Cognition And Language Complete Test Bank Chapter 8

Student name:__________

1) ________ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, and judging.

A) Clinical
B) Developmental
C) Cognitive
D) Evolutionary

2) Which of the following is TRUE about mental images?

A) They refer only to visual representations.
B) They have only a few of the properties of the actual stimuli they represent.
C) They are representations in the mind of an object or event.
D) They cannot be rotated.

3) Which of the following statements best expresses the nature of mental images?

A) They are binary in format.
B) They are always auditory in format.
C) They may be produced by any sensory modality.
D) They are linguistic.

4) Dr. Randazza shows participants a stylized map of a fictitious city. The map includes landmarks, such as a post office, a library, a shopping mall, a bus depot, and an airport. Some of the landmarks are close together, such as the library and the post office. Others are far apart, such as the airport and the shopping mall. Dr. Randazza removes the map. Participants are asked to imagine walking from one landmark to another, either a nearby one or a more distant one. Participants press a key when they have reached the destination in their minds. Based on mental imagery, what do you think Dr. Randazza should find? What would such a result say about mental imagery?

A) Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects.
B) Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects.
C) Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects.
D) Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects.

5) Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye. Based on mental imagery, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing. Performing the task involves the same network of brain cells as the network used in mentally rehearsing it.
B) Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing. The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be the same as those active when Clint actually swings the golf club.
C) Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing. The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings the golf club.
D) Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing. The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings the golf club.

6) Which of the following defines the term "concepts"?

A) mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people
B) thinking strategies that may lead us to solutions to problems
C) rules that, if applied appropriately, guarantee solutions to problems
D) a sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements

7) Which of the following is most nearly synonymous with the term concept, as it is used by cognitive psychologists?

A) idea
B) relationship
C) category
D) image

8) A prototype is

A) the most typical or highly representative example of a concept.
B) the first example of a concept that one encounters.
C) the least frequent example of a concept.
D) the most unusual or distinctive example of a concept.

9) David conducts a fun activity in his class. He says the word "weapon" and asks his students to write down an example that immediately comes to their mind when they hear the word. Which of the following is David expecting from his students, and what example are they most likely to write down when they hear "flower"?

A) an algorithm; orchid
B) a prototype; rose
C) a heuristic; daisy
D) an incentive; daffodil

10) Which of the following is most likely the prototype of the concept "fruit"?

A) carrot
B) apple
C) tomato
D) blueberry

11) ________ is the process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions.

A) Reasoning
B) Negotiating
C) Predicting
D) Conceptualizing

12) Who among the following is engaged in reasoning?

A) Maya, who is hoping that she clears her university exams with good grades
B) Clark, who is wishing for a new car when he gets his first job
C) Steve, who is deciding which movie to see based on his friend's suggestions
D) Darcy, who is dreaming about her upcoming summer vacation

13) You check the time on your phone. Your friend should be out of class by now. You call her. She should answer if she is out of class. In this example, your thought processes are best seen as exemplifying

A) problem solving.
B) conceptualization.
C) reasoning.
D) creativity.

14) Which of the following is true of deductive reasoning?

A) It is the tendency to ignore contradictory information.
B) It is data driven.
C) It starts with a hypothesis.
D) It starts with a general, broad theory.

15) Formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from the specific to the general is known as ________ reasoning.

A) divergent
B) syllogistic
C) analogical
D) inductive

16) A detective tries to get a general picture of a murder from the specific evidence associated with the murder. This is an example of ________ reasoning.

A) convergent
B) divergent
C) inductive
D) analogical

17) Which type of reasoning do psychologists use when they study a sample of participants and then use the information they observe to form a conclusion about the broader population from which the sample is drawn?

A) divergent
B) syllogistic
C) analogical
D) inductive

18) One can use a(n) ________ even if he or she doesn't understand why it works.

A) heuristic
B) algorithm
C) premise
D) syllogism

19) A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed as a(n)

A) heuristic.
B) algorithm
C) premise
D) syllogism.

20) Which of the following is TRUE of algorithms?

A) In cases where heuristics are not available, we may use algorithms.
B) Even if it is applied appropriately, an algorithm cannot guarantee a solution to a problem.
C) Algorithms may sometimes lead to errors.
D) We can use an algorithm even if we cannot understand why it works.

