Exam Prep Ch.4 Davey Neuroscience, The Brain, And Behaviour

Chapter 04: Neuroscience, the Brain, and Behaviour

Multiple choice

1. Which Phineas Gage’s brain area was selectively damaged as a result of the accident?
a) The occipital lobe

b) The frontal lobe

c) The temporal lobe

d) The parietal lobe

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

2. After the accident, Phineas Gage was still able to perform complex functions.

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

3. Selective damage to Phineas Gage’s __________ had affected his personality.

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

4. Which part of your body dictates your personality, actions, thoughts, memories and emotions?

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Easy

Essay

5. Why is the case of Phineas Gage considered fundamental to the beginnings of modern brain research?

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

6. Which of the following was not a symptom reported by Phineas Gage after the accident?

a) He could not walk

b) He was indifferent to other people

c) He was impulsive and impatient

d) He was not able to make plans

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Medium

7. Most of our knowledge of the brain stems from the past __________.

a) 50 years

b) 150 years

c) 500 years

d) the last decade

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Medium

8. __________ refers to early attempts to map different functions to different parts of the brain.

a) Ablation

b) Behaviourism

c) Phrenology

d) Functionalism

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Medium

9. Which part of the body is responsible for your personality?

a) The amygdala

b) The midbrain

c) The brainstem

d) The brain

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Easy

10. The brain contains a complex network of __________.

a) neurons

b) cells

c) axons

d) regions

Section Ref: Introduction

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an awareness of the beginnings of the modern brain research.

Difficulty: Medium

11. What is a neuron?

a) A molecule

b) A portion of the DNA

c) A cell

d) A tissue

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

12. What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system?

a) Neuron

b) Glia

c) Axon

d) Nuclei

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

13. Which structures are especially important for communication between one neuron and another?

a) axons only

b) dendrites only

c) axons and dendrites

d) axons, dendrites, and myelin sheath

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

14. Perhaps the main reason that neurons can communicate over relatively great distances within the body is the fact that neurons contain:

a) a long axon

b) a large cell body

c) many dendrites

d) a variety of neurotransmitters

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

15. Compare your forearm, hand, and fingers to a neuron. Using such a metaphor, the dendrites are to your _________ as the axon is to your ________.

a) fingers; hand

b) fingers; forearm

c) knuckles; hand

d) knuckles; forearm

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

16. An axon is a(n):

a) neuron’s cell body

b) branch-like fiber extending in clusters from a neuron’s cell body

c) support cell in the nervous system

d) long, tube-like structure extending from a neuron’s cell body

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

17. Dendrite is to axon as _________ is to _________.

a) receiving; sending

b) sending; receiving

c) glial cell; neuron

d) neuron; glial cell

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

18. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by the nerve impulse in a receiving neuron?

a) dendrite; axon; cell body

b) dendrite; cell body; axon

c) axon; cell body; dendrite

d) axon; dendrite; cell body

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

19. Regarding the similarities and differences among neurons, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a) Neurons are all approximately the same size.

b) Neurons vary in the number of axons they contain.

c) Neurons all have about the same number of dendrites.

d) All neurons can produce and send electrical signals.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

20. Describe the major type of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Hard

Fill-in-the-blank

21. The branch-like fibers extending in clusters from the neuron’s cell body are called ________.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

22. Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by the __________.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

23. What is the resting potential of a neuron?

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

24. When at rest, the membrane potential is positive and the neuron is not firing.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

25. The synaptic cleft, where a neuron passes information to another neuron, is located between the presynaptic axon and the postsynaptic dendrite.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

26. The openings in the neuron membrane that only allow passage of certain ions are called __________.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

27. Which positively charged ions pass through the ion channels?

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

28. Which ion channels open when the membrane potential becomes positive?

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

29. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the phases of an action potential?

a) Membrane potential at -55 mV; stimulus; opening of potassium channels; closure of potassium and opening of sodium channels; action potential; refractory period.

b) Membrane potential at -55 mV; stimulus; opening of sodium channels; action potential; closure of sodium and opening of potassium channels; refractory period.

c) Membrane potential at -70 mV; stimulus; opening of sodium channels; action potential; closure of sodium and opening of potassium channels; refractory period.

d) Membrane potential at -70 mV; stimulus; opening of potassium channels; action potential; closure of potassium and opening of sodium channels; refractory period.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Hard

