Clinical Research Mental Disorders Test Bank Chapter.3

Chapter 3: Clinical Research, Assessment, and Classification of Mental Disorders

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What is the role of replication in psychological research?

2. Your neighbor tells you, “I’m concerned about vaccinating my children. I understand that scientists have proved that childhood vaccines cause autism.” What response to your neighbor is most accurate?

3. What conclusion can be reached from research findings that the mass media reports?

4. “I never accept the results of one study as conclusive. Findings must be replicated. I look carefully at the methods used to produce conclusions. Because of my skeptical attitude, you can assume that I am a ____.”

5. Emily came to see her advisor about doing a research study for her Ph.D. dissertation.

“What are you going to investigate?” he asked.

“I believe that drinking orange juice before an IQ test will raise a person's score,” she said.

Emily's answer constitutes a(n) ____.

6. Which of the following is a hallmark of the scientific method?

7. Dr. Gonzalez devised a new scale to measure depressive symptoms among Hispanic females. To be sure that his test is actually measuring depressive symptoms, he will have his test group respond to his new instrument and the Beck Depression Inventory, as well as completing a social desirability scale, which should be unrelated to depression. Dr. Gonzalez is ____.

8. A researcher finds that when people report their sexual activity on a mailed questionnaire, they indicate higher levels of bizarre fantasies than when they are questioned face to face. This indicates that these methods of measuring sexual activity ____.

9. By definition, reliable measures ____; valid measures ____.

10. A researcher believes that depressive symptoms will be reduced when family members give attention to competent behavior and express disinterest when depressive behavior is exhibited. In this example, attention is the ____ and depressive symptoms are the ____.

11. The best way to test cause-and-effect relationships is with a(n) ____.

12. In an experiment, the ____ is as similar as possible to the experimental group except that it is not exposed to the independent variable.

13. In the Thom et al. (2000) study of the treatment of dental-phobic patients, if participants in the two experimental groups showed reduced anxiety from pretest to posttest, could the researchers conclude that the treatments were effective in reducing anxiety?

14. To study the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety drug, researchers randomly assign equally anxious people to two groups, one getting Drug X and the other getting no drug. The researchers mistakenly conclude that Drug X works because people in the drug group show fewer signs of anxiety than the others. What is the mistake?

15. In a study of the effectiveness of cognitive therapy on anxiety, fifty anxious patients are divided into two groups. One group gets cognitive therapy, the other a fake kind of therapy that should have no benefit. However, the patients can tell that the second form of treatment is a fake. The study is weak because ____.

16. Rosie participates in a study assessing the effectiveness of a drug to treat osteoporosis. Throughout the study, neither Rosie nor the person administering the dosage knows whether she was getting the real medication or a placebo. Rosie is participating in a ____.

17. Instead of manipulating variables, the researcher measures the extent to which changes in one variable are accompanied by changes in a second variable. What type of study is this?

18. A researcher believes that the higher a person's creativity, the greater the person's likelihood of showing mood swings. Research to test this idea ____.

19. A researcher studies a group of elderly people and finds that, as a group, the better their memory performance, the lower their anxiety level. What can be said about this research?

20. What type of study will yield information on levels of school phobia in children are related to levels of social anxiety?

21. The 2007 Parents Television Council Study reported that people who watch more than three hours of television a day during the family time slot were much more likely to commit violent acts than people who watched less than one hour of television a day. What can be said about this research?

22. Which of the following is an example of analogue research?

23. Typically, when new drugs are developed, their effects are first tested on animals rather than on humans. The use of animals as substitutes for humans in research is often referred to as ____.

24. Analogue studies are used when researchers ____.

25. The primary method for gathering data in a field study is ____.

26. To better understand bulimia among college students, a researcher lives in a female freshman dorm for the fall semester to observe and interview students about their stresses, attitudes, and eating behaviors. This is an example of what type of study?

27. Dr. Cummins publishes an article describing a man who abused alcohol for 25 years before becoming abstinent after having a religious conversion experience. This article illustrates a ____.

28. Which type of study is especially valuable for studying rare phenomena and for evaluating the course of a disorder and its treatment?

29. In a genetic linkage study, which piece of information would be important?

30. Martin and Matthew are identical twins. Matthew has obsessive-compulsive disorder, but Martin does not. In a biological research study, who would be the proband?

