Chapter.18 Test Bank Answers Adaptive Specific Host Defenses

Chapter 18: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses

= Correct answer

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune system?
2. dendritic cells
3. eosinophils
4. lymphocytes
5. macrophages

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Antibodies are made up of which of the following?
2. carbohydrates
3. glycoproteins
4. lipids
5. nucleic acids

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which molecular fragment on an antigen molecule do antibodies recognize and respond to?
2. epitope
3. Fab region
4. Fc region
5. variable region

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. A molecule that is too small to be antigen is known as a(n) ________. These molecules are typically associated with ________.
2. adjuvant; allergies
3. adjuvant; viruses
4. hapten; allergies
5. hapten; viruses

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7

1. Which class of antibody is the most abundant in serum?
2. IgA
3. IgE
4. IgG
5. IgM

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which class of antibody provides protection against parasitic pathogens?
2. IgA
3. IgE
4. IgG
5. IgM

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. On an antibody, where do phagocytic cells bind during antibody-mediated opsonization?
2. disulfide bond
3. Fab region
4. Fc region
5. variable region

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which MHC class is mostly likely found on macrophages?
2. class I
3. class II
4. both class I and class II
5. neither class I nor class II

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which cells do not express MHCs?
2. erythrocytes
3. hepatocytes
4. intestinal epithelial cells
5. leukocytes

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which process describes the cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies so the kidney and spleen can filter them from the blood?
2. agglutination
3. complementation
4. neutralization
5. transformation

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

12. Which complement cascade begins with antibodies binding to a pathogen?

1. alternative only
2. classical only
3. lectin only
4. all three pathways (alternative, classic, and lectin)

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14

13. T cells mature in which location?

1. bone marrow
2. testes
3. thymus
4. thyroid

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

14. A cell that has been infected with an intracellular pathogen will be targeted for destruction by which type of lymphocyte?

1. B cell
2. CD4+ regulatory T cell
3. CD8+ cytotoxic T cell
4. plasma cell

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

15. Helper T cells are activated by which of the following?

1. MHC class I
2. MHC class II
3. either MHC class I or class II
4. both MHC class I and class II presenting the same antigen

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

16. Cytotoxic T cells are activated by which of the following?

1. MHC class I
2. MHC class II
3. either MHC class I or class II
4. both MHC class I and class II presenting the same antigen

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

17. Which bacterial pathogen species can produce superantigen to trigger toxic shock syndrome?

1. Escherichia
2. Listeria
3. Staphylococcus
4. Yersinia

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7, 14, 23

18. Which of the following is the primary function of B cells?

1. to activate T cells
2. to phagocytose pathogens
3. to produce antibodies
4. to target and destroy cells infected with an intracellular pathogen

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

19. After antigen presentation and activation, antibodies are produced and secreted by which cells?

1. CD4 T cells
2. memory T cells
3. naïve B cells
4. plasma cells

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

20. Which of the following is the term for activated B cells producing different antibody monomers with the same epitope specificity?

1. class switching
2. clonal expansion
3. cross presentation
4. VDJ arrangement

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

21. Which of the following statements is true?

1. In the secondary response to an antigen, higher levels of IgM will be detected in an individual’s serum.
2. In the secondary response to an antigen, lower levels of IgM will be detected in an individual’s serum.
3. The lag period following secondary exposure to an antigen is longer than the lag period following primary exposure.
4. The lag period following secondary exposure to an antigen is shorter than the lag period following primary exposure.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14

22. B cells mature in which location?

1. bone marrow
2. bulbourethral gland
3. thymus
4. thyroid

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

23. Which protein released by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells generates pores in target cells?

1. granzyme
2. hyaluronidase
3. perforin
4. phospholipase

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

24. TCRs recognize epitopes made of which type of molecule?

1. carbohydrates
2. lipopolysaccharide
3. nucleic acid
4. protein

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

25. Who is credited for the discovery of the concept of a vaccine through his work with cowpox and smallpox?

1. Alexander Fleming
2. Edward Jenner
3. Joseph Lister
4. Louis Pasteur

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

26. Who is credited for the discovery of the vaccine against cholera?

1. Alexander Fleming
2. Edward Jenner
3. Joseph Lister
4. Louis Pasteur

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14 23

27. Why was James Phipps (the boy who was purposely infected with cowpox) protected against smallpox?

1. Cowpox and smallpox are the same virus.
2. Cowpox is antigenically similar to smallpox.
3. He was also inoculated with B cells specific for smallpox when he was infected with cowpox.
4. Individuals need to be given a vaccine against only one type of virus to gain protection against all viruses.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