30. The physical gaps between neurons are called:

a) synapses

b) dendrites

c) axons

d) nodes of Ranvier

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

31. A neuron’s resting potential is _____ mV, reflecting the higher concentration of ______ ions outside the cell.

a) –70; chloride

b) –70; sodium

c) +50; chloride

d) +50; sodium

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Hard

Short answer

32. What chemicals travel from neuron to neuron across synapses?

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

33. An action potential is a sudden ______ change in the electrical charge of a neuron’s _________.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

34. Immediately following an action potential, a neuron is ready to fire again.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

Essay

35. Describe how the GABA’ and glutamate’s ‘stop and go’ system works with reference to the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

36. How is a neuron’s resting potential restored after an action potential has passed the axon?

a) Sodium ions are pumped into the cell.

b) Chloride ions are pumped into the cell.

c) Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell.

d) Potassium ions are pumped out of the cell.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Hard

37. Neurotransmitter receptors are found on the _______ of _____ neurons.

a) nodes of Ranvier; presynaptic

b) axons; presynaptic

c) axons; postsynaptic

d) dendrites; postsynaptic

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

38. GABA and glutamate receptors are __________: they are activated by __________.

a) ionotropic; changes in membrane potential

b) ionotropic; the binding of a transmitter

c) voltage-dependent; changes in membrane potential

d) voltage-dependent; the binding of a transmitter

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

39. Which of the following pairs reflects an accurate relationship neurotransmitter-function?

a) GABA-go

b) Glutamate-stop

c) GABA-excitatory

d) GABA-inhibitory

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

40. What effect does the binding of benzodiazepine on the alpha1 subunit of a GABA_A receptor exert?

a) Anaesthetic

b) Anxiety reduction

c) Sedation

d) Antidepressant

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

41. Savannah has been prescribed an antidepressant. The medication probably ________ the activity of the neurotransmitter _______ in Savannah’s brain.

a) decreases; serotonin

b) increases; serotonin

c) decreases; noradrenaline

d) increases; noradrenaline

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

42. Which neurotransmitter is CORRECTLY matched with the area of the brain in which it is especially prevalent?

a) dopamine – raphe nuclei

b) serotonin – substantia nigra

c) noradrenaline – locus coeruleus

d) noradrenaline – thalamus

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

43. Mr Anderson has been diagnosed with depression. Mrs Benitez suffers from Parkinson’s disease. Mr Anderson may be helped by drugs that increase the activity of the neurotransmitter ________. Mrs Benitez is more likely to be prescribed a drug that elevates the activity of the neurotransmitter ________.

a) serotonin; dopamine

b) dopamine; serotonin

c) noradrenaline; dopamine

d) serotonin; noradrenaline

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

44. Neurons in both the substantia nigra and the __________ comprise portions of the brain’s dopamine pathways.

a) amygdala

b) hypothalamus

c) striatum

d) nucleus accumbens

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

45. Which disease below is CORRECTLY matched with a cause?

a) Parkinson’s disease – death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

b) Depression – death of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain.

c) Huntington’s disease – death of serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei.

d) Alzheimer’s disease – death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

46. What pharmacological treatment is the most effective for Parkinson’s disease?

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

47. What does the statement ‘cells that fire together wire together’ refer to?

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

48. Long-term potentiation (LTP) depends on the activity of GABA receptors.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

49. LTP stands for long-term potentiation.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

50. The __________ receptors involved in long-term potentiation are __________ and __________.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

51. Long-term potentiation was first recorded in __________ experiments.

a) Physiology

b) Electrophysiology

c) Neurobiology

d) Optogenetics

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

52. Which ions do the NMDA receptors flux when bound by glutamate?

a) Na⁺ only

b) Ca²⁺ only

c) Na⁺ and Ca²⁺

d) K⁺ and Ca²⁺

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

53. The neurons that respond consistently to the sight or concept of one thing, irrespective of incidental changes, are known as:

a) grandfather cells

b) grandmother cells

c) granddaughter cells

d) mother cells

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Easy

54. Where was the long-term potentiation initially observed?

a) In the thalamus

b) In the substantia nigra

c) In the hypothalamus

d) In the hippocampus

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

55. Which of the following terms refer to a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that are repeatedly stimulated synchronously?

a) Long-term depression

b) Long-term potentiation

c) Plasticity

d) Rate coding

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

56. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding action potentials?

