Complete Test Bank Ch3 Evolutionary And Genetic Foundations - Test Bank | Psychology by Davey 1e by Graham C. Davey. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 03: Evolutionary and Genetic Foundations of Psychology
Multiple choice
1. “The Fight or Flight response is a physiological reaction triggered by fearful events. Fear is a normal emotion felt in response to a threat or imminent danger. The Fight or Flight response evolved to enable humans to react appropriately to danger, by running away, freezing to become less visible, or fighting.” This is an example of:
a) developmental explanation
b) mechanistic explanation
c) cultural explanation
d) adaptive explanation
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
2. “The Fight or Flight response is a physiological reaction triggered by fearful events. Fear is a normal emotion felt in response to a threat or imminent danger. The autonomic nervous system is the main mechanism in control of this response and its role is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system activates the physiological changes that occur during the Fight or Flight response, releasing norepinephrine. The parasympathetic nervous system acts together with the sympathetic system, returning the body to homeostasis with the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.” This is an example of:
a) developmental explanation
b) mechanistic explanation
c) cultural explanation
d) adaptive explanation
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
3. Which of the following questions does a mechanistic explanation answer?
a) “What is the advantage of a certain behaviour for an organism?”
b) “How does the body elicit a certain behaviour?”
c) “What good does a certain behaviour do us?”
d) “What’s the adaptive value of a certain behaviour?”
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
4. Which of the following questions does an adaptive explanation answer?
a) “What is the advantage of a certain behaviour for an organism?”
b) “How does the body elicit a certain behaviour?”
c) “Why does the body react that way during a certain behaviour?”
d) “What happens to the organism during a certain behaviour?”
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
5. Discuss the mechanistic explanation as well as a putative adaptive explanation of why fingers wrinkle on contact with water.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
6. Scientists are finally able to provide an indisputable adaptive explanation of why fingers wrinkle on contact with water.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
7. A mechanistic explanation tries to explain how the body gives rise to a certain function or behaviour.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
8. It is thanks to a long process of __________ by natural selection that organisms carry on characteristics that appeared to be useful to their survival.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
9. Define what is ‘adaptation by natural selection’.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
10. With respect to adaptation by natural selection, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a) In each generation, there will be variation between individuals.
b) According to the rules of natural selection, individuals of a group who are unable to reproduce are more likely to die.
c) Useful traits tend to become more frequent among living organisms.
d) Individuals with adaptive traits will be more likely to survive and leave descendants.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
11. __________ is the process through which individuals carrying characteristics which are useful to survival will be more likely to leave offspring.
a) Inheritance
b) Reproduction
c) Adaptation by natural selection
d) Variation by natural selection
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
12. Which of the following hypotheses was tested by Kareklas, Nettle, and Smulders (2013)?
a) Fingers wrinkling allows to swim faster.
b) Fingers wrinkling improves ability to grip wet objects.
c) Fingers wrinkling protects the skin from excessive water.
d) Fingers wrinkling maintains the basal body temperature when we are immersed in water for long periods of time.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
13. Haseleu, Omerbašić, Frenzel, Gross, and Lewin (2014) tried to replicate the experiment of Kareklas et al. (2013) and observed:
a) no time advantage to having wrinkled fingers when objects were wet.
b) a time advantage to having wrinkled fingers when objects were wet.
c) a time advantage to having wrinkled fingers only when objects were dry.
d) a time advantage to having wrinkled fingers with both wet and dry
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Hard
14. Adaptive explanations:
a) cannot be considered as scientific hypotheses
b) are not falsifiable
c) do not generate empirical research
d) can be testable
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Hard
15. Evolutionary psychology is tightly linked to:
a) Physics
b) Philosophy
c) Genetics
d) Epistemology
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Easy
16. In relation to natural selection, evolution is:
a) the process
b) the outcome
c) the mechanism
d) the purpose
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
17. Adaptation by natural selection works best on a population having no variation.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Hard
18. Evolutionary explanations can inform the research of social and developmental psychology.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Easy
Short answer
19. What are the basic principles of adaptation by natural selection?
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
20. __________ refers to the fact that in every species individuals are different from one another.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
21. Individuals of a species leave a different number of offspring, a phenomenon called __________.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
22. Which of the following is not a basic principle of adaptation by natural selection?
a) Heredity
b) Variation
c) Differential reproduction
d) Translation
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Easy
23. __________ refers to the fact that traits get passed on from parents to children.