21) Which of the following is true of the familiarity heuristic?

A) It leads people to prefer known objects, people, and things to those that that are unknown to them.
B) It involves judging the likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples.
C) It increases the time required to make decisions.
D) It is a rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem.

22) Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic, as cognitive psychologists use it?

A) principle
B) formula
C) strategy
D) program

23) When you play tic-tac-toe using certain mental shortcuts, you are using cognitive strategies psychologists call

A) algorithms.
B) mental sets.
C) heuristics.
D) syllogistic reasoning.

24) Matt picks up a pamphlet at a counseling center titled How to Succeed at College Course Work. Which type of problem-solving strategies is most likely offered in this pamphlet?

A) algorithms
B) insights
C) heuristics
D) syllogisms

25) Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?

A) a chemical equation for the synthesis of sulfuric acid
B) a recipe for making cookies on the back of a box of cornflakes
C) an article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science"
D) a computer program for keeping track of inventory at a department store

26) Which of the following is an advantage of the use of heuristics?

A) A heuristic will present a clearly defined solution to a problem.
B) A heuristic is often efficient.
C) A heuristic is guaranteed to result in a correct response.
D) A heuristic results in only one possible solution to a problem.

27) Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics?

A) Heuristics always lead to correct solutions of a problem.
B) Heuristics are a slower way to solve problems than are other strategies.
C) Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem.
D) Heuristics are used by computers but not by humans as problem-solving tools.

28) Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans will be the better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each can contains. Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy. " Lori is using a(n) ________, whereas Monica is using a(n) ________.

A) heuristic; algorithm
B) algorithm; heuristic
C) prototype; algorithm
D) heuristic; prototype

29) ________ may sometimes lead to errors.

A) Theorems
B) Heuristics
C) Algorithms
D) Statements

30) When you use the availability heuristic, you are

A) making frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind.
B) overcoming mental set.
C) mistaking visual images and other forms of mental representations for reality.
D) assuming that something is typical of its class.

31) Carl is the only person from New Zealand that Craig has ever met. Carl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny. When Carl asks Craig what he would expect to find if he went to New Zealand, Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny. What might Craig have used to make this judgment?

A) the familiarity heuristic
B) confirmation bias
C) functional fixedness
D) the availability heuristic

32) According to the ________ heuristic, we assume that events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently in the past—and are more likely to occur in the future—than events that are harder to remember.

A) availability
B) representativeness
C) confirmation
D) frequency

33) Following the September 11, 2001, Twin Towers attacks, many Americans opted to drive rather than fly. The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate the danger of flying. As it was an event they remember easily, they assumed it could occur frequently. This example illustrates

A) the availability heuristic.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) confirmation bias.
D) stereotypic bias.

34) When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke, they often choose homicide because they hear more about murders than they do about strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) stereotypic bias.
C) confirmation bias.
D) the availability heuristic.

35) Last month, Joanna witnessed four car accidents. Although the number of motorcycle accidents is generally more than car accidents, she decides to ride her motorcycle from Atlanta to Philadelphia instead of flying. Which of the following is reflected in Joanna's decision?

A) the availability heuristic
B) functional fixedness
C) divergent thinking
D) the representativeness heuristic

36) Shawn decides to reject invitations to parties that will be held at night because he reads in the newspaper about the large number of robberies that take place in his neighborhood. However, the crime rate at Shawn's neighborhood has actually reduced in the last two years. Shawn's decision is based on

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) functional fixedness.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) confirmation bias.

37) "You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend would not tell her what was bothering him. Iris is using the ________ heuristic.

A) representativeness
B) availability
C) functional
D) frequency

38) In a(n) ________ heuristic, known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.

A) representativeness
B) availability
C) functional
D) familiarity

39) Carrie visits the supermarket and sees the brand of potato chips she usually buys. She decides to buy it without considering the other brands of potato chips available in the supermarket. Which of the following is likely to be the reason behind Carrie's decision, and what is she most likely to do the next time she visits the supermarket?

