Ch.2 Exam Prep Understanding And Treating Mental Disorders - Understanding Abnormal Behavior 3e Complete Test Bank by David Sue. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 2: Understanding and Treating Mental Disorders
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What term is used to describe the cause of a disorder?
a. | genesis | c. | psychiatric underpinnings |
b. | etiology | d. | psychological underpinnings |
2. A psychologist who uses the words neurological makeup when discussing disorders is most likely using which model?
a. | social | c. | sociocultural |
b. | psychological | d. | biological |
3. Models are often utilized by scientists to ____.
a. | provide a clear and definitive explanation for a phenomenon |
b. | describe or explain a phenomenon they cannot directly observe |
c. | directly observe a phenomenon with unobservable causes |
d. | infer a phenomenon from something more abstract |
4. An assumption of the multipath model of abnormality is that ____.
a. | the biological perspective best explains the complexities of human behavior |
b. | most psychological disorders are due to one or two primary factors |
c. | biological, psychological and social factors contribute equally to most disorders |
d. | different individuals exposed to different factors may develop similar mental disorders |
5. Which factor is a biological explanation of psychopathology?
a. | family interactions | c. | early childhood experiences |
b. | neurological dysfunctions | d. | behaviors learned in the environment |
6. Forebrain is to ____ as hindbrain is to ____.
a. | alertness and attention; language, thought, and memory |
b. | serotonin-based systems; dopamine-based systems |
c. | higher mental functions; basic bodily functions and instincts |
d. | visual and spatial abilities; emotions and motivation |
7. The function of neural dendrites is to ____.
a. | release neurotransmitters |
b. | receive signals from other neurons |
c. | bind to receptors of other neurons |
d. | trigger synaptic excitation of other neurons |
8. Which statement about neurotransmitters is accurate?
a. | Neurotransmitters are released by dendrites and reabsorbed by the neuron body. |
b. | Abnormal neurotransmitter levels may be associated with symptoms of mental disorders. |
c. | Neurotransmitters have only excitatory effects on the human nervous system. |
d. | Neurotransmitters send neural impulses to the axons of receiving neurons. |
9. Dopamine is related to several mental disorders, including ____.
a. | anxiety and depression |
b. | Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia |
c. | obsessive-compulsive disorder and Parkinson's disease |
d. | schizophrenia and depression |
10. Because Joan suffers from depression, Dr. Adler has prescribed a medication that alters the reuptake of ____ and increases its availability in her brain. For Justin, who suffers from anxiety, Dr. Adler prescribes a drug that affects receptor reactivity to ____.
a. | serotonin; GABA | c. | dopamine; acetylcholine |
b. | GABA; serotonin | d. | acetylcholine; dopamine |
11. A person's observable physical or behavioral characteristics are the ____.
a. | same thing as their genotype | c. | result of environmental factors only |
b. | result of inheritance only | d. | same thing as their phenotype |
12. Which statement about the biological model is accurate?
a. | It has helped find effective drugs for treating disorders. |
b. | It has received support from diathesis-stress theory. |
c. | It has identified brain abnormalities for most mental disorders. |
d. | It has proven that inheritance is the direct cause of most disorders. |
13. The scientific field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior is called ____.
a. | psychopharmaceuticals | c. | psychopharmacology |
b. | pharmaceuticals | d. | pharmacology |
14. The two main distinguishing ideas in the psychodynamic model are that ____.
a. | disorders result from childhood experiences and anxieties operate unconsciously |
b. | the causes of disorders are largely conscious and culture determines the symptoms |
c. | diathesis is a predisposition to illness and stress is an environmental trigger for illness |
d. | abnormalities are inherited or the result of mutations and symptoms start with biology |
15. Which drug is most likely to be prescribed for a patient suffering from depression?
a. | a benzodiazepine | c. | a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
b. | chlorpromazine | d. | lithium |
16. Leesa is prone to wanting to reason everything out. When she has to make a decision, she often creates lists of the pros and cons of her choices. From a psychodynamic point of view, Leesa is relying most on her ____.