a) The strength of action potentials can vary dramatically.

b) Action potentials occur at a constant rate.

c) The strength of action potentials does not vary.

d) Regardless of their rate of occurrence, action potentials fire at a steady rhythm.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

57. What does set a limit to the number of action potentials generated per second?

a) The magnitude of the action potentials.

b) The type of neuron.

c) The type of neurotransmitter.

d) The refractory period

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

58. Which of the following terms is not associated to the notion that information in neurons is coded by the number of action potentials per second?

a) Temporal coding

b) Spiking rate

c) Rate coding

d) Firing rate

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

59. With reference to simple cells, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

a) These cells sum together activity from several cells.

b) These cells are quite low in the processing hierarchy, that’s why they are called ‘simple’.

c) In the primary visual cortex, these cells respond to bars of light with a particular orientation.

d) These neurons are higher up in the hierarchy.

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

60. What is the firing rate of a neuron?

Section Ref: Neurons and Synaptic Transmission

Learning Objective: Describe the basic structure and functions of the neuron and the role of chemical signalling and neurotransmitters within the functioning of neurons.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

61. The __________ consists of the brain and the spinal cord. On the other hand, the __________ nervous system is divided in two subsystems: the __________ and the __________.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

62. The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Easy

63. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic subdivisions.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Easy

Multiple choice

64. What part of the nervous system includes the spinal cord?

a) peripheral

b) central

c) autonomic

d) somatic

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Easy

65. The __________ subdivision of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary motor activity.

a) somatic

b) autonomic

c) sympathetic

d) parasympathetic

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

66. What division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for fear-related responses such as increased heart rate and breathing?

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

67. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for bringing the body back to a resting state after a threat is not present anymore?

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

68. At the broadest level, the nervous system is divided into the _________ and the _______ nervous systems.

a) primary; secondary

b) somatic; autonomic

c) sympathetic; parasympathetic

d) central; peripheral

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

69. The brain and the spinal cord constitute the _________ nervous system.

a) central

b) peripheral

c) primary

d) autonomic

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Easy

70. The two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _______ and _______ divisions.

a) somatic; autonomic

b) sympathetic; parasympathetic

c) primary; secondary

d) sensory; motor

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

71. Excitation is to rest as ______ is to ________.

a) autonomic; somatic

b) somatic; autonomic

c) sympathetic; parasympathetic

d) parasympathetic; sympathetic

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

72. Which of the following situations is most likely to involve the action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

a) Jane’s finger accidentally grazes the hot iron; she immediately jerks her hand away.

b) After a satisfying evening meal, Tom relaxes in front of the television.

c) Walking toward her car in a deserted parking garage one night, Denise is surprised by a strange man appearing from nowhere.

d) Emmeline feels queasy as she approaches the front of the class to give a speech; suddenly, her throat goes dry.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

73. Izzy’s pupils are dilated and her heart is pounding; her breathing is shallow and rapid. Her _________ nervous system is active.

a) somatic

b) parasympathetic

c) autosympathetic

d) sympathetic

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

74. Dustin thinks Marissa is cute, smart, and funny. As he begins to ask Marissa out on a date his mouth becomes dry, his stomach sinks, and his heart rate starts to rise. The physiological symptoms that Dustin is experiencing are a reflection of his ________ response to stress.

a) parasympathetic nervous system’s

b) sympathetic nervous system’s

c) psychological coping

d) psychopathological

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

75. Which of the following are lobes housed within the cerebral cortex?

a) occipital

b) frontal

c) temporal

d) all of the above

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Easy

True/False

76. The neocortex is responsible for the most complex behaviours in humans.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

77. The folds of the neocortex are called __________.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

78. Grey matter is made up of __________, while white matter is composed by __________ and __________.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

79. What is the structure that physically and functionally connects the two hemispheres?

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

80. How are the four lobes of the neocortex called?

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Easy

Essay

81. Describe the higher functions of the frontal lobe and some common effects that result from damage in this area.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple choice

82. What of the following is processed by the parietal lobe?

a) touch and bodily position

b) speech recognition

c) speech production

d) visual recognition

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

83. How thick is the cortex?

a) 1 cm

b) 3 cm

c) 1 mm

d) 3 mm

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

84. What is the most ventral lobe?

a) Temporal

b) Frontal

c) Parietal

d) Occipital

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

85. After a stroke, Miss Gray reported a severe agnosia – she couldn’t recognise objects anymore. Most certainly the main locus of Miss Gray’s stroke was in her __________ lobe.