a) Variation
b) Heredity
c) Reproduction
d) Replication
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
24. ‘Variation’ is to ‘differential reproduction’ as __________ is to __________.
a) ‘differences in number of descendants’; ‘differences in traits’
b) ‘differences in skin colour’; ‘differences in libido’
c) ‘differences in traits’; ‘differences in number of descendants’
d) ‘differences in libido’; ‘differences in skin colour’
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
25. All the following contribute somewhat to adaptive change except for:
a) Heredity
b) Differential reproduction
c) Variation
d) Acclimatization
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
26. Characteristics that are useful for an organism’s survival have been passed on to the present generation because of a long process of:
a) adaptation
b) acclimatization
c) habituation
d) specialization
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
27. Adaptation by natural selection can be broken into three basic principles: variation, heredity, and specialization.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Easy
28. The ability to learn language depends on our genes which provide us with the appropriate apparatus to develop such complex capacity.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Easy
Short Answer
29. Why isn’t a language simply the product of cultural aspects?
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
30. What principle of human evolution best explains why tall people probably have tall parents?
a) Differential reproduction
b) Variation
c) Heredity
d) Reproduction
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes and their functions
Difficulty: Medium
31. Which of the following is true about the phenotype?
a) It is a reflection of the genotype.
b) Understanding the phenotype allows us to understand the genotype.
c) The genotype can be different from the phenotype.
d) The phenotype is the pattern of genetic inheritance of an individual.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
32. A phenotype is the result of the interaction between the individual’s genotype with a particular environment.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
33. The total set of genetic material that an individual inherits from their parents is called __________ and it is composed by __________, individual pieces of genetic material.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
34. What is the difference between genes and genome?
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
35. Describe the difference between the genotype and phenotype of an individual.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
36. __________ represent the functional pieces of genetic material.
a) Ribosomes
b) Genes
c) Proteins
d) Enzymes
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Easy
37. The person’s genetic code or inheritance is the:
a) phenotype
b) genotype
c) gene
d) chromosome
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
38. Genes are composed of:
a) chromosomes
b) deoxyribonucleic acid
c) genotypes
d) heterozygous traits
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
39. DNA is organized into:
a) chromosomes
b) genotypes
c) genes
d) nucleic acids
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
40. Which of the following base pairing is INCORRECT?
a) Thymine-adenine
b) Guanine-cytosine
c) Thymine-cytosine
d) Cytosine-guanine
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Easy
41. If a portion of an individual’s DNA strand contains the sequence CCCTGAA, what is the correct sequence on the other strand?
a) GGGCCTT
b) GGGACTT
c) AAAGTCC
d) AAAGCTT
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
42. Each gene is composed of a specific sequence of __________.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
43. The genome is organized into __________ pairs of __________.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
44. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans possess?
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
45. Which are the four chemical bases of DNA?
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
46. What are the two basic functions of DNA?
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
47. Ribosomes are the basic building blocks of our genetic inheritance.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
48. Humans have:
a) 23 chromosomes.
b) 23 pairs of chromosomes.
c) 22 pairs of chromosomes.
d) 46 pairs of chromosomes.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Easy
49. Complete replication is to half replication as __________ is to __________.
a) meiosis; mitosis
b) mitosis; transcription
c) DNA; RNA
d) mitosis; meiosis
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
50. Which of the following group of cells do not replicate their DNA through meiosis?
a) Sperm cells
b) Egg cells
c) Gametes
d) Epithelial cells
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
51. The information stored in the DNA is accessed via a process called:
a) Translation
b) Transcription
c) Transduction
d) Transformation
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
52. With respect to translation, which of the following statements is ACCURATE?
a) It takes place in the ribosomes.
