Ch.17 Full Test Bank Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses

Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses

= Correct answer

Multiple Choice

1. Which type of cells line the inner surface of blood vessels to prevent microbes from gaining access to blood?
2. ciliated epithelial cells
3. endothelial cells
4. keratinized squamous epithelial cells
5. squamous epithelial cells

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which of the following is not a type of cell junction?
2. centromere
3. desmosome
4. gap
5. tight

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which layer of the skin contains blood and lymph vessels?
2. dermis
3. epidermis
4. follicles
5. hypodermis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which cells produce and secrete mucus?
2. ciliated epithelial cells
3. goblet cells
4. keratinized squamous epithelial cells
5. Peyer’s patches

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which fungus causes rose gardener’s disease?
2. Candida albicans
3. Cryptococcus neoformans
4. Histoplasma capsulatum
5. Sporothrix schenckii

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which type of cells line the respiratory tract?
2. ciliated epithelial cells
3. endothelial cells
4. keratinized squamous epithelial cells
5. squamous epithelial cells

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. What is sebum?
2. a watery, salty liquid that inhibits bacterial growth
3. an oily substance released from sebaceous glands that contributes to defense
4. proteins that are involved in bacterial cell division
5. visible accumulation of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria at the site of infection

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. What is pus?
2. a watery, salty liquid that inhibits bacterial growth
3. an oily substance released from sebaceous glands that contributes to defense
4. proteins that are involved in bacterial cell division
5. visible accumulation of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria at the site of infection

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Which antimicrobial enzyme is found in saliva?
2. amylase
3. haptocorrin
4. lactoperoxidase
5. opiorphin

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Examine the diagram of peptidoglycan. Which bond (A–D) is targeted by lysozyme?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which chemical mediator is produced by lactobacilli in the female reproductive system and limits the growth of Candida?
2. glucagon
3. glycogen
4. lactate
5. lactoferrin

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which bacterium is able to invade sweat glands of the skin and can use lipase to degrade sebum?
2. Bacteroides
3. Propionibacterium
4. Staphylococcus
5. Streptococcus

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Defensins target which process or structure of a microbial cell?
2. cell membrane
3. cell wall
4. DNA synthesis
5. protein synthesis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Where are acute phase proteins produced?
2. bone marrow
3. liver
4. pancreas
5. spleen

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which is the best term to describe the process that occurs when an immune cell releases cytokines to nearby cells to trigger a response?
2. autocrine
3. endocrine
4. hormonal
5. paracrine

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which cytokine recruits leukocytes to sites of infections?
2. chemokine
3. histamine
4. interferons
5. interleukins

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which of the following describes the differentiation of stem cells into various blood cells?
2. autopoiesis
3. biopoiesis 
4. galactopoiesis
5. hematopoiesis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following leukocytes is an agranulocyte?
2. basophil
3. eosinophil 
4. monocyte
5. neutrophil

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which of the following leukocytes is used for protection against protozoa and helminths?
2. basophil
3. eosinophil 
4. monocyte
5. neutrophil

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Which of the following leukocytes initiates inflammation?
2. eosinophil
3. mast cell
4. monocyte
5. neutrophil

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Mast cells and basophils release which chemical moderator?
2. defensins
3. histamine
4. interferon
5. leukocidin

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Where are Kupffer cells found?
2. brain
3. liver
4. lung
5. peritoneal cavity

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14

1. Toll-like receptors are examples of which of the following?
2. NAMs
3. NKCs
4. PAMPs
5. PRRs

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which of the following is not recognized by toll-like receptors?
2. bacterial DNA
3. exotoxins
4. flagellin
5. peptidoglycan

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which of the following is the initial compartment a pathogen enters after being engulfed by a macrophage?
2. inclusion
3. lysosome
4. phagolysosome
5. phagosome

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following lists in the correct order the events of acute inflammation after tissue injury?
2. altered function, edema, pain, heat, erythema
3. erythema, edema, heat, pain, altered function
4. heat, pain, edema, erythema, altered function
5. heat, pain, erythema, altered function, edema,

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which statement is true?
2. Chronic inflammation is caused only by pathogens.
3. Granulomas are examples of chronic inflammation.
4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not cause granulomas.
5. Inflammation occurs only if a viral pathogen is present.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Which part of the brain controls body temperature?
2. brain stem
3. cerebellum
4. hypothalamus
5. thalamus

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is not a common component of neutrophil extracellular traps?
2. actin filaments
3. chromatin
4. gelatinase
5. lactoferrin

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14

1. Which of the following statements about LPS is false?
2. Only gram-negative bacteria have LPS.
3. LPS can stimulate fever in the host.
4. LPS is an endogenous pyrogen.
5. The lipid A component of LPS is the toxic component.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 8, 14, 23

True/False

1. In healthy individuals, the upper respiratory tract and lungs are sterile.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Propionibacterium acnes can use sebum as a food source.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. The normal pH of urine is 7.0.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. All cytokines are chemokines.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Serum is the liquid portion of blood without clotting factors.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Diapedesis occurs in arteries.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Immediately after injury, during acute inflammation, vasodilation occurs to deliver leukocytes to the site.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Phagocytic cells can clear granulomas caused by pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Angioedema is a disease that affects the complement system.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. In the crisis phase, fever is reduced by the hypothalamus stimulating vasoconstriction.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

Matching

1. Determine whether each feature listed below in A–E is a physical, chemical, or cellular aspect of the innate immune system. An answer may be used more than once.

Answers: A. iii., B. ii., C. i., D. ii., E. i.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. Match the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) to the body location where it is produced.

Answers: A. iii., B. i., C. ii., D. iv.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Match the mediator to its function.