a) parietal

b) temporal

c) occipital

d) frontal

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

86. In a roller-blading mishap, Wendy fell and injured the very back of her head. Which of her senses is most likely impaired?

a) hearing

b) vision

c) taste

d) touch

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

87. Anterior to the parietal lobe is the frontal lobe; inferior to it is the _______ lobe.

a) occipital

b) temporal

c) dorsal

d) posterior

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

88. Which of the following structures is not part of the basal ganglia?

a) The amygdala

b) The caudate nucleus

c) The globus pallidus

d) The putamen

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

89. What areas make up the striatum?

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

90. Historically the limbic system has been described as the __________, for its role in detecting and expressing emotional responses.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

91. The diencephalon is made up by two main structures: the __________ and the __________.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

92. The part of brain attached to the posterior of the hindbrain is the _________; it is important for such functions as __________.

a) cerebellum; dexterity and smooth execution of movements

b) cerebellum; multisensory integration

c) superior colliculi; dexterity and smooth execution of movements

d) superior colliculi; multisensory integration

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

93. What does ‘cerebellum’ literally mean?

a) Little brain

b) Smart brain

c) Posterior brain

d) Beautiful brain

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Easy

94. Which group of areas does the hippocampus belong to?

a) The basal ganglia

b) The limbic system

c) The midbrain

d) The fronto-parietal system

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

95. What functions does the medulla oblongata regulate?

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

96. What part of the brain allows to modifying a motor movement in response to visual feedback in order to reach a target?

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Hard

Fill-in-the-blank

97. In the midbrain, there are two grey-matter nuclei. The __________ is responsible for multisensory integration, while the __________ is specialized in auditory processing.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

98. The __________ is the main sensory relay for all senses between sense organs and the cortex. This important structure is located in the __________.

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

99. In which lobe is the somatosensory cortex located?

a) Frontal

b) Temporal

c) Parietal

d) Occipital

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

100. Which lobe is responsible for spatial cognition and attention?

a) Frontal

b) Temporal

c) Parietal

d) Occipital

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

101. Which lobe contains the visual cortex?

a) Frontal

b) Temporal

c) Parietal

d) Occipital

Section Ref: An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions

Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the main structures of the brain and the various nervous systems of the human body.

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

102. Name and describe the three main concepts that regulate animal experimentation, also known as 3Rs.

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

103. ‘Reduction’ in animal experimentation refers to the practice of minimizing research funds by using animals instead of humans in experiments.

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Easy

Short answer

104. What are the 3Rs within the ethical framework which regulates animal experimentation?

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

105. __________ refers to a model system in neuroscience where computers are used to build models of the brain’s neural networks.

a) In vivo

b) In vitro

c) In silico

d) Ex vivo

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

106. Which of the following model systems consists of testing behaviour through the study of living animals?

a) In silico

b) In vitro

c) Ex vivo

d) In vivo

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

107. In __________ models, brain slices are used to study neural activity through electrophysiological recordings.

a) in silico

b) in vitro

c) ex vivo

d) in vivo

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

108. In animal experimentation, lesions are made selectively to study a certain behaviour. These can be carried out:

a) physically, electrolytically, or chemically

b) physically or chemically

c) psychologically, electrolytically, or chemically

d) Electrolytically or chemically

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Easy

Essay

109. What is a ‘stereotactic surgery’?

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

110. Electrolytical lesions are induced by stimulating a brain area with an electric current sufficient to cause cell death.

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Easy

111. ‘Phineas Gage’ is a famous case of chemically induced lesion.

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Easy

Short answer

112. What are the three possible way of making brain lesions in animal experimentation?

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

113. What is a ‘sham’ lesion?

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

114. Probes can be implanted in the brain and deliver drugs locally, a procedure known as __________.

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

115. __________ consists of measuring local changes in neurotransmitter thanks to a probe implanted in a specific brain area.

