Complete Test Bank Chapter 27 Nutrition and Metabolism

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 27 Nutrition and Metabolism

1) Disaccharides are one type of

A) carbohydrate.

B) starch.

C) lipid.

D) essential amino acid.

E) triglyceride.

2) Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of

A) essential amino acids.

B) nonessential amino acids.

C) lipids.

D) carbohydrates.

E) proteins.

3) Simple sugars are carbohydrates.

4) Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be stored in the body in the form of

A) vitamins.

B) steroids.

C) triglycerides.

D) monosaccharides.

E) polysaccharides.

5) For a protein to be complete, it must contain twenty-six different types of amino acids.

6) A nonessential amino acid is one that

A) is not used in any physiological functions.

B) can be made within the body.

C) has the same structure as one of the other amino acids.

D) needs to come from the diet.

7) Most amino acids are essential amino acids.

8) Proteins that supply all of our essential amino acids are described as ________ proteins.

9) Incomplete proteins contain all essential amino acids, but none of the others.

10) Essential amino acids are so physiologically important that the body can synthesize them by modifying other (nonessential) amino acids.

11) Vitamin C is a

A) fat-soluble, essential vitamin.

B) fat-soluble, nonessential vitamin.

C) water-soluble, essential vitamin.

D) water-soluble, nonessential vitamin.

12) Which type of vitamins will be absorbed from the intestine into lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)?

A) Fat-soluble

B) Water-soluble

13) Vitamins A, D, E, and K are

A) fat-soluble.

B) water-soluble.

14) Citrus fruit is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins.

15) The body is able to produce and recycle vitamin A (retinol) as needed.

16) Cofactors such as NADH are found in all cells of the body and are often recycled. Such cofactors are categorized as ________ vitamins.

A) essential

B) nonessential

17) Essential vitamins must be provided in the diet.

18) Vitamin ________ is crucial for the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a deficiency in this vitamin may result in rickets and other bone abnormalities.

19) A deficiency in vitamin ________ may result in night blindness as well as dry, flaky skin.

A) A

B) B12

C) C

D) D

E) E

20) A deficiency in vitamin ________ may lead to bleeding problems.

A) A

B) K

C) C

D) D

E) E

21) A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1) may result in a weakened heart and edema.

22) Inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium are

A) vitamins.

B) essential amino acids.

C) minerals.

D) trace carbohydrates.

23) All of the following are associated with a deficiency in calcium, except

A) loss of bone mass.

B) muscle weakness.

C) anemia.

D) depressed nerve activity.

24) Minerals are organic molecules.

25) Iron is considered a

A) major mineral, because it has a crucial physiological role.

B) trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required daily in the diet.

C) major mineral, because it is extremely abundant in the Earth.

D) trace mineral, because it is rare on the Earth.

26) Muscle cramps are associated with a deficiency in

A) copper.

B) chloride.

C) vitamin A.

D) monosaccharides.

27) Calcium, chloride, and potassium are all examples of ________ minerals.

A) major

B) trace

C) fat-soluble

D) nonessential

28) Minerals that must be ingested at levels greater than 100 milligrams per day are referred to as ________ minerals.

29) Iodine is an example of a(n)

A) essential amino acid.

B) vitamin.

C) mineral.

D) nitrogenous base.

30) Milk is a source of lactose, which is a

A) lipid.

B) carbohydrate.

C) protein.

D) vitamin.

31) Spinach is a complete food, as it contains all of the essential amino acids, all of the major minerals, and all of the water-soluble vitamins.

32) Cellulose is a type of ________ from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber and aids in the movement of material through the tract.

A) vitamin

B) lipid

C) protein

D) carbohydrate

E) mineral

33) Fruits, maple syrup, and sugar are all sources of

A) cellulose.

B) sucrose.

C) lactose.

D) nitrogen.

34) Vegetable oils and fish oils are dietary sources of triglycerides.

35) Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat animal flesh,

A) nor do they eat milk, eggs, or cheese.

B) but do eat milk, eggs, and cheese.

36) Since beans contain the essential amino acid methionine, beans are considered complete protein sources.

37) Individuals who are growing or recovering from an injury exhibit positive nitrogen balance.

38) Positive nitrogen balance is a condition where

A) an individual's nitrogen input is equal to its loss in urine and feces.

B) an individual absorbs more nitrogen than is excreted.

C) an individual's nitrogen intake is greater than phosphate intake.

D) too many proteins are being ingested in the diet.

E) a food has a positive effect on blood nitrogen levels.

39) Tea can serve as a source of manganese.

40) Negative nitrogen balance is commonly seen in individuals who

A) are pregnant or growing.

B) have lost blood or are malnourished.