a. | ego | c. | superego |
b. | id | d. | subconscious |
17. Thuy is faced with a dilemma. She lives in a war-torn country in which for years, the economy has been severely disrupted. In order to feed herself and her children, she steals food, but she feels a great sense of guilt when she does. According to Freud, the personality structure involved in the guilt she feels for stealing the food is the ____.
a. | ego | c. | id |
b. | superego | d. | subconsciousness |
18. Jason exploits other people and never feels guilty about it. He rarely helps other people and feels no pride when he does. According to psychodynamic thinking, Jason has an underdeveloped ____.
a. | superego | c. | subconscious |
b. | ego | d. | id |
19. According to Freud, the two most important instincts in people are ____.
a. | pleasure and reality | c. | sex and aggression |
b. | responsibility and irresponsibility | d. | fear and happiness |
20. Dr. Young says, "My client faced such severe traumas in her first five years of life that she blocked the memories from conscious recall. The result is that although she is 29 years old, and cannot remember her childhood." Dr. Young is describing the psychodynamic concept of ____.
a. | reaction formation | c. | resistance |
b. | transference | d. | repression |
21. According to the psychodynamic model, people use unconscious strategies to protect their egos from anxieties. The general term for these strategies is ____.
a. | defense mechanisms | c. | ego distortions |
b. | anti-anxiety mechanisms | d. | reaction formations |
22. Constance was instructed by her therapist to say whatever came to mind, even if it was illogical or embarrassing. Her therapist was using which psychodynamic technique?
a. | dream analysis | c. | resistance |
b. | free association | d. | catharsis |
23. After three sessions, Molly decides she is madly in love with Dr. Arnold. As a psychoanalyst, Dr. Arnold will most likely ____.
a. | ignore these feelings and continue with therapy |
b. | see this as a sign of other relationship issues in Molly’s life |
c. | encourage her feelings as a way to help her feel secure in her relationships |
d. | correct her mistaken impression and discontinue therapy |
24. Dr. Al-Suwaidi explains his clients' psychological problems by considering biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural explanations. He is using what the text refers to as the ____ model.
a. | multipath | c. | multicultural |
b. | biopsychosocial | d. | eclectic |
25. According to psychodynamic therapists, defense mechanisms ____.
a. | operate consciously | c. | are used only by neurotic people |
b. | protect individuals from anxiety | d. | provide a realistic perspective |
26. Which model of psychopathology considers unconscious influences to be the motivation for behavior?
a. | existential | c. | cognitive |
b. | psychodynamic | d. | humanistic |
27. Unlike traditional psychoanalysts, post-Freudians tend to ____.
a. | deemphasize instinctual drives as the cause of behavior |
b. | view all behavior as originating predominantly from conscious thought |
c. | deemphasize the importance of personal choice and future goals |
d. | feel that talking in therapy is a waste of time |
28. Which statement about short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy is accurate?
a. | It rejects the importance of childhood experience as a cause of adult disorder. |
b. | It is a cognitive approach used to understand family dynamics. |
c. | It involves exploration of past interpersonal relationships. |
d. | It employs a humanistic-existential set of concepts. |
29. Of the following, which client would be most likely to benefit from psychoanalysis?
a. | a poor person with limited verbal skills | c. | a rich anxious young woman |
b. | an older woman in immediate crisis | d. | a psychotic older man |
30. Dr. O'Brien says, "Psychodynamic theory has had a significant impact on psychology because it is based largely on observations in controlled conditions. Further, the theory emphasizes freedom of choice, and the therapy is effective with all disorders." Which part of Dr. O'Brien's statement is accurate?
a. | Psychodynamic therapy is effective with all disorders. |
b. | Psychoanalysis has had a significant impact on psychology. |
c. | Psychodynamic theory is based on observations in controlled conditions. |
d. | Psychodynamic theory emphasizes freedom of choice. |
31. Psychodynamic theory ____.
a. | is often considered to be the first gynocentric theory |
b. | used advanced research methodology for Freud’s time |
c. | can be applied to a wide range of disorders including schizophrenia |
d. | helps clients resolve childhood conflicts that affect current relationships |
32. A psychologist who sees a client's problems as caused by a lack of useful, productive behaviors and lack of consequences following inappropriate actions probably supports which model of psychopathology?