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

116. Which of the following methods allows to take a sample of extracellular fluid every minute and test it for the presence of neurotransmitter?

a) Electrophysiology

b) Microinjection

c) Microdialysis

d) Microgenetics

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

117. Which method allows to study the relationship between the presentation of a stimulus and the release of a given neurotransmitter?

a) Electrophysiology

b) Microinjection

c) Microdialysis

d) Microgenetics

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

118. The technique by which genes are modified to be switched off is known as:

a) gene knockout

b) gene silencing

c) gene suppression

d) transgenesis

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Easy

119. Which of the following is the CORRECT definition of ‘transgene’?

a) A modified gene that can express a trait of interest.

b) A new gene that is added to an animal’s genome to express a particular gene of interest.

c) A silenced gene.

d) A gene that cannot be passed on to the offspring.

Section Ref: Animal Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various different neuroscience methods used in animal neuroscience experimentation and demonstrate knowledge of the ethical standards and practices governing such experimentation.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

120. What does fMRI stand for?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

121. What is the difference between cognitive and behavioural neuroscience?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

122. What are the dimensions along which the methods of cognitive neuroscience are usually characterised?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

123. Non-invasiveness is the main reason why new methods had to be invented to study humans’ brain.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Easy

124. The first noninvasive method developed to study humans’ brain was the functional magnetic resonance imaging, available since the 1980s.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

125. __________ refers to the ability of a method to determine where neural activity occurs, while __________ refers to the ability of a method to determine when neural activity occurs.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

126. __________ refers to whether a method is purely external to the body or not.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

127. What technological advance allows scientists to study brain activity in healthy, awake humans?

a) neuroimaging

b) lesioning

c) autopsy

d) psychoanalysis

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Easy

128. Which of the following brain study techniques cannot be used to investigate the human brain?

a) lesioning

b) EEG

c) fMRI

d) the study of brain damage

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Easy

129. A(n) __________ measures brain wave activity from the surface of the scalp.

a) electroencephalogram

b) functional magnetic resonance

c) electrophysiology experiment

d) tomography

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

130. Which of the following brain study techniques is CORRECTLY matched with a disadvantage?

a) examining cases of brain damage -- tells little about how brain systems work while in use

b) autopsy study – cannot be used to investigate the human brain

c) EEG – only provides a summary of activity over a large area of tissue

d) lesioning – may not reflect the activity of the intact brain

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

131. Which of the following brain study techniques is CORRECTLY matched with a description?

a) EEG – detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain

b) EEG – detects changes in blood flow in the brain

c) fMRI– detects changes in blood flow in the brain

d) fMRI – records brain’s electrical activity from the scalp

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

132. Which of the following is considered as a neuroimaging technique?

a) autopsy study

b) EEG

c) lesioning

d) fMRI

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

133. Which of the following is not an advantage of the EEG technique?

a) Good temporal resolution

b) Good spatial resolution

c) Noninvasive

d) Safe to use

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

134. The average of EEG signal across different trials of particular events is called __________.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

135. __________ is the right technique to use if you are looking for a method which allows the recording of brain activity with high temporal resolution.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

136. Which ERP component has been associated with seeing a word out of context?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

Essay

137. Describe the mechanisms by which fMRI allows to detect brain activity.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

138. Unlike EEG, fMRI does not directly measure the activity of neurons.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

139. fMRI is a better method compared to EEG because it provides high spatial resolution as well as good temporal resolution.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

140. fMRI enables researchers to ______.

a) damage specific regions of the brain

b) see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks

c) measure hormone levels

d) determine which parts of the brain are shaped by genetics and which parts are shaped by environmental experience

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

141. Dr Aquinas wants to investigate which areas of the brain are activated when people must make quick decisions under stressful circumstances. Which neuroimaging technique should she use in her study?

a) fMRi

b) electrocardiography

c) EEG

d) electroconvulsive therapy

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

142. Which of the following is not an advantage of the fMRI technique?

a) Good temporal resolution

b) Good spatial resolution

c) Noninvasive

d) Safe to use

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

143. What are the main differences and similarities between EEG and fMRI?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

144. What is a ‘contrast’ in a fMRI experiment?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

145. Which brain area was found by Zeki et al. (1992) to be more active during the perception of colour rather than motion?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

146. What type of scientists study brain functionality by investigating patients with brain damage?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

147. Paul Broca documented the case of a patient who had lost the ability to __________, after a damage to a region in the left __________, know known as Broca’s area.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

148. __________ refers to the study of patients with brain lesions in order to understand cognition.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

149. Production is to __________ as __________ is to __________.

a) Broca; comprehension; Wernicke

b) Wernicke; comprehension; Broca

c) Broca; writing; Wernicke

d) Wernicke; reading; Broca

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

150. Which of the following represents an example of double dissociation?

a) Jane can speak, but cannot understand when people speak; Julia is impaired at both.