A) the representativeness heuristic; buy the same brand of chips
B) an incentive; buy a different brand of chips
C) an algorithm; buy a different brand of chips
D) the familiarity heuristic; buy the same brand of chips

40) Simon wants to buy a new cell phone to replace his old one. He decides to buy a phone of the same brand as he is currently using, even though many other brands are available in the market. Which of the following is most likely to have influenced Simon's decision?

A) syllogistic reasoning
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) an algorithm
D) the familiarity heuristic

41) Which field examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities?

A) artificial intelligence
B) social psychology
C) behavioral economics
D) evolutionary psychology

42) Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of the problem-solving process, from first to last?

A) preparation → judgment → production
B) judgment → production → preparation
C) preparation → production → judgment
D) judgment → preparation → production

43) In ________ problems, the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear. In ________ problems, either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.

A) well-defined; ill-defined
B) algorithmic; heuristic
C) arrangement; inducing structure
D) transformation; arrangement

44) In the context of problem solving, identify an ill-defined problem.

A) how to navigate to a museum in a nearby city
B) how to find a good life partner
C) how to find out where several well-known authors were born
D) how to calculate the price of an item for sale

45) Dr. Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives, whereas Dr. Jamison's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE?

A) Dr. Ireland's class is solving a well-defined problem.
B) Dr. Jamison's class is solving a well-defined problem.
C) Dr. Ireland's class is using syllogistic reasoning.
D) Dr. Jamison's class is using familiarity heuristic.

46) Which of the following requires a person to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy specific criteria?

A) arrangement problems
B) problems of inducing structure
C) transformation problems
D) prescriptive problems

47) Which of the following requires a person to identify the existing relationships among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them?

A) problems of arrangement
B) problems of inducing structure
C) telegraphic speech
D) functional fixedness

48) Which of the following best describes the term "transformative problems"?

A) problems that require a person to identify the existing relationships among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them
B) problems that require a person to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy specific criteria
C) problems that consist of an initial state, a goal state, and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state
D) problems that involve constructing relationships among elements without identifying existing relationships among the elements

49) Which of the following problem types is correctly matched with its description?

A) arrangement—moving from an initial to a goal state according to a specific method
B) inducing structure—identifying relationships among problem elements and constructing new relationships
C) transformation—rearranging or recombining elements to satisfy a particular criterion
D) transformation—identifying relationships among problem elements and constructing new relationships

50) Janelle is solving anagrams; Kamika is puzzling over verbal analogies; Lamar is playing chess with a friend. Which alternative below correctly matches each individual with the type of problem he or she is solving?

A) Janelle—arrangement; Kamika—transformation; Lamar—inducing structure
B) Janelle—transformation; Kamika—inducing structure; Lamar—arrangement
C) Janelle—arrangement; Kamika—inducing structure; Lamar—transformation
D) Janelle—transformation; Kamika—arrangement; Lamar—inducing structure

51) Which of the following is an example of an arrangement problem?

A) Joyce is writing an essay on urbanization citing the development of New York City as an example.
B) Daniel is explaining the impacts of human activities on the environment to his students using analogies.
C) Liza is forming new words from the letters of a given word.
D) Fathima is trying to tie her shoes for the first time.

52) Thomas Edison invented the light bulb only because he experimented with thousands of different kinds of materials for a filament before he found one that worked (carbon). This shows that at the most basic level, we can solve problems through

A) the availability heuristic.
B) means-ends analysis.
C) insight.
D) trial and error.

53) ________ involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists.

A) Forming subgoals
B) Means-ends analysis
C) Insight
D) Trial and error

54) Which of the following statements is true of the means-ends analysis?

A) It is also known as the availability heuristic.
B) It is the most frequently applied problem-solving heuristic.
C) It involves dividing a problem into intermediate steps and solving each of those steps.
D) It is the sudden awareness of the relationships among elements that previously appeared to be unrelated.

55) Millie is stumped by a problem on her precalculus text. She furtively glances at the answer provided in the back of the text to get an idea of how the solution should look before she returns to the problem. Millie's strategy most closely resembles the problem-solving heuristic of

A) forming subgoals.
B) trial and error.
C) working backward.
D) insight.

56) A political science professor attempts to facilitate her students' completion of a term paper assignment by requiring to first submit a topic statement, then a list of references, then a draft of the introduction, then, finally, the completed paper. The professor is encouraging her students to use the problem-solving strategy of

A) forming subgoals.
B) working backward.
C) means-ends analysis.
D) trial and error.