b) Non-protein-coding genes account only for 1% of the genome.
c) It’s the process by which information stored in the DNA is retrieved.
d) It’s the process by which proteins are synthesized by assembling together the chromosomes.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
53. The DNA of sperm and egg cells is replicated by mitosis.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
54. The replication of only half of the DNA of a cell is a process known as meiosis.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
55. Allele and gene are synonyms.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Easy
Multiple choice
56. Which of the following terms refers to variations of the same gene?
a) chromosomes
b) homozygous
c) heterozygous
d) alleles
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
57. What is the main function of the MC1R gene?
a) Contributing in the colour of the eyes.
b) Contributing in the pigmentation of the skin and hair.
c) Contributing in reproductive behaviour.
d) Contributing in pro-social behaviour.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
58. Different alleles of the MC1R lead Kermode bears to have either black or __________ fur.
a) white
b) brown
c) ginger
d) silver
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
59. Name the two main processes that contribute in making individuals differ genetically.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
Essay
60. Describe the process of recombination.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
61. Most of the __________ that we can observe give rise to genetic diseases and abnormalities.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
62. Which of the following terms is best associated with the process of recombination?
a) Sex
b) Rare
c) Harmful
d) Disease
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
63. Which of the following terms is best associated with the process of mutation?
a) Frequent
b) Random
c) Predictable
d) Constancy
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
64. A mutation can be described as:
a) a continuous genetic variation
b) a phenotypic change
c) a discontinuous genetic variation
d) a change due to acclimatization
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
65. Gene mutation occurs during:
a) Translation
b) Transcription
c) DNA replication
d) DNA repair
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
66. Mutations tend to have little influence on the allele frequency in a population.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
67. Genetic mutations occur during __________, when the genome is copied. Some of these mutations simply involve the swapping of one __________ for another, but others are more complex and result in changes of entire strings.
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
68. Which is the best known, and more frequent, type of genetic trisomy? Which chromosome is affected?
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
Essay
69. What does the expression ‘mutation proposes, selection disposes’ refer to?
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple Choice
70. Down syndrome is a type of trisomy that involves an extra copy of:
a) Chromosome 19
b) Chromosome 20
c) Chromosome 21
d) Chromosome 23
Section Ref: What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of genes of genetic inheritance
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
71. Mutations can be passed on to subsequent generations favouring evolutionary change.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
72. We receive two copies of most genes, one from our mother and the other from our father.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
73. If a genotype is _________ for a gene it means that it received the same allele of that gene from both father and mother.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
74. A __________ trait occurs when both parents contribute with the same alleles for a gene.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
75. What does it mean that your genotype is ‘heterozygous’ for a gene?
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
76. Describe the principles of Mendelian inheritance providing a suitable example using an imaginary gene which has an allele B and an allele b.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
77. When a genotype combines two different alleles, it is described as homozygous.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
Essay
78. What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
79. The gene for brown eyes is dominant, and the gene for blue eyes is recessive. Sylvia and Mark both have brown eyes, but their daughter has blue eyes. Which of the following statement is true?
a) Sylvia and Mark are both homozygous for eye colour.
b) One of these parents is probably not biologically related to the child.
c) Sylvia and Mark are both heterozygous for eye colour.
d) There is no way to determine anything about the parents based on this information.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
80. A sperm cell carries:
a) only a recessive allele
b) only a dominant allele
c) only one of the alleles
d) both alleles
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
81. Which geometrical device helps to predict the genotypes of offspring by showing all the possible combinations of alleles?
a) Punnett square
b) Beateson square
c) Mendel square
d) Darwin square
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
82. Who is considered the founder of genetics?
a) Darwin
b) Hamilton
c) Mendel
d) Punnett
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
83. A type of heterozygous red tomato (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous green tomato (rr). What is the probability of one of their offspring being green?