b) Jane can speak and Julia cannot.

c) Jane can speak, but cannot understand when people speak; Julia cannot speak, but can understand when people talk.

d) Both Jane and Julia cannot speak nor understand when people speak.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

151. ‘X is spared, Y is impaired in patient A; Y is spared, X is impaired in patient B’. This is an example of:

a) main dissociation

b) dissociation

c) dual dissociation

d) double dissociation

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Easy

152. Which of the following disciplines is interested in the study of double dissociations?

a) Neuroscience

b) Neurobiology

c) Neuropsychiatry

d) Neuropsychology

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

153. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a) In patient-based neuropsychology the brain is manipulated and the behaviour is measured.

b) In patient-based neuropsychology the behaviour is manipulated and the brain activity is measured.

c) In brain imaging of healthy participants the brain is manipulated and the behaviour is measured.

d) In brain imaging of healthy participants there is no manipulation.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

a) are dangerous

b) permanently deactivate a brain area

c) temporarily disrupt behaviour

d) cannot be used with neurological patients

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

155. The most commonly used technique for brain stimulation is:

a) PET

b) EEG

c) fMRI

d) TMS

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

156. What are the two main approaches of investigation in neuropsychology?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

157. TMS has transient and subtle effects on behaviour, induced using noninvasive electrical currents.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Short answer

158. Which brain stimulation technique generates transient behavioural effects by applying noninvasive electrical currents?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Hard

159. What discipline explores the effects of drugs on brain and behaviour?

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

160. Psychopharmacology is interested in the effect of __________ on __________.

Section Ref: Human Neuroscience Methods

Learning Objective: Describe the various neuroscience methods used in human neuroscience experimentation and the strengths and weaknesses of employing each method.

Difficulty: Medium

161. The left hemisphere processes vision from the __________ side of __________ and controls movements of the __________ side of the __________.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

162. The left and right hemispheres of the brain are connected by a bundle of fibers called the ________.

a) corpus callosum

b) corpus cerebellum

c) central sulcus

d) striatum

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Easy

163. In the majority of individuals, in which hemisphere of the brain are the language areas located?

a) left

b) right

c) both

d) neither

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

164. Which of the two hemispheres shows an advantage for depth perception?

a) left

b) right

c) both

d) neither

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

165. Most studies on split-brain patients are conducted on patients whose corpus callosum has been damaged:

a) for experimental purposes.

b) after an unsuccessful neurosurgery.

c) to prevent the spread of epileptic seizures.

d) by a car accident.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

166. Why are split-brain patients important for our understanding of the functions of the two hemispheres?

a) They are used to study how the two hemispheres exchange information.

b) They are born with only one hemisphere.

c) Their hemispheres can communicate typically even without the corpus callosum.

d) The hemispheres’ functions are inverted: the left hemisphere functions as the right hemisphere and vice versa.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

167. Which of the following statements about split-brain patients is INACCURATE?

a) They can name objects touched with the right hand.

b) They cannot name briefly presented objects in the left visual field.

c) The can write with the left hand.

d) They cannot name objects touched with the left hand.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Hard

168. What is

a) The inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands alone.

b) The inability to name briefly presented objects.

c) The inability to identify familiar faces.

d) The inability to make 3D drawings.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

169. The brain functioning of left-handers is a mirror image of their right-handed counterparts’ brain functioning.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Easy

170. The use of the right or left hand for writing doesn’t predict the handedness of other skills.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Easy

Short answer

171. What is the Wada test used for?

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

172. What is the most commonly used measure of handedness in psychology, created by Oldfield in 1971?

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

173. Most people have the language areas in their __________ hemisphere, regardless of their __________. However, this tendency is weaker in __________. This evidence emerged from studies using the __________ test.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

174. Rasmussen and Milner (1977) found that 96% of __________-handers had a left language dominance. On the other hand, 70% of __________-handers had a __________ language dominance and 15% had a __________ language dominance. The language dominance of the remaining 15% was __________.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Hard

Multiple choice

175. What percentage of people around the world are right-hand dominant?

a) 30%

b) 50%

c) 60%

d) 90%

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

176. What are the two methods described in your textbook that neuroscientists use to study lateralization?

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

177. Nanette is right-handed. Onslow is left-handed. Which of the following hypotheses is most tenable regarding the location of Broca’s area in these two individuals?

