Evolution And Diversity Of Microbial Life Test Bank Ch.15

Biology: The Essentials, 3e (Hoefnagels)

Chapter 15 Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life

1) Clues from geology and paleontology suggest that simple cells or their precursors arose about

A) six billion years ago.

B) six million years ago.

C) four billion years ago.

D) four million years ago.

E) one million years ago.

2) The Russian chemist Oparin suggested that for organic molecules to form on Earth, the atmosphere was probably rich in all of these except 

A) oxygen.

B) water.

C) ammonia.

D) methane.

E) hydrogen.

3) What did Stanley Miller's simulation of Earth's early conditions produce?

A) living cells

B) amino acids

C) plants

D) DNA molecules

E) RNA molecules

4) Photosynthesis probably originated during the ________ eon and most likely used ________ as an electron donor.

A) Proterozoic; water

B) Archean; water

C) Archean; hydrogen sulfide

D) Proterozoic; hydrogen sulfide

E) Paleozoic; water

5) Clays often have positively charged surfaces. How may this have been important in the formation of organic macromolecules?

A) They are a source of ATP to run chemical reactions.

B) They form covalent bonds with organic building blocks.

C) They can form templates by binding organic building blocks.

D) They are a source of oxygen to break down organic building blocks.

E) They are formed from meteorites that carried organic molecules to Earth.

6) Why do scientists hypothesize that RNA was the first form of genetic material?

A) RNA can use genetic information to make proteins.

B) RNA can catalyze reactions.

C) RNA can store genetic information.

D) RNA can self-replicate.

E) All answers are correct.

7) How is the ability of phospholipids to spontaneously form membranes when placed in water important in the origin of life on Earth?

A) Membranes are used by cells to catalyze reactions.

B) Membranes are used by cells to store genetic information.

C) Membranes protect a cell from high temperatures and pressures in the environment.

D) Membranes are used by cells to isolate their contents from the environment.

E) Membranes protect a cell from gases in the atmosphere.

8) The Miller experiment was the first in history that attempted to recreate chemical conditions on Earth before life arose.

9) The first multicellular organisms probably arose about

A) 1.2 billion years ago.

B) 500 million years ago.

C) two billion years ago.

D) 3.5 billion years ago.

E) six billion years ago.

10) In setting up a lab for a general biology course, you are asked to match labels with a timeline on the wall. For "First Cells," you need to find a point on the timeline 

A) 500 million years ago.

B) 1.2 billion years ago.

C) two billion years ago.

D) six billion years ago.

E) four billion years ago.

11) Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A) the theory of evolution

B) the theory of natural selection

C) the geologic time theory

D) the cell theory

E) the endosymbiont theory

12) Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-day cells originated as independent organisms includes

A) similarities in DNA sequences between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes.

B) similarities in size and shape between mitochondria and some prokaryotes.

C) similarity between photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.

D) similarity in the way mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes reproduce.

E) All answers are correct.

13) Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

A) Mitochondria produced the oxygen found in the atmosphere.

B) Almost all organisms have mitochondria.

C) All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts.

D) All prokaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts.

E) Mitochondria are larger than chloroplasts.

14) Mitochondria arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

A) anaerobic bacterium.

B) photosynthetic bacterium.

C) aerobic bacterium.

D) aerobic archaeon.

E) photosynthetic archaeon.

15) Chloroplasts arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

A) aerobic bacterium.

B) photosynthetic bacterium.

C) anaerobic bacterium.

D) aerobic archaeon.

E) photosynthetic archaeon.

16) How did multicellular organisms evolve from unicellular organisms?

A) Single-celled organisms joined together, or failed to separate after cell division.

B) Single-celled organisms joined together only.

C) Single-celled organisms failed to separate after cell division only.

D) Single-celled organisms joined together, or absorbed other species by endosymbiosis.

E) One species absorbed another species by endosymbiosis only.

17) The endosymbiont theory states that eukaryotic cells work together to form a multicellular organism.