41) Recommended daily allowances established by the Food and Nutrition Board are based on

A) individual needs and factor in sex, age, and body mass.

B) averages obtained from population studies.

42) Recommended daily allowances were established by the Food and Nutrition board as directed by the

A) largest food-producing companies.

B) National Academy of Sciences.

43) Recommended daily allowances are government-established values for nutrient intake that are used for food planning and labeling.

44) In 2011, the USDA created ________ to replace the food pyramid.

A) RDA

B) the Food and Nutrition Board

C) MyPlate

D) NutritionFacts

45) MyPlate depicts fruits and vegetables occupying ________ of the plate.

A) one-tenth

B) one-fourth

C) one-half

D) nine-tenths

46) According to the MyPlate system, bread, cereals, rice, and pasta should make up a little more than half of an individual's diet.

47) Food labels are required by law to include the amount of cholesterol in each serving.

48) Imagine that you were asked to provide advice to a young adolescent about how to engage in healthy eating. The adolescent doesn't know much about nutrition, but likes to browse the Internet. What suggestions might you give for that young person for online learning and careful choices in the supermarket?

49) Explain the different types of vegetarians and the ways by which they meet their dietary needs regarding proteins.

50) The number of essential amino acids in a food product is required to be placed on its label.

51) The absorptive state occurs

A) about 12 hours after a meal, when you are sleeping.

B) from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.

52) During the absorptive state, insulin release is

A) inhibited.

B) stimulated.

53) In response to the increased availability of nutrients during the absorptive state, liver and muscle

A) increase glycogenesis.

B) increase gluconeogenesis.

C) decrease amino acid uptake.

D) All of the choices are correct.

54) Insulin causes adipose tissue to

A) stimulate lipolysis and inhibit lipogenesis.

B) inhibit lipolysis and stimulate lipogenesis.

C) stimulate both lipolysis and lipogenesis.

D) stimulate lipolysis and gluconeogenesis.

55) One of the ultimate effects of insulin is to stimulate protein synthesis within cells of the body.

56) The major regulatory hormone of the postabsorptive state is ________.

57) Glucagon stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.

58) To maintain homeostasis, the hormone that is secreted during the postabsorptive state causes

A) a decrease in the level of fatty acids in the blood.

B) an increase in protein synthesis in tissue cells.

C) formation of triglycerides from fatty acids.

D) an increase in the level of blood sugar.

59) What effect does glucagon have on protein metabolism?

A) It directly stimulates catabolism of proteins.

B) It stimulates the buildup of proteins from amino acids.

C) It increases absorption of amino acids in the intestine.

D) It has no effect on body proteins.

60) Low dietary intake of cholesterol triggers cholesterol synthesis within the liver to increase.

61) The majority of the bile salts synthesized from cholesterol are removed from the body as a component of feces.

62) Beta oxidation is a step in the synthesis of cholesterol that involves

A) closing of a linear fatty acid chain into a steroid loop.

B) breakdown of fatty acids into two-carbon units to form acetyl CoA.

C) synthesis of bile salts from precursor lipids.

D) absorption of micelles from the small intestine.

63) Because lipids are nonpolar, they must be wrapped by other molecules to be transported through the blood. This combined molecule is known as a ________.

64) Compared to other types of lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoproteins contain the ________ lipid.

A) most

B) least

65) How do low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) move into cells?

A) LDLs diffuse through channels in the membrane.

B) LDLs are engulfed through receptor-mediated endocytosis.

C) LDLs diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer.

D) LDLs are transported through a pump that is also an ATPase.

66) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the tranport of lipid from the

A) liver to peripheral tissues.

B) peripheral tissues to the liver.

67) The liver is involved in the metabolism of each of the three major nutrient biomolecules.

68) One of the metabolic functions of the liver is transamination, which is conversion of

A) NH2 to urea.

B) one amino acid form to another.

C) amino acid into carbohydrate.

D) acetyl CoA to a ketone body.

69) The liver absorbs bilirubin and eliminates it as part of bile.

70) The liver serves as a storage site for vitamin A and vitamin D.

71) When glucose enters glycolysis, it

A) is converted into acetyl CoA.

B) binds to oxaloacetic acid and forms citric acid.

C) is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules.

D) forms the coenzyme NAD.

72) When fatty acids are metabolized for cellular respiration, the first step involves breaking two carbons off the chain at a time to form acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl CoA then

A) undergoes glycolysis.

B) enters the citric acid cycle.

C) begins the electron transport chain.

D) is converted to pyruvate and lactate.

73) One of the products of triglyceride breakdown is glycerol; glycerol enters the cellular respiration pathway by being converted to glucose (in the liver) and then undergoing glycolysis.

