freshwater, and marine snakes.

E) They compared anatomy of snakes, other reptiles, mammals, and birds.

41) Boa constrictors and pythons lack external limbs but their skeletons reveal bones of tiny hindlimbs. What structure is represented in this example?

A) analogous

B) convergent

C) homologous

D) vestigial

E) homeotic

42) What can be used as a molecular clock to estimate the time since organisms diverged from a common ancestor?

A) DNA

B) all types of RNA

C) only ribosomal RNA

D) ATP

E) All answers are correct.

43) What is needed to estimate species relatedness with a molecular clock?

A) the known mutation rate of a gene

B) the original DNA sequence for the gene without mutations

C) the number of differences in DNA sequences for a gene in two species

D) the same gene identified in two species

E) All answers are correct.

44) Data from embyros can be used to help establish evolutionary relationships.

45) The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's surface is constantly moving from forces exerted on the surface layer.

46) Which of the following pairs radioactive isotopes is used in radioactive fossil dating?

A) 14C and 40K

B) 12C and 40K

C) 12C and 40Ar

D) 40K and 14N

47) During which period of the Paleozoic era did the first winged insects evolve?

A) Carboniferous

B) Devonian

C) Cambrian

D) Permian

E) Ordovician

48) In which period of evolution, in the Cenozoic era, would you find Homo sapiens?

A) Neogene

B) Quaternary

C) Paleogene

D) Cretaceous

E) Jurassic

49) Which of the following evolutionary events did not occur during the Mesozic era?

A) cycads and ferns were abundant

B) widespread dinosaurs extinction

C) first dinosaurs roamed the earth

D) giant reptiles were on land and in water

E) first primates were abundant

50) Any gene, when mutated, that leads to an organism with structures in abnormal or unusual places, is referred to as a(n) ________ gene.

A) homeotic

B) heterotic

C) embryotic

D) mutagenic

E) vestigial