57) Ronak is a project manager. He ensures that his project is completed on time by dividing the activities in the project into two stages: production and quality check. Which problem-solving strategy is Ronak using to meet the deadline?

A) trial and error
B) working backward
C) means-ends analysis
D) forming subgoals

58) Which problem-solving strategy or method is correctly matched with its definition?

A) means-ends analysis—dividing a problem into intermediate steps
B) forming subgoals—focusing on a problem's goal rather than its starting point
C) working backward—reducing the apparent difference between the current state of the problem and the goal
D) insight—experiencing a sudden awareness of the relationships among a problem's components

59) Kent and Kirsten are both trying to reduce their consumer debt. Kent isolates several more concrete problems he can solve to achieve his goal, such as paying the highest-interest debts first and freezing credit card spending. Kirsten simply pays her largest debt first because this would seem to be the fastest way to move her debt as close to zero as possible. Kent's plan reflects the problem-solving strategy of ________, while Kirsten's method illustrates the strategy of ________.

A) forming subgoals; trial and error
B) means-end analysis; trial and error
C) working backward; means-end analysis
D) forming subgoals; means-end analysis

60) The phenomenon of insight was demonstrated in a classic study by German psychologist ________, who examined learning and problem-solving processes in ________.

A) Wolfgang Köhler; chimpanzees
B) Adolf Zeising; humans
C) Wilhelm Wundt; cats
D) Carl Stumpf; humans

61) ________ is defined as a sudden awareness of the relationship among problem elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another.

A) Convergent thinking
B) Divergent thinking
C) Insight
D) Creativity

62) According to research that followed Köhler's studies, which of the following must precede insight?

A) failure
B) learning abilities
C) talents
D) prior experience

63) The apparent suddenness of insightful problem solutions

A) may rest in part on the foundation of trial and error.
B) may be based on the availability heuristic.
C) has been affirmed by empirical research.
D) requires the application of confirmation bias.

64) ________ is the final stage in problem solving.

A) Preparation
B) Insight
C) Judgment
D) Production

65) Which of the following examines how psychological factors can explain economic decision making?

A) public policy
B) economic sociology
C) social work
D) behavioral economics

66) Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is incorrectly matched with an illustrative problem?

A) confirmation bias—problem of security in the Middle East
B) functional fixedness—water jar problem
C) mental set—water jar problem
D) functional fixedness—candle problem

67) Junaid is making minor household repairs. He uses a pan as a hammer and a small nail clipper as a screwdriver. Which of the following statements best characterizes Junaid's problem solving?

A) He is using trial and error.
B) He has been released from functional fixedness.
C) He is using the representative heuristic.
D) He is forming subgoals.

68) Karen has to draw a table that shows different types of renewable and non-renewable natural resources. She does not have a ruler. She, however, has an additional pencil. As she does not have a ruler, Karen thinks she cannot draw the table. Which of the following does this best demonstrate?

A) confirmation bias
B) functional fixedness
C) algorithmic thinking
D) means-ends analysis

69) ________ is the tendency to seek out and give greater weight to information that supports one's initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions.

A) Functional fixedness
B) A mental set
C) Confirmation bias
D) Representativeness heuristic

70) Identify the impediment to effective problem solving that is correctly matched with its description.

A) the availability heuristic—the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist
B) functional fixedness—the inability to try different patterns of problem solving in different situations
C) confirmation bias—the tendency to ignore the first hypothesis and to prefer evidence-favoring alternatives
D) the representative heuristic—involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory

71) Reuben believes that left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. Whenever Reuben meets a person who is both left-handed and creative, he considers it as evidence that validates his belief. He ignores examples that seem to disprove his belief. Reuben appears to be prone to

A) functional fixedness.
B) deductive reasoning.
C) the confirmation bias.
D) the availability heuristic.

72) The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways is known as

A) convergent thinking.
B) insight.
C) creativity.
D) syllogistic reasoning.

73) Which of the following is an enduring question that cognitive psychologists have sought to answer?

A) What factors underlie creativity?
B) How do people behave in groups?
C) What determines a consumer's market preferences?
D) How do families facilitate the socialization of children?