74) Removal of the amine group from amino acids is a process that occurs in the liver known as ________.

75) An amine group that is removed from an amino acid within a hepatocyte is then

A) used to form a peptide bond between a protein and a lipid.

B) used to generate bile salts and excreted in the feces.

C) converted to urea and eliminated as part of urine.

D) sent to a mitochondrion to enter the citric acid cycle.

76) Whenever an amino acid is used for cellular respiration, it enters the pathway at the intermediate stage.

77) Individuals who consume excess carbohydrates can deposit additional triglycerides into their adipose tissue.

78) Explain how the ability to interconvert nutrients is beneficial.

79) If more glucose is consumed than is needed, the glucose can be

A) converted to an essential amino acid so that protein synthesis can increase.

B) converted to acetyl CoA that is then used to synthesize triglycerides for storage.

C) broken down to 2 NADH molecules that can enter the citric acid cycle.

D) deaminated by the liver and sent to the kidney for excretion in the urine.

80) In general, the greater the surface area of the skin, the ________ the basal metabolic rate.

A) higher

B) lower

81) Metabolic rate is a measurement of the

A) total number of calories consumed per hour.

B) amount of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight.

C) energy used in a given period of time.

D) heat given off by contracting muscles.

82) Age, sex, hormone levels, and stress all influence basal metabolic rate.

83) A water-filled chamber into which someone is placed in order to measure her basal metabolic rate is called a ________.

84) Metabolic rate can be measured with a respirometer that measures

A) water content of the breath in order to directly measure the products of cellular respiration.

B) water content of the breath in order to indirectly measure the products of cellular respiration.

C) temperature of the expired air in order to measure the rate of the sum of all reactions within the body.

D) oxygen consumption in order to indirectly measure heat production and energy expenditure.

E) temperatures of carbon dioxide and oxygen to determine how much the body warmed the respiratory gas.

85) When an individual is exposed to cold temperatures, total metabolic rate

A) decreases.

B) increases.

C) remains constant.

86) Vigorous physical activity causes total metabolic rate to

A) increase for the duration of the exercise.

B) increase during the exercise and for hours afterwards.

C) remain constant.

D) decrease to conserve energy during the exercise but increase to repay oxygen debt.

E) decrease during the exercise and for hours afterwards.

87) Because basal metabolic rate is constant across individuals, everyone has a core body temperature of 98.6°F.

88) Core body temperature is the

A) average temperature across all portions of the body.

B) average body temperature across all hours of the day.

C) temperature of the head and torso.

D) temperature recorded at the center of the long bones of the limbs.

89) Sweating and shivering are necessary adaptations because

A) all parts of the body must remain at normal body temperature to maintain life.

B) the health of vital organs requires a near-normal temperature, and metabolic rate fluctuates with changes in the environment.

C) to ensure that total metabolic rate remains constant, the body generates or releases heat as needed.

D) proteins rapidly denature when tissue temperature drops below 98.5°F.

90) The area of the brain that provides the primary control of body temperature is the

A) cerebellum.

B) cerebral cortex.

C) hypothalamus.

D) pineal gland.

E) medulla.

91) An increase in metabolic rate would alter body temperature and trigger a compensatory

A) stimulation of sweat glands and vasoconstriction in blood vessels of the skin.

B) stimulation of sweat glands and vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.

C) inhibition of sweat glands and vasoconstriction in blood vessels of the skin.

D) inhibition of sweat glands and vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.

92) Conscious changes in behavior governed by the cerebral cortex do not meaningfully contribute to regulation of body temperature.

93) Frostbite results from peripheral ________ due to exposure to cold temperatures.

A) vasoconstriction

B) vasodilation

94) Thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate.

95) In response to decreases in body temperature, the brain signals the

A) anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.

B) anterior pituitary to release thyroid-inhibiting hormone.

C) posterior pituitary to release thyroid-releasing hormone.

D) posterior pituitary to release thyroid-inhibiting hormone.

96) Graves' disease is a condition in which some of the body's antibodies mimic thyroid-stimulating hormone and cause overactivity of the thyroid gland. What consequences would this have for neurons in the body, and how would metabolic rate be affected? Would you expect someone with Graves' disease to feel chillier or warmer than someone who was unaffected?

97) ________ is the study of the means by which living organisms both obtain and utilize the nutrients they need to grow and sustain life.

98) ________ include organic molecules, vitamins, and minerals that the body needs for growth and maintenance.

99) Protein is a macronutrient.

100) Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body. Such an amino acid would be classified as a nonessential nutrient.

101) Cholesterol is both acquired through the diet and synthesized in the body.

102) Cholesterol is a required component of cell membranes.

103) The metabolic rate is the measure of energy used in a given period of time.