a) 100%
b) 75%
c) 50%
d) 25%
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
84. A type of heterozygous red tomato (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous green tomato (rr). What is the probability of one of their offspring being red?
a) 100%
b) 75%
c) 50%
d) 25%
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
85. A gene that controls for the skin colour of a variety of apples has two alleles A and a. The allele A is dominant and it is associated with the colour red, whereas the allele a is recessive and it is associated with the colour yellow. If two heterozygous apples are crossed with each other, what is the probability of one of the offspring being red?
a) 100%
b) 75%
c) 50%
d) 25%
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
86. A gene that controls for the skin colour of a variety of apples has two alleles, A and a. The allele A is dominant and it is associated with the colour red, whereas the allele a is recessive and it is associated with the colour yellow. If two heterozygous apples are crossed with each other, what is the probability of one of the offspring being yellow?
a) 100%
b) 75%
c) 50%
d) 25%
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
87. A genotype AA is an example of __________ genotype for a __________ trait.
a) homozygous; dominant
b) homozygous; recessive
c) heterozygous; dominant
d) heterozygous; recessive
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
88. A genotype aa is an example of __________ genotype for a __________ trait.
a) homozygous; dominant
b) homozygous; recessive
c) heterozygous; dominant
d) heterozygous; recessive
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
89. A genotype Aa is an example of __________ genotype which will express the __________ trait.
a) homozygous; dominant
b) homozygous; recessive
c) heterozygous; dominant
d) heterozygous; recessive
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
90. A(n) __________ allele needs to be present in just one copy for the individual to show the trait, whereas a(n) __________ allele must be present in two copies.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
91. In Egyptian Mau cats the coat colour depends on the combination of dominant and recessive alleles. The dominant allele (A) is associated with the silver colour, while the __________ allele (a) is associated with bronze colour. A kitten with a genotype aA will surely exhibit a __________ fur.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
92. The genes on the 22 non-sex chromosomes are known as __________.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple Choice
93. The allele that masks the effects of the other is ________ and the masked allele is ________.
a) homozygous; heterozygous
b) homozygous; recessive
c) dominant; recessive
d) recessive; dominant
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
94. Every generation of the Brown family presents affected individuals. This frequent occurrence suggests __________ trait.
a) an autosomal dominant
b) an autosomal recessive
c) a sex-linked
d) either a dominant or recessive
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
95. Mendel’s laws explain:
a) the chromosome behaviour in meiosis
b) the chromosome behaviour in mitosis
c) the DNA translation
d) none of the above
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
96. When traits involve a large number of genes, Punnett squares are not a very efficient approach to understand inheritance. For this reason, geneticists use qualitative genetics to study polygenic traits.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
97. When a trait is highly heritable the influence of environment on that trait becomes irrelevant.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
98. What do ‘high heritability’ and ‘low heritability’ mean in an evolutionary context?
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
Short answer
99. Which are the two main approaches to study heritability?
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
100. Dr Foster conducted a study in which she found that a given behaviour showed very similarly in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. In other words, monozygotic twins were no more similar in expressing this behaviour than dizygotic twins. What do Dr Foster’s findings suggest?
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
101. __________ studies suggest that some traits, such as personality or cognitive functioning, are heritable. However, we need __________ studies to understand which alleles of specific genes affect these traits.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
102. Heritability is a measure relative to a particular __________. Accordingly, if heritability is high in one group it does not mean that it will necessarily be high in another group.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
103. What trait was investigated by Turkheimer et al. (2003) with respect to its heritability variation depending on socio-economic status?
a) Height
b) Intelligence
c) Memory
d) Aggression
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
104. A group of people is discussing whether the State should invest more money into education. Stuart argues that since intelligence is a highly heritable trait, it is pointless to spend taxpayers’ money on educational facilities. With respect to Stuart’s comment, which of the following statements is the most ACCURATE?
a) Stuart is wrong. Intelligence is never heritable but it is mostly influenced by environmental factors, such as housing, nutrition, schooling, and social stability.
b) Stuart is right. Intelligence is mostly determined by genetic variation, with little contribution from the environment.
c) Stuart is wrong. Intelligence can be highly heritable in affluent social groups, where the environment is very good for everyone. But the contribution of genetic variation is lower in social groups with lower socio-economic status due to higher variation of environmental factors.
d) Stuart is right. Intelligence is fully determined by genetic variation, especially in social groups with low socio-economic status.
