Ch25 Fluid and Electrolytes Exam Questions

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 25 Fluid and Electrolytes

1) At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest?

A) Infancy

B) Childhood

C) Middle age

D) Advanced age

2) In elderly individuals, 75% of body weight is made up of fluid.

3) When comparing two individuals of the same body weight, the one with more muscle and less fat will have a higher percentage of fluid in their body.

4) When comparing a lean adult female to a lean adult male, which will most likely have a higher percentage of body fluid?

A) The female

B) The male

5) Fluid imbalances are more common in individuals with a ________ percentage of body fluid.

A) high

B) low

6) Elderly individuals generally have a ________ percentage of body fluid and are therefore ________ prone to fluid imbalances.

A) high; more

B) high; less

C) low; less

D) low; more

7) A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that

A) two-thirds of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-third is within our cells.

B) two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.

C) half of the total fluid is within our cells and half is outside our cells.

D) six-sevenths of the total fluid is within our cells and one-seventh is outside our cells.

E) six-sevenths of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-seventh is within our cells.

8) Most of the fluid in our body is contained within our cells.

9) The plasma of our blood constitutes ________ than half of the fluid in our body; plasma is part of the ________ fluid.

A) more; intracellular

B) more; extracellular

C) less; intracellular

D) less; extracellular

10) Interstitial fluid composes about ________ of the body's extracellular fluid.

A) one-tenth

B) one-third

C) one-half

D) two-thirds

E) nine-tenths

11) Cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system and synovial fluid of joint capsules are both examples of

A) intracellular fluid.

B) extracellular fluid.

12) When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains

A) more potassium and more negatively charged proteins.

B) more potassium but fewer negatively charged proteins.

C) less potassium but more negatively charged proteins.

D) less potassium and less negatively charged proteins.

13) Interstitial fluid has a relatively ________ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ________.

A) high; similar

B) high; different

C) low; similar

D) low; different

14) Which statement accurately describes the permeability to water of the cell membrane and the capillary wall?

A) Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water.

B) The plasma membrane is permeable to water, but the capillary wall is not.

C) The plasma membrane is not permeable to water, but the capillary wall is.

D) Neither the plasma membrane nor the capillary wall is permeable to water.

15) Drinking a liter of water will cause the osmolarity of blood plasma to

A) increase.

B) decrease.

16) If someone runs a marathon through a desert while eating pretzels and not drinking water, their plasma osmolarity

A) rises and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.

B) rises and becomes hypotonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.

C) decreases and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.

D) decreases and becomes hypotonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.

17) As an individual becomes dehydrated, the net movement of fluid in their body is from cells toward plasma.

18) When fluid intake equals fluid output, and there is a normal distribution of solvent and solutes in the body's fluid compartments, fluid ________ exists.

19) In order for a state of fluid balance to be achieved, obligatory water loss must equal facultative water loss.

20) Which type of intake accounts for most of our daily fluid intake?

A) Metabolic water

B) Preformed water

21) Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions result in

A) metabolic water intake.

B) preformed water intake.

C) insensible water output.

D) preformed water output.

E) obligatory water output.

22) Ingestion of food results in water

A) intake, as food contains some water.

B) output, as food absorbs water and we lose more water through feces than we gain through eating.

23) Water lost through feces is considered ________ water loss.

A) sensible, obligatory

B) sensible, facultative

C) insensible, obligatory

D) insensible, facultative

24) Facultative water loss is loss that

A) occurs regardless of the state of hydration of the body.

B) is controlled by hormone effects on the kidney.

C) occurs through sweating and breathing.

25) Insensible water loss is an example of facultative water loss.

26) In the condition of volume excess, fluid gain involves

A) an increase in osmolarity of body fluid.

B) a decrease in osmolarity of body fluid.

C) no change in the osmolarity of body fluid.

27) If someone in an accident suffered severe burns as well as hemorrhage, they would be at high risk for

A) hypotonic hydration.

B) volume depletion.

C) hypotonic dehydration.