18) The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and other membranous organelles of cells might have formed by numerous infoldings of the cell's outer membrane.

19) Which of the following is true of prokaryotes?

A) Prokaryotes have a nucleus.

B) Prokaryotes are single-celled.

C) Prokaryotes do not have a chromosome.

D) Prokaryotes have membrane-bounded organelles.

E) Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.

20) A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(n)

A) thermophile.

B) halophile.

C) basophile.

D) acidophile.

E) hydrophile.

21) A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is extremely salty is a(n)

A) thermophile.

B) acidophile.

C) halophile.

D) basophile.

E) hydrophile.

22) A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50°C) is a(n)

A) thermophile.

B) acidophile.

C) halophile.

D) basophile.

E) hydrophile.

23) The domain (domains) that contain prokaryotes is (are)

A) Archaea.

B) Bacteria.

C) both Archaea and Bacteria.

D) Eukarya.

E) both Bacteria and Eukarya.

24) The region of a prokaryotic cell where the bacterial chromosome (DNA) is located is the

A) cell membrane.

B) nucleus.

C) cell wall.

D) nucleoid.

E) ribosome.

25) DNA that is circular and apart from the chromosome in a prokaryote is a(n)

A) ribosome.

B) endospore.

C) nucleus.

D) nucleoid.

E) plasmid.

26) In prokayotes, the structure that assembles proteins by using information in RNA a(an)

A) plasmid.

B) ribosome.

C) cell membrane.

D) endospore.

E) nucleoid.

27) The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the

A) cell membrane.

B) flagellum.

C) ribosome.

D) cell wall.

E) cytoplasm.

28) The complex polysaccharide component of cell walls of bacteria is

A) peptidoglycan.

B) glucose.

C) chitin.

D) cellulose.

E) All answers are correct.

29) The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are

A) sex pili.

B) flagella.

C) endospores.

D) calcium carbonate threads.

E) cilia.

30) You are examining samples from a site in a dry pond that alternates between freezing cold winters and hot dry summers. When you find dormant thick-walled structures, you suspect that these are from bacteria and are 

A) plasmids.

B) pili.

C) ribosomes.

D) flagella.

E) endospores.

31) The three most common shapes of bacteria are

A) spirillum, endospore, and peptidoglycan.

B) bacillus, spirillum, and coccus.

C) cubical, spiral, and thread-like.

D) spirillum, nucleiod, and peptidoglycan.

E) cubical, spherical, and rod-shaped.

32) Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus, can survive in soil for up to 40 years. It is most likely in which of the following structures?

A) a cell membrane

B) a nucleus

C) a cell wall

D) a pilus

E) an endospore

33) Escherichia coli and Salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are considered

A) obligate anaerobes.

B) phototrophs.

C) facultative anaerobes.

D) autotrophs.

E) aerobic.

34) Prokaryotes lack which feature?

A) a nucleus

B) RNA

C) DNA

D) a cell membrane

E) a cell wall

35) Antibiotics usually are not dangerous to humans when treating bacterial infections because most antibiotics exploit structures and functions in bacteria that are not present in host cells.

36) Because archaea were first found in environments that lacked oxygen or were very hot, acidic, or salty, they were nicknamed "extremophiles."

37) Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

38) Many prokaryotes play vital roles in global nutrient cycles.

39) Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

40) All protists

A) are prokaryotes.

B) lack a nucleus.

C) lack membrane-bounded organelles.

D) are eukaryotes.

E) are multicellular.

41) DNA sequence evidence suggests that plants, fungi, and animals arose from different lineages of unicellular protists. This suggests which of the following?

A) Protists evolved before the other three kingdoms.

B) Early ancestors to plants, fungi, and animals could interbreed.

C) Multicellular organisms arose only once in evolutionary history.

D) All unicellular organisms are now extinct.

E) The animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms contain some single-celled organisms.

42) All protists are single-celled.

43) Protists can be heterotrophs.

44) Which protists produce much of the Earth's oxygen?