a. | existential | c. | behavioral |
b. | psychodynamic | d. | humanistic |
33. Dr. White says, "Psychopathology is learned through a person's interactions with his or her environment." Dr. White's statement reflects which psychological model?
a. | behavioral | c. | cognitive |
b. | psychodynamic | d. | biological |
34. Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning. What exactly is associated?
a. | internal models of the world and behavior |
b. | a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
c. | a behavior and its consequence |
d. | unconscious motivations and internal needs |
35. If a loud siren is sounded, any newborn infant will automatically scream. In classical conditioning terminology, the siren is a(n) ____.
a. | conditioned response | c. | unconditioned stimulus |
b. | unconditioned response | d. | conditioned stimulus |
36. Which statement about classical conditioning is accurate?
a. | It was first described by Edward Thorndike after observing the behavior of cats. |
b. | It assumes that behavior is entirely volitional and controlled by its consequences. |
c. | It can successfully explain most human behavior, including instincts and reflexes. |
d. | It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov when he was studying the digestive processes of dogs. |
37. In his original experiments, Pavlov paired a bell tone with the presentation of food. After a while, the bell tone alone could provoke salivation. When the bell provoked salivation, the ____.
a. | bell had become a conditioned stimulus |
b. | food had become a conditioned stimulus |
c. | animal had lost interest in the food |
d. | salivation had become an unconditioned response |
38. Which statement about classical conditioning is accurate?
a. | The conditioned response the automatic response to the UCS. |
b. | Classical conditioning does not occur unless the stimuli are reinforced. |
c. | A reliable pairing of the UCS and the UCR leads to learning. |
d. | Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses. |
39. Watson and Rayner's famous research in classical conditioning was designed to explain the development of ____.
a. | cognitive disorders | c. | phobias |
b. | neuroses | d. | depression |
40. Classical conditioning has been useful in the field of abnormal psychology primarily by ____.
a. | explaining the acquisition of phobias and other human behaviors |
b. | emphasizing the voluntary nature of most human behavior |
c. | exploring how abnormal behavior is learned through observation |
d. | demonstrating the importance of the consequences of behavior |
41. Erin has an exaggerated fear of flying. She refuses to board an airplane and avoids airports altogether. A behavioral therapist would be most likely to use ____ in treating her fear
a. | cognitive restructuring | c. | Gestalt approaches |
b. | systematic desensitization | d. | psychodynamic processing |
42. Unlike behaviors in classical conditioning, operant behaviors are ____.
a. | learned by observing others | c. | voluntary and controllable |
b. | unconscious | d. | instinctive |
43. Patty knows that if she cries, she will get her way. Paul knows that if he cries, he will be ignored. Which model of behavior suggests that Patty will increase her crying and Paul will decrease his crying?
a. | classical conditioning | c. | psychodynamic theory |
b. | operant conditioning | d. | observational learning |
44. Which quote is most similar to the theory of operant conditioning?
a. | "Emotions are a function of beliefs, not events." |
b. | "Emotions are the outgrowth of passive associations." |
c. | "Most of our behavior is motivated by unconscious factors." |
d. | "We do more of whatever behavior pays off." |
45. Which scenario best illustrates operant conditioning?
a. | A man gets sick when he smells the same kind of food that caused him food poisoning. |
b. | A man asks for a raise because, in the past, his requests have been successful. |
c. | A woman has been frightened by thunderstorms all her life and her fears are getting worse. |
d. | A child watches a friend steal from a store, so he thinks he might steal in the future. |
46. In classical conditioning, behaviors are controlled by events that ____ the response, whereas in operant conditioning, they are controlled by events that ____ the response.
a. | intensify; reduce | c. | precede; follow |
b. | follow; precede | d. | increase; decrease |
47. From an operant conditioning point of view, self-injurious behavior may be learned through the use of ____.
a. | reinforcement | c. | implosion |
b. | personalization | d. | modeling |
48. A kindergarten teacher wants to reduce the amount of aggressiveness children display in her class and on the playground. Using operant conditioning principles, the teacher should ____.