74) What would someone relying on convergent thinking answer to the query "What can you do with a comb?" Which of the following is the person most likely to be?

A) "You use it to adjust your hair"; less creative
B) "You use it to clean a vacuum cleaner"; highly creative
C) "You use it for untangling a rug"; highly creative
D) "You use it for scratching your back"; less creative

75) Someone relying on divergent thinking would answer ________ to the query "What can you do with a pencil?"

A) "You write with it"
B) "You use it for sketching"
C) "You use it when you can't find a pen"
D) "You use it for making toys"

76) As compared to less creative individuals, creative people

A) prefer more complex stimuli.
B) are more dependent.
C) are more interested in concrete problems.
D) have a narrower range of interests.

77) According to research, which of the following statements is true of creativity?

A) It is also known as convergent thinking skills.
B) It can always be tested using traditional intelligence tests.
C) It is highly related to school grades.
D) It decreases as a person's age increases.

78) Which of the following involves the preference for elaborate, intricate, and complex thoughts and solutions to problems?

A) functional fixedness
B) cognitive complexity
C) confirmation bias
D) overgeneralization

79) Which of the following do traditional intelligence tests tend to assess?

A) convergent thinking
B) divergent thinking
C) confirmation bias
D) functional fixedness

80) Which of the following is defined as the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules?

A) heuristics
B) confirmation bias
C) language
D) functional fixedness

81) ________ is defined as the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.

A) Heuristics
B) Grammar
C) Creativity
D) Phonology

82) On which of the following does the basic structure of language rest?

A) algorithms
B) creativity
C) priming
D) grammar

83) Phonology is the study of the ________ in a language.

A) combination of words
B) speech sounds
C) order of words
D) meaning of words

84) How many different phonemes have linguists identified among all the world's languages?

A) less than 50
B) more than 800
C) between 100 and 200
D) between 300 and 500

85) Approximately how many phonemes are found in English?

A) 26
B) more than 800
C) 52
D) an infinite number

86) Which of the following statements is true of the rules of syntax?

A) They are the smallest units of speech.
B) They guide the order in which words may be strung together.
C) They are sentences that only contain nouns.
D) English speakers use about 52 of them to produce words.

87) Which of the following sequences correctly orders the components of a language, from the smallest or most specific to the broadest?

A) phoneme → syntax → semantics
B) syntax → semantics → phoneme
C) phoneme → semantics → syntax
D) syntax → phoneme → semantics

88) Which of the following language acquisition stages or phenomena is correctly matched with an illustrative example?

A) babbling—"Goo goo, ga ga."
B) telegraphic speech—"I ran from the library to the bus stop."
C) overgeneralization—"Daddy has come home."
D) overgeneralization—"Drawing house"

89) Kiran outruns his friends in a race while playing outside. When he comes home, he tells his mother, "I runned fast today." By saying so, which of the following does Kiran engage in, and how old is he most likely to be?

A) convergent thinking; 5 years old
B) divergent thinking; 7 years old
C) babbling; 9 years old
D) overgeneralization; 3 years old

90) What is meant by the concept of a critical period for language acquisition?

A) It is the period of transition between one-word and two-word utterances.
B) It is the period in which children are particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquire language.
C) It is the period in which children communicate nonverbally and have trouble acquiring language.
D) It is the period during childhood that involves learning to write in one's language.

91) Tina is 6 months old, Vincenzo is 2 years and 7 months old, and Wayne is 3 years and 6 months old. Which alternative below correctly pairs each child with the appropriate language acquisition stage or phenomenon?

A) Tina—overgeneralization; Vincenzo—babbling; Wayne—telegraphic speech
B) Tina—babbling; Vincenzo—telegraphic speech; Wayne—overgeneralization
C) Tina—telegraphic speech; Vincenzo—babbling; Wayne—overgeneralization
D) Tina—babbling; Vincenzo—overgeneralization; Wayne—telegraphic speech

92) You are creating a language development timeline for a class presentation. Along the top of a display board, you write the following ages in sequence: 6 months → 1 year → 2 years → 3 years. How should you label these ages, from youngest to oldest?