31. A researcher has identified seventy individuals with a relatively rare psychological disorder. These individuals are asked to identify blood relatives, who are contacted by the researcher to see if they have the same disorder. What kind of research study is being performed?

32. Measurable heritable characteristics like brain abnormalities, attention processing deficits, or eye movements that give clues about specific genes involved in psychological disorders are called ____.

33. All endophenotypes are ____.

34. Dr. Richards focuses her research on how many school teachers had anxiety disorders in 2012, regardless of when the disorders were diagnosed. What information is she trying to determine?

35. Research that examines the rate and distribution of mental disorders in the population is called ____ research.

36. Dr. Chin told his students, “Incidence rates tell us the percentage of individuals in a targeted population who have a particular disorder during a specified period of time, while prevalence rates describe the number of new cases within a specified period. Shorter periods of time generally reveal higher prevalence rates. Moreover, incidence rates are likely to be lower than prevalence rates.” Which part of Dr. Chin's statement is accurate?

37. A school psychologist was concerned with the number of children being diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). If she were interested in learning how many new cases of ADHD had been diagnosed within the last year, she will look at ____.

38. In addition to describing the distribution of disorders in populations, epidemiological research is also important for ____.

39. A clinician has collected data about a client based on observations, interview material, and psychological test results. As a first step in the treatment process, the clinician will evaluate this information and formulate a(n) ____.

40. Which statement about psychodiagnosis is accurate?

41. A ____ provides therapists with distinct categories, indicators, and nomenclature for different patterns of behavior, thought processes, and emotional disturbances.

42. A psychologist gives the same test to a client twice. The tests are separated by six days. If the test results are quite dissimilar, we could say that the test has weak ____.

43. Professor Wapner wants to develop a new psychometric test of anxiety. He must be careful to have the various items on the test yield similar results to ensure that it will be high in ____.

44. Dr. Frederick is developing a new test for binge eating disorders. She finds that people who score high on the test engage in more binge eating and other forms of abnormal eating behaviors than people who score low on the test. These results indicate that the test has ____.

45. Which assessment best illustrates the concept of reliability?

46. A psychologist wants to assess the construct validity of a new test. He can do so by showing that ____.

47. Dr. Peterson has collected clinical observations, neurological test data, psychological test scores, and interview material on Mrs. Davis. If Dr. Peterson is doing this for the purpose of drawing conclusions that will lead to a diagnosis of Mrs. Davis, we can infer that Dr. Peterson is ____.

48. Dr. Simon is observing several schizophrenic patients interact in a mental hospital ward without interfering. Which type of observation is Dr. Simon using?

49. Gathering information on brain structures focuses on which type of assessment?

50. A psychologist notices that a male client rarely makes eye contact and pulls at his ear when he seems nervous. What type of assessment is the most likely psychologist performing?

51. When Dr. Wilson administers psychological tests, she strictly follows specific procedures. This refers to what aspect of test administration?

52. A psychologist notes that a female client is wearing a heavy wool sweater and cap on a hot summer day. The client walks with a limp and mumbles to herself. The psychologist should ____.

53. Dr. Heyer is a behavioral therapist working with a 10-year-old boy named Lee. The boy's parents and teachers both agree that Lee is disobedient and unruly. What assessment method should Dr. Heyer use to most accurately assess the degree to which Lee is excessively active and disobedient?

54. A psychologist who is simply looking for any unusual behaviors when interacting with a client is using ____.

55. Dr. Miller, a clinical psychologist, observes that his client Jennifer is presenting with a disheveled appearance, constricted emotions, and is speaking slowly. Dr. Miller is likely to use these observations as ____ with diagnostic significance.

56. What widely used interview procedure is used to briefly evaluate a client’s cognitive, psychological, and behavioral functioning?

57. What aspect of interviewing increases the consistency of assessment information?

58. As discussed in the text, which factor is a consideration when assessing characteristics using the mental status examination?

59. Which of the following is a self-report inventory?

60. Self-report inventories, unlike projective tests, are ____.

61. Dr. Rose, a clinical psychologist, is administering a battery of psychological tests to a client to gain insight into the client's current issues. In the ____, the client is shown inkblots and asked to interpret them.

62. Nicole is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and is then asked to tell a story about each of them. If this is a psychological test, it is a ____.