a. | use negative reinforcers to decrease the behavior |
b. | pair aggressiveness with some pleasant stimulus |
c. | eliminate the reinforcement associated with aggressiveness |
d. | encourage the children to get the aggressiveness out of their systems |
49. Which technique increases the frequency of a behavior because it removes or reduces an aversive (punishing) event?
a. | positive reinforcement | c. | negative reinforcement |
b. | vicarious conditioning | d. | modeling |
50. When Stanley is afraid of meeting a woman, he finds an excuse to run off by himself. The immediate effect of running away is to make him feel less anxious and more at ease. Stanley's behavior illustrates the ____.
a. | role of negative reinforcers in avoidance behavior |
b. | fact that shaping can result in maladjusted behavior |
c. | role of partial reinforcement in abnormal behavior |
d. | power of positive reinforcement |
51. Unlike operant or classical conditioning, in observational learning, ____.
a. | direct reinforcement is necessary to establish behavior |
b. | new behaviors can be learned solely by watching others |
c. | reinforcement must precede the person's action |
d. | reinforcers are not necessary to maintain a behavior |
52. One strength of the behavioral model is that it ____.
a. | emphasizes the impact of environment on behavior |
b. | is applied to explain intrapsychic conflict |
c. | is not restricted by adherence to scientific methodology |
d. | highlights the subjective life of the individual |
53. When John was growing up, he saw his older brother severely beaten by their father after the brother was caught drinking a beer. Since then, John has never had a beer in his life. What form of learning does this best illustrate?
a. | classical conditioning | c. | observational learning |
b. | instrumental learning | d. | operant conditioning |
54. Dr. Ansorg believes that her clients can acquire appropriate social skills by watching her interact with other people in a social setting. Dr. Ansorg assumes which paradigm of learning?
a. | classical conditioning | c. | operant conditioning |
b. | observational learning | d. | psychodynamic |
55. Mykael’s therapist says: "Your interpretation of the events in your life brings on your behaviors. If you can see yourself as less of a failure and more of a success, your behaviors will change." The therapist probably supports which approach to abnormal behavior?
a. | cognitive-behavioral | c. | psychodynamic |
b. | operant conditioning | d. | family systems |
56. The term irrational thoughts plays an important role in which model of psychopathology?
a. | family systems | c. | cognitive-behavioral |
b. | behavioral | d. | multicultural |
57. Cognitive-behavioral theorists emphasize that disturbed individuals ____.
a. | come from disturbed families |
b. | live in stressful environments |
c. | have irrational and maladaptive thoughts |
d. | are deficient in interpersonal skills |
58. Who developed the REBT theory of personality and irrational beliefs?
a. | Ellis | c. | Beck |
b. | Minuchin | d. | Satir |
59. Dr. Alcott makes the following statement about Janet's depression: "Your depression may be due to your misperception of this unfortunate situation and your tendency to blame yourself for events that are beyond your control. What we need to do is help you to recognize and modify your irrational beliefs." Dr. Alcott's comments are characteristic of the ____.
a. | behavioral model | c. | humanistic model |
b. | cognitive-behavioral model | d. | psychodynamic model |
60. Dr. Danvers is a firm believer in Ellis's REBT theory. Given that, what can we expect Dr. Danvers to say?
a. | "People are less troubled by their thoughts regarding the events in their lives than the actual events themselves." |
b. | "Belief that an event is unfortunate leads to a healthier consequence than belief that an event is a catastrophe." |
c. | "Our reactions are due to our learned associations and there is little we can do about them.” |
d. | "Depression is something you are most likely born with and can never really escape." |
61. Dr. Weinberg is a humanistically-oriented psychotherapist. Which comment about cognitive therapy is she most likely to make?
a. | "People have the ability to make free choices and they are responsible for their own decisions." |
b. | "Therapists who use the ABC-theory are too passive; they should be more like teachers than listeners." |
c. | "Cognitive therapists put too much emphasis on childhood experiences and not enough on choices one makes in life." |
d. | "Thoughts are not observable, so they have no place in science, which should only focus on behavior." |
62. Dr. Abdul explains to his students, "There are two key things to understand about this therapeutic approach. First, the best way to understand an individual's behavior is to see the world from that person's point of view. Second, people are able to make free choices in life." Which theoretical approach is Dr. Abdul discussing?