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
105. What does SES stand for?
a) Socio-educational status
b) Socio-economic status
c) Status of economic stability
d) Socio-economic stability
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
106. Which of the following can be considered a social factor affecting the heritability of intelligence?
a) Nutrition
b) Housing
c) Schooling
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
Short answer
107. Sandra and Myriam are two monozygotic twins who live in a nice neighbourhood just outside the city. The two girls attend a private school a few blocks away from their house. In their free time, they love to take horse riding lessons and play in the garden. Thomas and Kevin are two monozygotic twins who live in a neighbourhood which is known for its high level of air pollution. As a result, the boys often suffer from chest infections. Thomas and Kevin attend a state school and in their free time they love playing videogames and walk around in the neighbourhood. Their parents work until very late at night and the boys often consume their dinner at a local fast-food. Based on this information, in which pair of twins it’s very likely to find a higher heritability index for intelligence?
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Hard
108. The phenomenon by which genes influence individuals’ responses to an environment and the environment influences the expression of genes is known as:
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
109. As a typical girl, Cristina has:
a) A chromosome X and a chromosome Y
b) Two chromosomes Y
c) Two chromosomes X
d) Only one chromosome X
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Easy
110. People with different alleles of the gene 5-HTT have a different probability of developing depression only in the presence of stressful life events. This situation is an example of:
a) gene by environment interaction
b) gene by environment correlation
c) gene by environment association
d) heritability
Section Ref: Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity
Learning Objective: Demonstrate a clear understanding of the mechanisms of heredity.
Difficulty: Medium
111. Differential reproductive success can be determined by:
a) Predation
b) Infertility
c) Personal choices
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
112. Over the past 100 years, the improvement of living standards has changed the proportion of reproductive success in Britain.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Easy
113. Every living individual will necessarily become an ancestor to members of the next generation.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Easy
Essay
114. Discuss how differential reproductive success relates to natural selection.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
Short answer
115. Define what is ‘differential reproductive success’.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
116. Which scientist first realised that the ancestors of the next generation are not a random subset of individuals but consist of individuals who had characteristics beneficial for survival and reproduction?
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
117. __________ refers to the fact that not all individuals become ancestors of the next generation, but only those bearing traits that are beneficial for survival and reproduction. These optimal characteristics will gradually rise from generation to generation, a process called __________.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
118. __________ refers to the success at leaving offspring in the next generation.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
119. Characteristics associated to lower fitness:
a) tend to increase in prevalence over time.
b) tend to decrease in prevalence over time.
c) neither decrease nor increase over time.
d) will increase as much as those associated to higher fitness.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
120. Characteristics associated to higher fitness:
a) tend to increase in prevalence over time.
b) tend to decrease in prevalence over time.
c) neither decrease nor increase over time.
d) will decrease as much as those associated to lower fitness.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
121. Which of the following terms refers to the success at leaving descendants of an individual or group of individuals?
a) Fixation
b) Differential reproductive success
c) Fitness
d) Reproduction
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
122. Which of the following is the CORRECT definition of fitness?
a) Absolute or relative success at leaving descendants.
b) Behaviour by a strong member of a social group that benefits the entire group.
c) The capacity of learned behaviours to become increasingly complex with each passing generation.