A) amoeba

B) slime molds

C) algae

D) protozoa

E) radiolarians

45) Silica walls are a characteristic of

A) diatoms.

B) euglenoids.

C) red algae.

D) brown algae.

E) slime molds.

46) A jellylike substance produced by red algae and used as a culture medium for microorganisms is

A) red ooze.

B) All answers are correct.

C) gelatin.

D) agar.

E) algin.

47) If you were taken to the beach and asked to stand near a sample of the largest kind of algae, you would search for a piece of 

A) kelp.

B) diatoms.

C) red algae.

D) golden algae.

E) green algae.

48) Euglena and dinoflagellates have chloroplasts and flagella. This means they have what characteristic(s)?

A) photosynthetic only

B) motile only

C) multicellular only

D) Both are photosynthetic and motile.

E) Both are multicellular and motile.

49) Chlamydomonas is unicellular and photosynthetic. Chlamydomonas is which of the following?

A) a slime mold

B) an apicomplexan

C) an amoeba

D) a water mold

E) a green alga

50) A dinoflagellate has two flagella.

51) Diatoms and brown algae contain yellowish photosynthetic pigments.

52) Protists can be autotrophs.

53) The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s was caused by which heterotrophic protist decomposer that secreted digestive enzymes onto potatoes?

A) a water mold

B) a red alga

C) a dinoflagellate

D) a protozoan

E) a fungus

54) In areas of the world where malaria is endemic, people have a relatively high incidence of the allele for

A) sickle cell.

B) blue eyes.

C) cystic fibrosis.

D) mental retardation.

E) hemophilia.

55) Dictyostelium discoideum consists of amoeba-like cells that move independently, feeding on bacteria. When the food runs out, cells begin to aggregate to produce spores. Dictyostelium discoideum is which kind of organism?

A) an autotroph

B) a heterotroph and autotroph

C) a heterotroph

D) a detritovore

E) a heterotroph and detritovore

56) Slime molds may exist as either single amoeboid cells or large masses of cells that behave as one multicellular organism.

57) Cytoplasmic extensions by which some protozoa move are

A) cilia.

B) flagella.

C) pseudopodia.

D) pili.

E) All answers are correct.

58) In the ecosystems of the world, fungi act primarily as

A) decomposers.

B) autotrophs.

C) primary consumers.

D) secondary consumers.

E) photosynthesizers.

59) Yeasts are

A) multicelled autotrophs.

B) single-celled heterotrophs.

C) single-celled autotrophs.

D) multicelled heterotrophs.

E) All answers are correct.

60) Fungi and animals are similar because they both

A) are phototrophs.

B) have cell walls made of chitin.

C) are heterotrophs.

D) use starch as their main storage carbohydrate.

E) are decomposers.

61) Fungi and plants are similar because they both

A) carry out photosynthesis.

B) have cellulose as the main component of their cell walls.

C) have glycogen as the main storage carbohydrate.

D) have cell walls.

E) All answers are correct.

62) The main storage carbohydrate in fungi is

A) glycogen.

B) glucose.

C) starch.

D) cellulose.

E) chitin.

63) You are analyzing samples under a microscope, and one sample comes from what you suspect is a fungus. You find tiny filaments, which, in your report, you call 

A) hyphae.

B) spores.

C) fruiting bodies.

D) gills.

E) chitin.

64) Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are

A) hyphae.

B) fruiting bodies.

C) mycelia.

D) gills.

E) spores.

65) In fungi, a mass of aggregated hyphae is called a(n)

A) mycelium.

B) pilus.

C) gill.

D) spore.

E) ascus.

66) Fungi are classified into phyla based on which characteristic?

A) organelles

B) composition of cell wall

C) photosynthesis

D) reproductive structures

E) multicellular vs. unicellular

67) Fungi that live between the cells of plant tissue without causing disease is called

A) endophytes.

B) basidiomycota.

C) ascomycota.

D) mycorrhizae.

E) chytridiomycota.