63. The goal of projective tests is to ____.

64. A major concern about projective tests is that they ____.

65. Rose is being given a self-report inventory to assess her general personality traits. What kinds of questions or tasks is she likely to be given?

66. These tests require test-takers to answer specific written questions. They are scored in a predetermined way, and scores are easily compared with those from a standardization sample. Which assessment fits the above description?

67. Which of the following occurred in the development of the MMPI-2?

68. Which personality test includes ten clinical scales as well as several validity scales to check for faking, confusion, falsification, or other response patterns that may affect the outcome of the other scales?

69. In utilizing MMPI scores, trained and experienced clinicians usually focus on ____.

70. A psychologist says, "The fixed alternatives for answers prevent test-takers from presenting a true picture of themselves." What kind of assessment tool is being criticized?

71. A critic of personality inventories says, "These tests have no way of detecting faking or defensiveness in the individuals who take them. Worse, they never include norms for responses of people from different cultural groups." Which response to these criticisms is accurate?

72. IQ scores reflect an individual's ____.

73. The ____ is an intelligence test appropriately administered to people age 16 and older.

74. A major criticism of IQ tests is that they ____.

75. Teachers in a school are interested in finding a psychological test that predicts future achievement. Which statement best reflects what is known about the existence of such a test?

76. After his stroke, Aaron's clinical psychologist is most likely to assess ____.

77. Which test is typically used to assess brain damage?

78. Mr. Nolan has been referred to a psychologist to be assessed for potential brain damage. The psychologist will undoubtedly look at the ____ to find information on the location of the damage.

79. Jack is being tested for suspected brain damage by being shown designs made up of lines and dots. He is asked to copy the designs on a blank sheet of paper. Jack is taking which test?

80. Dr. Cohen says to her patient, "We believe there may be problems with the way your brain functions. We're going to do a test that uses a radioactive substance that we can trace as it's metabolized in your brain." What procedure is Dr. Cohen describing?

81. A psychologist says, "The pictures that come from the testing are amazing—clear and detailed depictions of brain structures. Not only that, they do not require giving radioactive substances to patients." The psychologist is referring to a(n) ____.

82. What can be said about the use of neurological techniques and other assessments, such as psychological tests, with regard to evaluating mental disorders?

83. Dr. Cooper says, "What abnormal psychology needs is a system of categories for different patterns of behavior that can be agreed on by all professionals." Dr. Cooper is asking for a(n) ____.

84. The co-occurrence of different disorders, whereby individuals who have one mental disorder also suffer from another, is identified by the DSM as ____.

85. Harold is addicted to cocaine and nicotine. His wife, Janet, is dissatisfied with her physique and has developed a pervasive pattern of bingeing and purging in attempt to lose weight. According to the DSM-5, Janet has ____, whereas Harold ____.

86. Disorders involving the disruption of the normal sexual response cycle, including desire, arousal, or orgasm are considered ____ in the DSM-5 category of disorders.

87. What is a criticism regarding the decisions concerning diagnostic categories in the DSM-5?

88. Vera has the following cyclical pattern of symptoms. A week before her period, she is persistently angry and anxious, has body aches, and she has marked interpersonal conflicts that interfere with her work and social relationships. According to the DSM-5, what condition might Vera have?

89. Dr. Reynolds is an avid feminist. What is her opinion of the proposed condition "premenstrual dysphoric disorder" likely to be?

90. What is an important aspect of the character strengths classification scheme that Petterson and Seligman developed as a complement to the DSM?

91. The term “course” refers to which of the following?

a. the usual pattern that a disorder follows

b. the categories in the DSM-5

c. the dimensions in the DSM-5

d. The presence of more than one disorder at a time

1. Clinical assessment uses four methods. Briefly describe how each would be used in collecting information on the following hypothetical client:

Mara is a 16-year-old who is angry and anxious at home and in school but seems relatively happy among her friends when shopping or doing other leisure activities. She seems extremely bright to her teachers but is receiving poor grades because she seems distracted and unable to recall facts. Her interest in boys has been almost obsessive recently; she fantasizes about being saved from her horrible parents by someone who will marry and whisk her away.

2. What three criteria are commonly used to evaluate psychological assessment procedures? Describe each criterion in detail, and then apply each to the assessment of a problem such as severe anxiety.

3. Suppose you are interested in the relationship between stress and overeating. Describe two research studies on the topic, one a laboratory experiment and the other a correlational study. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each form of research.