a. | psychodynamic | c. | cognitive |
b. | humanistic | d. | behavioral |
63. A major contribution of the humanistic perspective is its ____.
a. | insistence on rigorous empirical studies |
b. | primary focus on persons with serious disorders |
c. | positive view of the individual |
d. | emphasis on blocked instinctual forces |
64. Shelly says, "I think that everyone has an inherent tendency to strive toward their full potential. It shows in our creativity and delight in discovering new things." Shelly's thoughts illustrate ____.
a. | Maslow's term "self-actualization" |
b. | Thorndike's principle "the law of effect" |
c. | Freud's view of unconscious influences on our development |
d. | Ellis's concept of rational beliefs |
65. A mother says to her daughter, "I value you regardless of your behavior. I may disapprove of what you do, but I will still respect and love you." According to Rogers, this mother is ____.
a. | increasing the incongruence in the child's self-concept |
b. | expressing conditions of worth toward her daughter |
c. | providing unconditional positive regard |
d. | teaching the girl irrational beliefs |
66. According to Rogers, which aspect of a therapeutic relationship is most important?
a. | well-developed counseling techniques | c. | the therapist's attitude |
b. | interpretation of transference | d. | insight into the client's problems |
67. As a person-centered therapist, Dr. Finn wants his clients to discover their strengths and their full potential. As a result, Dr. Finn will most likely ____.
a. | provide unconditional positive regard and empathy to the client |
b. | make suggestions for ways his clients can increase their strength and potential |
c. | point out how his clients get in the way of developing their strength and potential |
d. | reinforce the behaviors his clients use that promote their strength and potential |
68. Which technique is most consistent with person-centered therapy?
a. | Express and communicate respect. |
b. | Tell a client how to think about a problem. |
c. | Help a client achieve insight into inner motivations and desires. |
d. | Recognize the connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
69. Humanistic therapists ____.
a. | emphasize the use of specific techniques in therapy |
b. | withhold unconditional positive regard when therapeutically useful |
c. | need limited training because it is their attitude that is paramount |
d. | believe that people are able to advance and grow on their own |
70. Tuyet-Hoa says, "I tend to focus on the individual and how that person can reach his or her full potential. I am optimistic that people can fulfill themselves when they are free of society's burdening expectations." Tuyet-Hoa's ideas sound most like ____.
a. | Ellis's A-B-C theory of personality | c. | humanistic thinking |
b. | Thorndike's "law of effect" | d. | existential thinking |
71. The humanistic approach has been most successful at ____.
a. | explaining the relationship between inheritance and stress |
b. | creating a coherent theory of behavior |
c. | describing the human condition |
d. | developing a scientific body of evidence for its concepts |
72. Joseph is a hardheaded scientist who puts high value on objective investigation and the clear definition of terms. The model of psychopathology he is most likely to value is ____.
a. | humanistic | c. | behavioral |
b. | psychoanalytical | d. | existential |
73. Which approach would be most likely to emphasize how other people, especially significant others, influence our behavior?
a. | family systems | c. | behavioral |
b. | existentialist | d. | cognitive |
74. The conjoint family therapeutic approach developed by Virginia Satir stresses ____.
a. | the importance of teaching message-sending and message-receiving skills to family members |
b. | the importance of shifting the balance of power from the identified patient to the entire family |
c. | that most family problems arise because family members are too involved with one another |
d. | that most family problems arise because family members are not sufficiently involved with one another |
75. Alicia and Isaac are planning to get married. Before they begin to make plans, they want to ensure that they can deal effectively with conflicts that might arise from being raised in very different cultures. Among the potential problems they might encounter are their respective roles in the relationship and how to communicate their feelings to each other. They would most likely seek out a therapist who specializes in ____.
a. | cognitive therapy | c. | couples therapy |
b. | behavioral therapy | d. | group therapy |
76. Anita's therapist suggests that she enter into a therapy group that the therapist is starting. Which feature is least likely to be a benefit Anita will experience from participating in group therapy?