68) If a friend at the next lab bench was working on an unknown fungus and shouted "I've found zygospores," you would tell your friend that the fungus was probably a member of the 

A) Chytridiomycota.

B) Ascomycota.

C) Zygomycota.

D) Basidiomycota.

E) Glomeromycota.

69) Associations of fungi and plant roots are called

A) pili.

B) mycorrhizae.

C) lichens.

D) root forks.

E) endophytes.

70) Which of the following is not a characteristic of lichen?

A) It is a partnership between fungus and a photosynthetic partner.

B) The fungi in the relationship can be an ascomycete.

C) The fungi in the relationship can be a basidiomycete.

D) The photosynthetic partner can be a green algae or cynanobacteria.

E) The photosynthetic partner can be a protist.

71) The fusion of two haploid hyphae whereby the nuclei remain separate in the cell creates a(n) ________ cell.

A) dikaryotic

B) haploid

C) tetraploid

D) diploid

E) uniploid

72) Sexual spores are formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei. They then go through meiosis to form spores. Spores are which of the following?

A) haploid

B) diploid

C) dikaryotic

D) tetraploid

E) uniploid

73) A lichen is made up of which two types of organisms?

A) a fungus and a plant

B) a plant and a cyanobacterium

C) a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium

D) an alga and a bacterium

E) an alga and a plant

74) Which is the best description of the mutual benefit to both species found in a lichen?

A) The autotroph provides food and the heterotroph provides water and minerals.

B) The autotroph prevents dehydration and the heterotroph provides energy.

C) The autotroph provides water and minerals and the heterotroph prevents dehydration.

D) The heterotroph protects the autotroph from predation.

E) The autotroph produces antibiotics to ward off infection to the heterotroph by bacteria.

75) Why are lichens a good indicator of environmental quality?

A) They cannot absorb toxins.

B) If the air is polluted they cannot get enough sunlight for photosynthesis.

C) They cannot excrete absorbed toxins.

D) If the soil is polluted they cannot produce roots.

E) Toxins inhibit their reproduction.

76) Which of the following phyla of fungi contain the organism responsible for Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight?

A) Ascomycetes

B) Zygomycetes

C) Basidiomycetes

D) Chytridiomycetes

77) After a haploid spore germinates, it then completes mitosis, forming hyphae. The resulting hyphae are

A) diploid.

B) dikaryotic.

C) zygotes.

D) gametes.

E) haploid.

78) A mushroom is a dikaryotic structure of Basidiomycota.

79) Molecular evidence places fungi closer to plants than animals.

80) Protein was the first molecule carrying genetic information.

81) RNA was the first molecule carrying genetic information.

82) When testing a sample of cells for preferred growing conditions, you find that they are obligate for growth in high concentrations of salt. These are probably bacteria.

83) Cooperation between or among cells could have been a key step in the evolution of multicellularity.

84) Multicellular organisms generally consist of a large number of identical cells.

85) If you sample prokaryotes from a kitchen faucet, there are likely to be bacteria, not archaea.

86) The first life on Earth was probably most similar to modern-day

A) bacteria.

B) protists.

C) Archaeans.

D) plants.

E) fungi.

87) The first life on Earth was

A) prokaryotic.

B) eukaryotic.

C) prokaryotic and multicellular.

D) eukaryotic and multicellular.

E) eukaryotic and unicellular.

88) Which of the following was not a characteristic of the Hadean eon?

A) volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

B) prokaryotic life appeared at the end of this eon

C) ultraviolet radiation

D) large amounts of comets and meteorites

E) photosynthetic organisms were abundant

89) Scientists have fossils of the first life on Earth.

90) How did the first life on Earth obtain energy?

A) photosynthesis in the presence of oxygen

B) photosynthesis in the absence of oxygen

C) heterotrophic consumption of organic molecules

D) autotrophic consumption of organic molecules

E) phototrophic consumption of inorganic molecules

91) What was likely the first informational molecule of life?

A) carbohydrates

B) lipids

C) proteins

D) RNA

E) DNA