D) volume excess.

28) Renal failure would likely lead to

A) volume depletion.

B) hypotonicity.

C) volume excess.

D) hypertonic ascites.

29) Diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hyposecretion of ADH can each lead to

A) volume excess.

B) dehydration.

C) hypotonic plasma.

D) overhydration.

30) Runners who drink too much water before a marathon run a risk of water intoxication, also known as

A) diabetes insipidus.

B) volume excess.

C) hypotonic hydration.

D) volume depletion.

E) hypertonic ascites.

31) During dehydration, blood plasma becomes hypotonic relative to the body's cells.

32) Extreme hypotonic hydration can cause brain cells to swell.

33) Edema is an example of

A) dehydration.

B) volume depletion.

C) total volume excess.

D) fluid sequestration.

34) An accumulation of fluid in one area of the body, such that the fluid is not available for use elsewhere, is known as fluid ________.

35) Blockage of lymphatic vessels or surgical removal of lymphatic vessels increases the likelihood of

A) ascites, which is an example of volume depletion.

B) ascites, which is an example of hypertonicity.

C) edema, which is an example of fluid sequestration.

D) edema, which is an example of volume depletion.

E) pleural effusion, which is an example of hypertonic hydration.

36) Feelings of thirstiness are brought on by

A) increases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity.

B) increases in salivary secretions and decreases in blood osmolarity.

C) decreases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity.

D) decreases in salivary secretions and decreases in blood osmolarity.

37) Decreases in blood pressure turn ________ the thirst center of the brain.

A) on

B) off

38) Fluid intake causes blood volume to increase.

39) The thirst center of the brain is located in the

A) hippocampus.

B) hypothalamus.

C) occipital lobe.

D) pons.

40) Distention of the stomach causes thirst to

A) increase.

B) decrease.

41) Which of the following does not turn off the thirst center of the brain?

A) Decreased blood osmolarity

B) Entry of fluid in the stomach

C) Decreased salivary secretions

D) Increased blood pressure

42) Changes in blood osmolarity that turn off the thirst center also increase the release of ADH from the pituitary gland.

43) When compared with the effects of blood pressure and osmolarity on fluid intake, the effects of saliva and stomach distention are

A) more immediate and more accurate.

B) more immediate but less accurate.

C) more long-term and more accurate.

D) more long-term but less accurate.

44) Angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH each help decrease urine output.

45) The hormone ANP

A) increases urine output and increases blood volume.

B) increases urine output and decreases blood volume.

C) decreases urine output and decreases blood volume.

D) decreases urine output and increases blood volume.

46) A substance that dissociates in water to form cations and anions is called a nonelectrolyte.

47) Most nonelectrolytes are covalently bonded organic molecules.

48) The molecule HCl is an example of a(n)

A) electrolyte.

B) nonelectrolyte.

C) base.

49) To account for their effects on osmotic pressure, the concentration of electrolytes is often expressed in

A) moles.

B) moieties.

C) milliequivalents per liter.

D) moles per liter.

E) milliliters.

50) When NaCl is added to body fluids, it results in the addition of

A) one solute particle per NaCl molecule and exerts an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of a nonelectrolyte.

B) two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules.

C) three solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts one-third the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules.

D) one solute particle per NaCl molecule, but because it is uncharged it does not result in osmotic pressure.

51) The most abundant cation within cells is

A) sodium.

B) potassium.

C) calcium.

D) chloride.

E) magnesium.

52) The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is

A) negatively charged proteins.

B) phosphate.

C) chloride.

D) hydrogen.

E) acetic acid.

53) Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?

A) Magnesium

B) Phosphate

C) Calcium

D) Sodium

E) Potassium

54) How are sodium levels and blood pressure related?

A) Increased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, decrease blood volume, and increase blood pressure.

B) Decreased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, increase blood volume, and decrease blood pressure.

C) Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.

D) Decreased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, increase blood volume, and increase blood pressure.