Answers: A. i., B. ii., C. v., D. iv., E. iii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Examine the picture below. Match the leukocyte to its name.

Answers: A. i., B. ii., C. v., D. iv., E. iii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

Fill in the Blank

1. The ________ is the mechanism used to keep the lower portion of the respiratory tract sterile.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. The ________ of urine inhibits the growth of many microbes and potential pathogens in the urinary tract.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. ________ is the term for the muscular contractions of the digestive tract.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. ________ is an acute-phase protein involved in the formation of blood clots that trap pathogens.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 1

1. ________ is when the pathogen is coated to allow it to be phagocytosed by a macrophage.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. ________ are proteins that remain after phagocytosis of a pathogen and are presented on the surface of phagocytic cells to stimulate the adaptive immune response.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. ________ is the migration of leukocytes from blood vessels to tissues where pathogens are located.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. ________ are walled-off pockets of infected tissue surrounded by leukocytes in the lung tissue.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. A(n) ________ pyrogen is a molecule from a pathogen that triggers fever.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. ________ is a disease characterized by chronic edema due to blockage of the lymphatic system.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14, 23

Short Answer

1. Explain how skin acts as both a barrier and a portal of entry for pathogens.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. How does the microbiome act as a physical and chemical barrier of the innate immune system?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 12, 14, 23

1. Name the chemical mediators of the digestive system that eliminate pathogens in the locations listed below.

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. What is lactoferrin and what is its mode of action?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. How do interferons function?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. What does it mean to say that the function of a chemical, such as a cytokine, is autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. How is plasma different from serum and how is it collected?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. How is the membrane attack complex (MAC) formed?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Categorize each leukocyte in the list below into the appropriate categories in the table. Note that choices can be placed in more than one category.

• Basophil
• Eosinophil
• Mast cell
• Monocyte
• Neutrophil

Sample

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14

1. (a) Is a natural killer (NK) cell a granulocyte or agranulocyte? (b) How do NK cells recognize cells for destruction?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. What are the similarities and differences between macrophages and dendritic cells?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Give four examples of a PAMP.

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 7, 14, 23

1. How does the phagolysosome kill pathogens?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14

1. What causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Explain two benefits fever provides the body during an infection.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

Brief Essay

Essay Question Rubric

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.

1. You work in a health-care facility and have been asked to verify whether other workers are washing their hands properly. You set up an experiment in which you ask the workers to wash their hands with soap containing triclosan for 2 minutes total. You swab their hands every 30 seconds as they wash, transferring the swab to nutrient agar plates. The next day, you measure the CFUs from each plate. The data are shown below:

1. Prepare a graph of the average CFU over time.
2. Which layer of skin did you swab?
3. How does triclosan act as an antimicrobial agent?
4. Assuming that the workers properly washed their hands and that you properly conducted this work using aseptic technique, explain the results of this experiment.

Student answers will vary but should include components of the following.

(a)

(b) The layer of skin that was swabbed was the epidermis.

(c) Triclosan is a phenolic compound added to antimicrobial soaps. Triclosan blocks an enzyme in the bacterial fatty acid-biosynthesis pathway.

1. Bacteria are embedded in the outermost layers of skin. As handwashing occurs, we remove layers of skin, thus exposing the new layers of skin and the bacteria on them. This may explain why we see an initial increase in the number of bacteria, before it decreases.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 7, 14, 23, 28b, 29a

1. Answer the following questions:
2. What is colitis?
3. Name a bacterial pathogen that causes colitis.
4. Describe the bacterial pathogen (cell shape, cell envelope, oxygen requirements) that causes colitis.
5. How can colitis be treated using the microbiome?

Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. (a) Colitis is an inflammation of the colon or large intestine due to the overgrowth of nonresident bacteria. (b) One bacterium that can cause colitis is Clostridium difficile. (c) It is a rod-shaped, gram-negative, obligate anaerobe. (d) Fecal transplants can be used to re-introduce the normal microbiota back into the colon. Fecal samples are collected and the microbiota bacteria that are shed in feces are isolated and then implanted directly into the colon. The introduced microbiota can then recolonize the intestine and compete against C. difficile.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Answer the following questions about the classic complement cascade:
2. What aspect of the cascade is innate?
3. What aspect of the cascade is adaptive?
4. How is the cascade started?
5. What happens to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at the end of the cascade?

Student answers will vary but should include components of the following.

1. The classic complement cascade itself is considered innate in that it is not specific to any particular pathogen. It is able to target any pathogen.
2. The classic pathway is initiated by an antibody binding to the pathogen. Because antibodies are specific for antigens/pathogens, they are produced by the adaptive immune system.
3. The cascade begins by the antibody binding to the pathogen. This activates C1. C1 then activates C2 and C4. C2 and C4 then activate C3. The hydrolysis of C3 produces C3a and C3b. C3b attaches to the surface of the pathogen and recruits other complement proteins in a cascade (C5 through C9).
4. After the cascade has initiated, gram-positive bacteria will be opsonized and then phagocytosed by macrophages. Gram-negative bacteria will be lysed due to the cascade’s formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC).

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Describe what the innate immune system does after someone stabs their finger with a thorn contaminated with a bacterial pathogen.

Student answers will vary but should include components of the following.

After a break in the skin, vasoconstriction occurs. Mast cells release histamine. Histamine increases blood flow to the wound site. Increased vascular permeability allows fluid, complement proteins, and leukocytes to enter the infected tissue. The leukocytes will squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary vessels in a process known as diapedesis. The leukocytes will then follow the chemokines and complement proteins to the wound site. Once there, leukocytes will release chemicals or will perform phagocytosis to kill the bacterial pathogen.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

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