d) The principle that characteristics are passed from parents to their offspring by reproduction.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
123. Living in groups rises the fitness of its members by decreasing the risk of predation.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Easy
124. Most adaptations that take place throughout evolution are quite simple, such as a change in fur colour.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
125. Natural selection acts on __________ characteristics by changing the frequencies of __________ in a given population, to a point in which an allele has become so frequent that every individual in that population has it, a phenomenon called __________.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
126. Fixation can be reached only if the allele is responsible for a characteristic that, on average, has higher __________.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
127. Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon by which an allele becomes so common that every individual in a given population has it?
a) Fitness
b) Saturation
c) Imprinting
d) Fixation
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Easy
128. Eusocial breeding systems are an example of:
a) systems where individuals who carry traits with zero fitness are sacrificed for the benefit of the system.
b) systems where some individuals of a group carry traits that have extremely high fitness, while other individuals carry traits that have zero fitness but sustain the high fitness of the other members.
c) systems where alleles who carry traits with zero fitness disappear after a few generations.
d) systems where individuals who carry traits with zero fitness are not as important as those who carry traits with high fitness.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
129. Why does the naked mole rat represent an example of biological altruism?
a) Because all females reproduce for the benefit of the colony.
b) Because all females reproduce for the benefit of the species.
c) Because all females reproduce and all males help them raising the pups.
d) Because only one female reproduces and all the other females help raising the pups.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
130. Which of the following animals do not belong to a eusocial breeding system?
a) Bees
b) Ants
c) Elephants
d) Naked mole rats
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
131. Why the idea that some lemmings sacrifice themselves where food is scarce in order to preserve the species is nonsense?
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
132. The Palestine mole rat is an example of biological altruism in mammals.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
133. Alleles for eusociality have zero fitness.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
134. Alleles for __________ have zero __________ since they do not underlie behaviours that promote reproduction. However, these alleles do not extinct because they promote the __________ fitness of other individuals.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
135. A __________ in a eusocial breeding system is an individual that does all the reproduction.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
136. Which mathematical formula tries to explain how biological altruism spreads by natural selection?
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
137. What is the mathematical formula of the Hamilton’s rule?
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
138. In the Hamilton’s rule b represents the decrease in personal fitness resulting from helping behaviour.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
139. What does r represent in the Hamilton’s rule?
a) coefficient of responsiveness
b) coefficient of relationship
c) coefficient of relatedness
d) coefficient of reproduction
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Medium
140. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY defines what b represents in the Hamilton’s rule?
a) It is the increase in fitness of the helped resulting from the help
b) It is the decrease in fitness of the helper resulting from the help
c) It is the increase in fitness of the helper resulting from the help
d) It is the decrease in fitness of the helped resulting from the help
Section Ref: Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the interplay of genes and environment.
Difficulty: Hard
141. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a) Behaviour is something that individuals have, as much as any other trait.
b) Both behaviours and physical traits are initiated by the environment.
c) Understanding behaviour is as much complex as understanding physical characteristics.
d) Behaviour is something that individuals do whereas a physical trait is something that individuals have.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
142. Which of the following is a behaviour?
a) Testosterone
b) Eye colour
c) Aggression
d) Fitness
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Easy
143. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between natural selection and behaviour?
a) Natural selection acts on a biological mechanism that affects the likelihood of displaying a certain behaviour.
b) Natural selection acts directly on a behaviour.
c) Natural selection has nothing to do with behavioural phenotypes.
d) Natural selection only acts on physical traits.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