55) Most potassium loss from the body occurs through

A) sweat.

B) urine.

C) feces.

D) respiration.

56) When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ starts to move from the

A) ECF to the ICF.

B) ICF to the ECF.

57) Insulin causes blood plasma levels of potassium to ________ by ________ activity of the Na+/K+ pumps.

A) increase; stimulating

B) increase; inhibiting

C) decrease; stimulating

D) decrease; inhibiting

58) Increases in secretion of the hormone ADH cause sodium concentration in the blood plasma to

A) increase.

B) stay at the same level.

C) decrease.

59) An elevated level of potassium in the blood is referred to as ________.

60) How does the hormone aldosterone influence potassium levels?

A) It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration.

B) It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration.

C) It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration.

D) It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration.

61) Low levels of calcium within cells are maintained by

A) a high number of voltage-gated and leakage channels for calcium in cell membranes.

B) frequent exocytosis and endocytosis of calcium-containing vesicles.

C) pumps that move calcium out of cells or into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

D) osmosis of large amounts of water into cells that have any calcium within them.

62) Renin is released from the JG apparatus in response to

A) high blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

B) high blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

C) low blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

D) low blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

63) Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system triggers renin release from the JG apparatus of the kidneys.

64) Angiotensin II triggers

A) vasoconstriction and increased urine output from the kidneys.

B) vasoconstriction and decreased urine output from the kidneys.

C) vasodilation and increased urine output from the kidneys.

D) vasodilation and decreased urine output from the kidneys.

65) Angiotensin II causes a(n)

A) stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH.

B) stimulation of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH.

C) inhibition of the thirst center and increased release of ADH.

D) inhibition of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH.

66) Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

67) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the ________ and released from the ________.

A) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary

B) anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

C) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

D) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

68) The stimuli that trigger the release of ADH are

A) high blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity.

B) high blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity.

C) low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high blood osmolarity.

D) low blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity.

E) low blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity.

69) Decreased stretch of baroreceptors within the aorta and carotid arteries results in stimulation of the hypothalamus; this stimulation increases ADH secretion.

70) Changes in blood osmolarity within capillaries of the hypothalamus are a signal for ADH release. The neurons that are sensitive to these changes in osmolarity are ________.

71) High levels of ADH cause

A) vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure.

B) vasoconstriction and therefore decreases in blood pressure.

C) vasodilation and therefore increases in blood pressure.

D) vasodilation and therefore decreases in blood pressure.

72) In the brain, ADH ________ the thirst center, and in the kidneys, ADH causes an increase in water ________.

A) stimulates; secretion

B) stimulates; reabsorption

C) inhibits; secretion

D) inhibits; reabsorption

73) The adrenal gland releases aldosterone in response to

A) ANP and increased blood plasma sodium levels.

B) ANP and decreased blood plasma sodium levels.

C) angiotensin II and increased blood plasma sodium levels.

D) angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels.

74) The release of aldosterone is triggered by a decrease in blood plasma potassium levels.

75) Aldosterone exerts effects on principal cells of the kidney by causing

A) increased levels of cAMP and increases in the total number of Na+ channels.

B) decreased levels of cAMP and decreases in the number of open K+ channels.

C) increased numbers of Na+/K+ pumps.

D) decreased numbers of Na+/K+ pumps.

76) Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to

A) reabsorb more sodium, water, and potassium.

B) reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium.

C) reabsorb more sodium, and secret more water and potassium.

D) secrete more sodium, water, and potassium.

E) secrete more sodium and reabsorb more potassium.

77) The stimulus that directly triggers release of ANP is

A) decreased pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries.

B) increased stretch of the heart atria.

C) increased saltiness in the cerebrospinal fluid bathing the hypothalamus of the brain.

D) increased saltiness of tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule.

78) The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to

A) constrict, which raises blood pressure.

B) constrict, which lowers blood pressure.

C) dilate, which raises blood pressure.

D) dilate, which lowers blood pressure.