a. | getting special attention from her therapist that she would not get in private sessions |
b. | developing new communication skills, social skills, and insights |
c. | becoming involved in a social situation so the therapist can observe Anita's behavior |
d. | getting strong social and emotional support from those with similar issues |
77. A psychologist who supports the multicultural model would most likely say that ____.
a. | some cultures value family identity more than individuality |
b. | Western cultures value "belongingness" over individualism |
c. | European American therapists ignore problems within the person |
d. | almost all non-Western cultures value individuality over collectivity |
78. Which of the following refers to a tendency to act quickly without careful thought?
a. carelessness
b. impulsivity
c. extroversion
d. foolishness
79. Sandy inherited a biological predisposition toward impulsive behavior. However, she grew up in a religious family, and has several close friends who help to moderate her behavior. Sandy has ____ that reduce her impulsive behavior.
a. safeguards
b. defense mechanisms
c. mitigating circumstances
d. protective factors
80. Many of the structures relevant to psychopathology are in the ____.
a. midbrain
b. hindbrain
c. forebrain
d. cerebral cortex
81. A key structure in the forebrain is the ____, which consists of layers of specialized nerve cells.
a. prefrontal cortex
b. cerebral cortex
c. parietal cortex
d. orbitofrontal cortex
82. What is the function of a neuron?
a. to transmit information to other nerve cells
b. to receive information from the body
c. to help make decisions and plan actions
d. to divide the brain into different regions
83. The prefrontal cortex, the region of the cerebral cortex responsible for ____, helps us manage our attention, behavior, and emotions so that we reach short-term and long-term goals.
a. all mental disorders
b. thought and planning
c. emotional processing
d. executive functioning
84. The limbic system is a group of deep brain structures associated with ____.
a. managing attention, behavior and emotion
b. the regulation of physical responses associated with emotional reactions
c. emotions, decision making, and the formation of memories
d. instincts, self-preservation, and survival
85. One role that the ____plays in the limbic system is to facilitate recall of our emotional memories and our response to potential threat.
a. hippocampus
b. amygdala
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary gland
86. Which brain structure helps us form, organize, and store memory?
a. the limbic system
b. the amygdala
c. the hippocampus
d. the hypothalamus
87. The autonomic nervous system regulates which functions in the brain?
a. automatic physical responses associated with emotional reactions
b. bodily drives, such as hunger, thirst, and the sexual response
c. balance, coordination, and motor control
d. control of attention, behavior, and thoughts
88. Which structure regulates bodily drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual response, and body conditions, such as body temperature and circadian rhythms, and plays a key role in our emotional reactions?
a. amygdala
b. pituitary gland
c. adrenal gland
d. hypothalamus
89. When stress or perceived threat triggers the HPA axis, the ____ stimulates the ____ to release hormones.
a. hypothalamus; autonomic nervous system
b. hypothalamus; pituitary gland
c. autonomic nervous system; pituitary gland
d. autonomic nervous system; limbic system
90. Our brains are composed of billions of neurons and trillions of ____, cells that perform a variety of supportive roles.
a. glia
b. dendrites
c. synapses
d. axons
91. What is the function of the neuron’s axon?
a. to receive signals from nearby cells and process them
b. to send signals to nearby cells as well as other parts of the body
c. to process signals in order to decode and understand them
d. to receive chemicals, called neurotransmitters from other cells
92. In the brain, myelination ____
a. deactivates neurotransmitters that have not been used
b. reabsorbs neurotransmitters once the axon has released them.
c. increases the efficiency of signal transmission
d. helps relay messages across the synapse
93. Some brain tissue called ____ primarily consists of nerve pathways, myelinated axons, and the supportive glia cells that surround them, whereas other tissue, called ____, consists of the cell bodies of neurons and glia.
a. white matter; gray matter
b. gray matter; white matter
c. forebrain; midbrain
d. midbrain; forebrain
94. Which process enables the brain to adjust to environmental circumstances or to compensate for injury?
a. neurotransmission
b. myelination
c. reputake
d. neuroplasticity
1. Compare and contrast the psychodynamic model and the humanistic model on the following issues: the origins of abnormal behavior, the role of conscious experience in everyday behavior, determinism, and methods of treatment.
2. Briefly describe the biological model of psychopathology. Be sure to include a discussion of brain structure and communication among brain structures and the role each may play in the development of psychological problems.
3. Imagine that a client from a non-European family comes to a psychological clinic for help. How would therapists endorsing a family systems approach see the person's problems differently than a multicultural psychologist? How might they see them similarly?