144. Behaviour is to neurobiological mechanism as __________ is to __________.
a) testosterone; aggression
b) aggression; testosterone
c) aggression; allele
d) gene; allele
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
145. What is the difference between a behaviour and a physical characteristic?
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
146. __________ is an example of evolved learned behaviour in some bird species.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
147. Occasionally, natural selection can act on learned behaviours.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
148. Prairie and montane voles offer a good case to study how mutant alleles can create different behavioural phenotypes by acting on specific neurobiological mechanisms.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
149. Mutant alleles act on a behaviour __________.
a) directly
b) strongly
c) indirectly
d) subtly
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
150. Social withdrawal is __________, whilst reduction in serotonin is __________.
a) a behaviour; a neurobiological mechanism
b) a neurobiological mechanism; a behaviour
c) the cause; the effect
d) frequent; rare
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Easy
151. What type of voles show affiliative behaviours resulting from a mutant allele of the gene avpr1a?
a) Montane
b) Prairie
c) None of them
d) Both of them
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
152. It is possible to induce affiliative behaviours in montane voles by injecting them with:
a) arginine vasopressin
b) placebo
c) testosterone
d) none of the above
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Hard
153. Which of the following is the best definition of ‘environment of evolutionary adaptedness’?
a) The set of environmental conditions that a species is adapted to.
b) Adaptive responses to new environmental circumstances.
c) The set of environmental conditions that a species needs to become adapted to.
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
154. Which of the following is a CORRECT example of a physical constraint on adaptation?
a) A tree can’t grow high too quickly because their tissue is made using energy captured
from the light.
b) Big-sized animals can’t fly because their bones are too heavy.
c) Gazelles can’t avoid predation because they co-evolve with lions.
d) Improvements in rabbits’ defences is accompanied with improvements in foxes’ hunting abilities.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Hard
155. Which of the following is a CORRECT example of a developmental constraint on adaptation?
a) A tree can’t grow high too quickly because their tissue is made using energy captured
from the light.
b) Big-sized animals can’t fly because their bones are too heavy.
c) Gazelles can’t avoid predation because they co-evolve with lions.
d) Improvements in rabbits’ defences is accompanied with improvements in foxes’ hunting abilities.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
156. Adaptive explanations make more sense when characteristics that exist are compared with plausible alternatives.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
157. There are physical, developmental and ecological constraints on adaptation.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Easy
Short answer
158. With reference to your textbook, what are the three main constraints on adaptation?
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
159. Provide an example of a constraint on adaptation.
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
160. A statistical set of all the environmental conditions that an organism has faced and now is adapted to is known as:
a) environment of adaptation
b) environment of adaptive selection
c) environment of evolutionary adaptation
d) environment of evolutionary adaptedness
Section Ref: Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation
Learning Objective: Describe the basic principles of the genetic basis of psychological traits.
Difficulty: Medium
161. What are the two main thinking approaches to study human behaviour within an evolutionary perspective?
a) logical and comparative
b) adaptive and comparative
c) adaptive and relative
d) logical and relative
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
162. The question ‘do other animal species also exhibit affiliative behaviours?’ is an example of:
a) adaptive thinking
b) associative thinking
c) relative thinking
d) comparative thinking
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
163. The question ‘why is it good for humans to have fight-or-flight responses?’ is an example of:
a) adaptive thinking
b) associative thinking
c) relative thinking
d) comparative thinking
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
164. Comparative thinking justifies the use of __________ in research.
a) infants
b) participants with mental disabilities
c) animals
d) imaging techniques
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
165. Studies that compare human behaviour with other species are pointless as animal models are highly simplified versions of humans.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
166. Adaptive thinking and comparative thinking are equally important for understanding evolution.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
Essay
167. Define what is a ‘negative cognitive bias’ and describe a famous experiment which showed that even animals can show signs of it.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Hard
Short answer
168. Anxious people are more likely to perceive an ambiguous face as angry compared to non-anxious people. This is an example of:
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
169. In the experiment by Bateson and Matheson (2007) on negative cognitive bias in animals, what predicted the likelihood of opening grey lids in starlings?