79) Atrial natriuretic peptide causes ________ of afferent arterioles and ________ of mesangial cells.

A) constriction; contraction

B) constriction; relaxation

C) dilation; contraction

D) dilation; relaxation

80) ANP causes an increase in the loss of sodium and water through urine.

81) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits the release of aldosterone, ADH, and renin.

82) Imagine that an unprepared hiker goes for a long walk on a hot day and gets lost. He has no water, he is nervous, and he is sweating profusely. What effects will these conditions have on his endocrine system, and how will the hormones that are secreted influence his renal system?

83) Fixed acid is also called volatile acid.

84) Carbonic acid is referred to as ________ acid because it is produced from a gas that evaporates quickly.

85) Fixed acids are generally regulated by physiological buffering provided by the

A) respiratory system.

B) kidneys.

C) lymphatic system.

86) Lactic acid, a product of metabolism, is considered a volatile acid.

87) Most of the fixed acid in our body comes from

A) the oxygen we breathe.

B) acid absorbed from the GI tract.

C) loss of bicarbonate in feces.

D) lactic acid from muscle.

88) A diet rich in animal protein contributes to increased levels of

A) volatile acid.

B) bicarbonate ions.

C) fixed acid.

89) Severe diarrhea leads to a decrease in the pH of the blood.

90) When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by

A) synthesizing and secreting bicarbonate ions while reabsorbing H+.

B) synthesizing and reabsorbing H+ while filtering bicarbonate ions.

C) synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+.

D) decreasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of both bicarbonate ions and H+.

E) increasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of H+.

91) When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the renal tubules begin to

A) secrete bicarbonate and H+ through type B cells.

B) secrete bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+ in exchange through type B cells.

C) secrete H+ while reabsorbing bicarbonate in exchange through type A cells.

D) absorb bicarbonate and H+ through type A cells.

92) The process by which the kidneys eliminate excess acid or base is relatively

A) quick (takes minutes) and powerful.

B) quick (takes minutes) but limited (is not very powerful).

C) slow (takes hours to days) but powerful.

D) slow (takes hours to days) and limited (is not very powerful).

93) If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes ________ in blood pH.

A) an increase

B) a decrease

C) no change

94) If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels

A) rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises.

B) rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls.

C) rise, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls.

D) fall, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises.

E) fall, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls.

95) Collectively, the renal and respiratory systems comprise the chemical buffering system of the body.

96) The amine groups contained within amino acids of proteins can act as weak

A) acids.

B) bases.

97) Both intracellular proteins (such as hemoglobin) and extracellular proteins (such as plasma proteins) can act as chemical buffers.

98) If a strong acid were to add H+ to the intracellular fluid, the effect would most likely be buffered, because

A) HPO42- would act as a weak acid and donate an H+ to become PO4-.

B) HPO42- would act as a weak base and accept an H+ to become H2PO4-.

C) H2PO4- would act as a weak acid and accept an H+ to become H3PO4-.

D) PO4 would act as a strong base and accept an H+ to become HPO4.

99) To buffer the body's extracellular fluid compartment, dihydrogen phosphate acts as a strong base and prevents acidosis of the plasma.

100) The bicarbonate buffering system is the most important buffering system in the extracellular fluid.

101) When bicarbonate acts as a weak base and accepts a proton, the molecule ________ acid is formed.

102) The bicarbonate system is composed of H2CO3 and HCO-3. Which statement accurately describes these molecules?

A) H2CO3 and HCO-3 are both weak acids.

B) H2CO3 is a weak acid, and HCO-3 is a weak base.

C) H2CO3 is a weak base, and HCO-3 is a weak acid.

D) H2CO3 and HCO-3 are both strong bases.

E) H2CO3 is a strong base, and HCO-3 is a weak acid.

103) When physiological systems cannot compensate for an acid-base disturbance, and the deviation from normal pH becomes more persistent, it is referred to as an acid-base ________.