28. Vaccines are an example of which class of immunity?

1. active artificially acquired
2. active naturally acquired
3. passive artificially acquired
4. passive naturally acquired

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

29. Which vaccine would be most protective against diphtheria?

1. conjugate
2. inactivated
3. live attenuated
4. toxoid

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14, 23

30. Which vaccine would be most protective against the capsule-forming pathogen Neisseria meningitidis?

1. conjugate
2. inactivated
3. live attenuated
4. toxoid

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14, 23

True/False

1. The secondary immune response to the same antigen will result in less antibody production.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. An antigen can only have one epitope site.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. It is possible for two different antibodies to recognize the same antigen.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. Antibodies are ineffective against toxins.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. All nucleated cells can present antigens to trigger the adaptive immune response.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells can be activated by either MHC class I or cytokines from T_H1 cells.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. TCRs are secreted by T cells to target free-floating antigens.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. After exposure to a protein antigen, antibodies will be immediately detectable in an individual’s serum.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. Subunit vaccines do not provide protection against antigenic variation.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14, 15

1. IgM immunoglobulin can cross the blood-placental barrier and is important for natural passive immunity.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 7, 14

Matching

1. Match each subgroup to its distinguishing feature.

Answers: A. iii., B. iv., C. i., D. ii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Match the type of T cell to its proper description.

Answers: A. i., B. iv., C. ii., D. iii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Match the example to the type of immunity being acquired.

Answers: A. iii, B. ii, C. iv, D. i

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Match the class of vaccine to its proper description.

Answers: A. iii, B. i, C. iv, D. v, E. ii

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14, 23

Fill in the Blank

1. ________ involves the binding of antibodies to epitopes on the surface of viruses to inhibit attachment to host cells.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Antibodies consist of four protein chains held together by ________ bonds.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. ________ is the region that an antibody recognizes and binds to on an antigen.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. The ________ is a collection of molecules expressed on the surface of cells and that present antigens to activate T cells.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. ________ is when antigens normally presented with MHC II are presented on MHC I for CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. Granzymes are proteases made by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that enter pores generated by ________ to induce apoptosis.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. ________ are toxins that can induce a cytokine storm and can lead to toxic shock syndrome.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. ________ is a reduction in disease prevalence brought about when relatively few individuals in a population are susceptible to an infectious agent.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 31

1. In 10th century China, individuals were deliberately inoculated with infectious material from smallpox pustules. This type of inoculation is known as ________.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14, 31

1. ________ is the process of making a pathogen less virulent so it can be used as a vaccine.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7, 14

Short Answer

1. What is the difference between an antigen and a PAMP?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14

1. Briefly discuss the two primary characteristics of the adaptive immune system.

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Examine the figure shown below of a secreted glycoprotein.

1. What does this figure depict?
2. Identify each of the following on the diagram:
   1. Fab region
   2. Fc region
   3. disulfide bond location
   4. antigen-binding site
   5. complement protein-binding site

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Name the five functions of antibodies.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. What is opsonization?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. What are the similarities and differences between T-cell receptors (TCRs) and antibodies?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. One component of the adaptive immune system is the concept of tolerance. Immune cells should not recognize host (or self) antigens. What mechanisms are available to remove lymphocytes with receptors that do recognize self antigens?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. How is it possible for the immune system to produce receptors (i.e., TCRs, BCRs, antibodies) against a wide variety of antigens, especially when the immune system has not yet encountered them?

Sample

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14

1. How is a cytokine storm triggered?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 7, 14, 23

1. In terms of lymphocyte development, what is meant by clonal expansion?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. On the axes below, sketch the relative concentrations of IgM and IgG in serum after a primary and secondary response to the same antigen.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. How was the concept of a vaccine discovered and who discovered it?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 10, 14, 23

1. Against what type of pathogen should a conjugate vaccine be used?

Sample

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 7, 8, 14

1. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage to using live attenuated vaccines.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage to using subunit vaccines.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

Brief Essay

Essay Question Rubric

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.

1. Discuss the differences between T and B cells and their receptors.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Describe how an intracellular pathogen infecting a hepatocyte is targeted and eliminated via the adaptive immune system. Be sure to discuss all the lymphocytes involved.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Compare and contrast T-dependent and T-independent activation of B cells.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 8, 14

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