A) babbling → first words → telegraphic speech → overgeneralization
B) babbling → overgeneralization → first words → telegraphic speech
C) babbling → first words → overgeneralization → telegraphic speech
D) overgeneralization → babbling → first words → telegraphic speech

93) Dorian is 2 years old. Constance is 2 years and 5 months old. Dorian's vocabulary probably contains ________ words, while Constance's vocabulary contains ________ words.

A) about 100; several hundred
B) about 50; about 100
C) about 50; several hundred
D) several hundred; about 1000

94) Wesley says, "All gone milk," placing an empty glass on the table. Which phenomenon does Wesley's remark exemplify, and how old is he most likely to be?

A) babbling; 5 years old
B) telegraphic speech; 2 years old
C) holophrastic speech; 7 years old
D) humming; 6 years old

95) Ricky tells his grandmother, "Momma holded the rabbit." In the context of language, Ricky's statement exemplifies

A) idiomatic speech.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) babbling.
D) overgeneralization.

96) Connie is telling her mother a story about a scary dog she encountered in the neighbor's yard. "Then I runned away," Connie concludes. How old is Connie likely to be, and which language acquisition phenomenon is mostly likely to have crossed most recently?

A) about 2 years old; overgeneralization
B) about 7 years old; telegraphic speech
C) probably 3 to 4 years old; overgeneralization
D) probably 5 to 6 years old; telegraphic speech

97) The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning is known as the ________ approach.

A) learning-theory
B) nativist
C) interactionist
D) prescriptive

98) According to Noam Chomsky's ________ to language acquisition, humans are genetically prewired to learn language at certain times and in particular ways.

A) humanist approach
B) nativist approach
C) interactionist approach
D) behaviorist approach

99) The nativist approach to language acquisition is associated with

A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Benjamin Whorf.
C) Noam Chomsky.
D) Wolfgang Köhler.

100) The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help to teach language is known as the ________ approach.

A) learning-theory
B) nativist
C) interactionist
D) prescriptive

101) Theorists taking an interactionist approach to language acquisition

A) reject both the learning theory and nativist approaches.
B) agree that the brain is hardwired to acquire language.
C) downplay the role of the environment in language acquisition.
D) remain unconvinced by the idea of a language-acquisition device.

102) The linguistic-relativity hypothesis states that

A) language shapes and helps determine the way people perceive and understand the world.
B) humans are genetically prewired to learn language at certain times and in particular ways.
C) language acquisition takes place in the same manner in both humans and animals.
D) language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.

103) Which of the following statements is true of the linguistic-relativity hypothesis?

A) It states that humans are born with an innate linguistic capability.
B) It was proposed by Noam Chomsky.
C) It states that language shapes and produces thought.
D) It was proposed by Wolfgang Köhler.

104) Which of the following have psychologists been able to teach to communicate at surprisingly high levels?

A) cats
B) snakes
C) chimpanzees
D) eagles

105) In seven states, including Texas and Colorado, more than ________ of the students are not native English speakers.

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 25 percent

106) Students are educated in their native language and in English simultaneously in ________, whereas they are educated only in English in ________.

A) immersion programs; bilingual education
B) bilingual education; immersion programs
C) an alternation approach; immersion programs
D) immersion programs; alternation programs

107) Describe in as much detail as you can the mental representation of objects and categories. Provide illustrative examples where appropriate.

108) Distinguish between an algorithm and a heuristic. Provide an example of each.

109) Discuss if computers can solve problems and carry out intellectual activities.

110) Distinguish between well-defined and ill-defined problems. Provide an example of each.

111) Identify and describe three different problem-solving strategies described in your text. Suggest how each strategy might be fruitfully applied in one or more college courses.

112) How do psychologists define creativity? Identify some of the cognitive processes and personality characteristics that appear to be associated with creativity. How might you describe the relationship between creativity and intelligence? To what extent does this relationship reflect the traditional assessment of intelligence?

113) Describe three techniques that may improve critical or creative thinking. How might these techniques help problem solvers overcome some of the impediments to effective problem solving?

114) Your friend asks you, "So, what did you do last night?" Write two or three sentences in response to your friend; use your sentences to illustrate the three components of language described in your text.

115) Describe babbling, telegraphic speech, and overgeneralization. Provide an example of each. At which ages might you expect children to demonstrate each of these language development phenomena?

116) Write a note on the interactionist approaches to language development.