104) If a physiologic condition resulted in blood pH reaching 7.2, but then physiological buffering systems brought the pH to 7.4, that increase in pH would be called

A) acidosis.

B) alkalosis.

C) compensation.

D) imbalance.

E) partial noncompensation.

105) The most common type of acid-base imbalance is

A) metabolic acidosis.

B) metabolic alkalosis.

C) respiratory acidosis.

D) respiratory alkalosis.

106) Respiratory acidosis occurs when the partial pressure of

A) oxygen rises.

B) oxygen falls.

C) carbon dioxide rises.

D) carbon dioxide falls.

107) Emphysema causes a decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane and thereby leads to respiratory

A) acidosis.

B) alkalosis.

108) Compared to adults, infants are ________ susceptible to respiratory acidosis due to lower ________.

A) more; carbon dioxide levels.

B) more; residual volume.

C) less; carbon dioxide levels.

D) less; residual volume.

109) Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis.

110) Climbing at high altitude where oxygen levels are insufficient can lead to

A) respiratory acidosis.

B) respiratory alkalosis.

C) metabolic acidosis.

D) metabolic alkalosis.

111) Medicines that overstimulate respiratory centers in the brain lead to

A) respiratory acidosis.

B) respiratory alkalosis.

C) metabolic acidosis.

D) metabolic alkalosis.

112) When bicarbonate levels fall due to an accumulation of fixed acids in the body, the result is

A) metabolic acidosis.

B) metabolic alkalosis.

C) insufficient respiration.

D) respiratory acidosis.

E) respiratory alkalosis.

113) Excessive intake of alcohol leads to respiratory alkalosis.

114) Severe diarrhea results in the increased elimination of

A) hydrogen ions and therefore causes acidosis.

B) hydrogen ions and therefore causes alkalosis.

C) bicarbonate ions and therefore causes acidosis.

D) bicarbonate ions and therefore causes alkalosis.

115) The high metabolic rate of infants puts them at increased risk of metabolic

A) acidosis.

B) alkalosis.

116) Elevated HCO3- levels brought about by vomiting is classified as

A) respiratory acidosis.

B) respiratory alkalosis.

C) metabolic acidosis.

D) metabolic alkalosis.

117) An individual who consumes many antacids for stomach upset and many diuretics for high blood pressure will be at risk for metabolic

A) acidosis.

B) alkalosis.

118) Renal compensation for acidosis results in

A) urine with a high pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels.

B) urine with a high pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels.

C) urine with a low pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels.

D) urine with a low pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels.

119) Renal compensation to a decrease in blood H+ levels is to increase the activity of type

A) A cells to secrete more bicarbonate.

B) A cells to secrete less bicarbonate.

C) B cells to secrete more bicarbonate.

D) B cells to secrete less bicarbonate.

120) Impaired renal function within the elderly elevates their risk for acid-base imbalance.

121) To compensate for metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system increases breathing rate, which lowers the partial pressure of carbon dioxide below normal levels.

122) The development of hypoxia can limit the effectiveness of respiratory compensation for metabolic

A) acidosis.

B) alkalosis.

123) Volatile acid is eliminated by the respiratory system.

124) Fixed acid is regulated by the ________ through the absorption and elimination of ________.

A) kidney; bicarbonate and H+

B) respiratory system; bicarbonate and H+

C) kidney; carbonic acid

D) respiratory system; carbonic acid

125) When pH decreases, the kidney responds by

A) secreting H+.

B) reabsorbing carbon dioxide.

C) secreting bicarbonate.

D) secreting carbonic acid.

126) Infants have a relatively low residual volume, putting them at risk for ________ to accumulate in the blood, resulting in ________.

A) carbonic acid; respiratory acidosis

B) carbonic acid; metabolic acidosis

C) bicarbonate; respiratory acidosis

D) bicarbonate; metabolic acidosis

127) Respiratory acid-base disturbances involve fluctuations in carbonic acid whereas metabolic acid-base disturbances involve fluctuations in bicarbonate levels.