a) Onslow is more likely to have Broca’s area located in the right hemisphere than is Nanette.

b) Onslow is more likely to have Broca’s area located in the left hemisphere than is Nanette.

c) Onslow is just as likely as Nanette to have Broca’s area located in the left hemisphere.

d) Handedness does not allow one to predict the brain lateralisation of language areas.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Hard

178. According to Rasmussen and Milner (1977), what is the likelihood of a left-handed person to have their Broca’s area in the left hemisphere?

a) Approximately 15%

b) Approximately 50%

c) Approximately 70%

d) Approximately 96%

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

179. According to Rasmussen and Milner (1977), what is the likelihood of a left-handed person to have their Broca’s area in the right hemisphere?

a) Approximately 15%

b) Approximately 50%

c) Approximately 70%

d) Approximately 96%

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

180. Left-handed individuals are more likely to have their language areas located on the right side of their brains than right-handed individuals.

Section Ref: Hemispheric Lateralization

Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of the function of the two hemispheres of the brain, particularly in relation to handedness.

Difficulty: Medium

181. Neuronal changes resulting from plasticity can only be structural and never functional.

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple choice

182. It’s well established that physical exercise stimulates the growth of neurons and strengthens existing connections. This statement makes reference to the processes of:

a) plasticity

b) synaptogenesis

c) neurogenesis

d) cytogenesis

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

183. Which of the following terms is used to refer to changes in the nervous system?

a) malleability

b) mutability

c) adaptability

d) plasticity

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Easy

184. Which of the following neurotransmitter is likely to be involved during short-term sensory deprivation?

a) Serotonin

b) GABA

c) Dopamine

d) Noradrenaline

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

185. Changes in the brain as a result of plasticity can be:

a) functional

b) structural

c) structural and functional

d) none of the above

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

186. Which of the following brain changes is not functional?

a) Change in the brain architecture

b) Change in the use of the brain architecture

c) Change in the response of a neuron to a stimulus

d) Change in the selectivity of a population of neurons

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

187. In illiterate people, the left inferior temporal lobe responds more to __________ than to __________.

a) strings of letters; faces

b) faces; strings of letters

c) numbers; strings of letters

d) strings of letters; numbers

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

188. In literate people, the left inferior temporal lobe responds strongly to strings of letters. However, the same area in illiterate people responds to faces. The mechanism of change at the neural level is an example of:

a) pure structural change

b) pure functional change

c) both functional and structural change

d) none of the above

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Hard

189. Structural brain changes can be observed using:

a) EEG

b) fMRI

c) MRI

d) TMS

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

190. In person A, neurons of the brain area X have changed their tuning properties and now respond to a new class of stimuli. In person B, neurons of the brain area X have increased and strengthened their connections. Person A experienced a __________ change. Person B experienced a __________ change.

a) structural; structural

b) functional; functional

c) structural; functional

d) functional; structural

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Hard

191. Which of the following areas is not associated with increased density of grey matter resulting from a juggle training over a 3-month period?

a) V5

b) Fusiform area

c) MT

d) Parietal lobe

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Hard

192. Blind people also activate their visual cortex in response to:

a) hearing

b) touch

c) hearing and touch

d) none of the above, their visual cortex is inactive

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

193. A __________ limb refers to a feeling of pain in the missing limb resulting from the reorganization of the somatosensory cortex after amputation.

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Hard

Short answer

194. According to your textbook, what phenomenon is mentioned as an example of maladaptive plasticity?

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Hard

195. According to your textbook, brain plasticity can be a result of three different situations. Which ones?

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

196. Describe how the brain can change as a result of learning a new skill.

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

197. The brain of infants is highly plastic and plasticity reduces with aging. In fact, the elderly is less able to restore lost functioning.

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Easy

198. fMRI is the best method to observe structural changes in brain regions due to the acquisition of new skills.

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

199. Structural changes are exclusively found at the level of the synapse.

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium

200. Plasticity can only occur as a result of damage to the central nervous system.

Section Ref: Plasticity and the Brain

Learning Objective: Explain the concept of plasticity and the brain in terms of learning a new skill or as a result of a new experience, and describe the effects of brain plasticity as a result of disrupted inputs to the brain or damage to the brain itself.

Difficulty: Medium