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
170. Starlings kept in __________ cages were more likely to see grey lids as more similar to black and not turn them.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
171. In the experiment by Bateson and Matheson (2007) on __________ bias in starlings, flipping the ambiguous lids represents __________ behaviour, whilst not flipping represents __________ behaviour.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Hard
Essay
172. What it the adaptive explanation of negative cognitive bias?
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
173. Infanticide is __________ in nature, but __________ in humans.
a) rare; frequent
b) not rare; rare
c) inexistent; frequent
d) not rare; inexistent
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
174. Despite being commonly labelled as an ‘unnatural phenomenon’, infanticide is:
a) present in nature, although quite rare
b) frequent in humans
c) not rare among animals
d) very frequent both in animals and humans
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
175. What is the most likely adaptive explanation of infanticide in animals?
a) Eliminating weak individuals in a group.
b) Reducing the spread of mutant alleles.
c) Increasing food resources.
d) Increasing males’ fitness.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
176. In humans, infanticide is not as frequent as in animals. However:
a) men struggle to create affective bonds with babies.
b) men are sensitive to whether children are theirs or not.
c) men are unable to feel affection for children that are not related to them.
d) men occasionally kill children in their care, especially if they are related to them.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
177. Which of the following is not a condition associated with infanticide in leopards?
a) It’s mainly carried out by males.
b) It only happens when males are unrelated to the offspring.
c) It can happen when males are related to the cubs if these appear to be weak.
d) It happens when the offspring are very young and the mother can’t return to fertility straight away.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
178. Platek, Burch, Panyavin, Wasserman and Gallup (2002) found that men strongly prefer babies:
a) that look like them.
b) that look at them in the eyes.
c) that smell like them.
d) that are older than 17 months.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
179. Infanticide rate in humans is higher for children who are living with an unrelated male.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
180. Homicide rate for Canadian children drops after the child has turned 12.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
181. Discuss why it is so important for brain development that human infants have a long period of inability to provide for themselves.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
182. At what age do foragers produce a large surplus of food that it is socially redistributed?
a) Between 30 and 50
b) Between 20 and 60
c) Between 10 and 80
d) Between 20 and 45
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
183. Who are the closest living relatives of humans?
a) Gorillas
b) Chimpanzees
c) Gibbons
d) Orangutans
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
184. Chimpanzees can forage for themselves completely independently:
a) before 1
b) before 2
c) before 5
d) before 10
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
185. Learning from the behaviour of others is known as __________.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
186. Social learning allows for cumulative __________, which refers to the fact that human learned behaviours become increasingly more advanced and complex with each passing generation.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
187. Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than to gorillas.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Easy
188. Children and chimpanzees are equally good at social cognition tasks.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
189. With reference to the experiment by Herrmann and colleagues (2007), in which tasks children outperformed chimpanzees and orangutans?
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
190. Discuss the most accredited explanation of why humans evolved the way they did, whereas chimpanzees did not.
Section Ref: The Value of Evolution for Psychology
Learning Objective: Describe the fundamental processes by which natural selection on genes leads to adaptation.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
191. Which filed of life sciences has the fastest progress according to your textbook?
a) Neuroscience
b) Biochemistry
c) Genetics
d) Physiology
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Easy
192. When was the first complete genome sequenced?
a) 1990
b) 2001
c) 2010
d) It’s not been entirely sequenced yet
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Medium
193. Why it’s so difficult to obtain the complete genome of a large number of people?
a) It takes too long
b) It’s very expensive
c) It’s an invasive procedure
d) Not many people give their consent
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Medium
194. __________ is the study of long-term alterations in gene expression.
a) Evolutionary psychology
b) Eugenics
c) Epigenetics
d) Genetics
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
195. What is the 1000 Genomes Projects?
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
196. In what way the complete genome sequence of participants will help solving the problem of missing heritability?
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
197. The rationale behind __________ is that some behaviours can be more feasibly studied in a shorter-lived animal than in humans.
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Medium
198. According to your textbook, __________ psychology may disappear over time
as a distinct entity.
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
199. The field of genetics is fast-moving and it is advised to scientists to be constantly up to date with new developments in this research field.
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Easy
200. The evolutionary perspective is an alternative to the social, cognitive, and developmental perspectives and it cannot provide useful insights. For this reason, evolutionary perspectives in psychology are slowly disappearing.
Section Ref: Future Directions
Learning Objective: Describe examples of how adaptive and comparative thinking can be brought to bear on psychological questions.
Difficulty: Medium