Chapter.19 Verified Test Bank Diseases Of The Immune System - Microbiology 1st Edition Test Bank with Answer Key by Nina Parker by Nina Parker. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 19: Diseases of the Immune System
= Correct answer
Multiple Choice
- An allergy is an example of which of the following?
A. a type I hypersensitivity
B. a type II hypersensitivity
C. a type III hypersensitivity
D. a type IV hypersensitivity
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- If someone were accidentally given blood of the wrong type, which of the following is likely to occur?
A. an autoimmune disorder
B. anaphylaxis
C. a hemolytic transfusion reaction
D. a type I hypersensitivity
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Granules in mast cells are released to the extracellular environment through which of the following processes?
A. an Arthus reaction
B. anaphylaxis
C. degranulation
D. the hemolytic response
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- The term immune tolerance means which of the following?
A. becoming sensitized with repeated exposures
B. developing autoimmune disease after repeated exposures
C. having an unusually weak immune response to common antigens
D. the ability to recognize self and prevent immune attack on one’s own cell
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Desensitization treatment is also known by which of the following terms?
A. allografting
B. autoimmunity
C. hyposensitization therapy
D. serum treatment
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- A granuloma is which of the following infections?
A. acute systemic infection
B. chronic local infection
C. chronic systemic infection
D. disseminated infection
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Rh factors are which of the following?
A. a type of T cell
B. important examples of immune cells
C. important RBC antigens
D. unimportant in blood transfusions
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Serum sickness is which of the following?
A. systemic type I hypersensitivity
B. systemic type II hypersensitivity
C. systemic type III hypersensitivity
D. systemic type IV hypersensitivity
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following types of transplants has the lowest risk of rejection?
A. allograft
B. autograft
C. isograft
D. xenograft
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following types of infection is most common in an individual with X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
A. infections associated with autoimmune inflammations
B. infections caused by extracellular, pyogenic pathogens
C. infections caused by intracellular pathogens
D. viral infections
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- In some cases, transplanted tissue (such as bone marrow) can produce cytotoxic T cells that attack the host cells of the recipient. Which of the following describes such an attack?
A. a hemolytic transfusion reaction
B. an autograft reaction
C. graft versus host disease
D. transplant rejection
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following is an advantage of using vaccines instead of antibacterial sera, such as the diphtheria antitoxin?
A. Antitoxins are less likely to cause type I hypersensitivity.
B. Antitoxins are more likely to cause the disease they are intended to treat.
C. Vaccines are less likely to cause systemic type III hypersensitivity.
D. Vaccines are less likely to cause type II hypersensitivity.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following is an example of a CD4 Th1-mediated reaction?
A. anaphylactic reaction
B. chronic asthma
C. delayed type hypersensitivity
D. transplant rejection
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Contact dermatitis is an example of which of the following?
A. CD4 TH1-mediated reaction
B. CD4 TH2-mediated reaction
C. type of serum sickness
D. underdeveloped immune response
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- When serum sickness occurs, the immune complexes are removed by which of the following?
A. antigenic cells
B. phagocytic cells
C. the major histocompatibility complex
D. transplanted tissues
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following describes what happens when someone has a reaction to poison ivy?
A. The antigen circulates in the blood, causing a systemic response, such as serum sickness.
B. The antigen remains on the surface of cells, where it is picked up by macrophages.
C. The individual’s cells absorb the antigen and are then targeted by CTLs, which induce apoptosis.
D. The individual’s cells resist the antigen, which is cleared from the cell surfaces by antibodies.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Tissue damage caused by delayed type hypersensitivities is largely the result of which of the following?
A. activated macrophages
B. antibodies
C. direct attack by sensitized memory TH1 cells
D. reactions involving CD4 TH2 cells
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- An individual’s first exposure to an antigen capable of eliciting a type I hypersensitivity initially causes which of the following responses?
A. a response by TH1 cells
B. a response by TH2 cells
C. cross-linking of IgE
D. the release of leukotrienes
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- The regions of IgE antibodies capable of binding to specific mast cell receptors are called which of the following?
A. activated regions
B. fragment crystallizable regions
C. histamine regions
D. tumor necrosis factor binding sites
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- During degranulation, which of the following occurs?
A. Antigen-binding sites attach to granules in cells.
B. Antigens are released into the plasma.
C. Cytotoxic T cells are released.
D. Mast cells release granules containing histamine and other preformed components.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Degranulation results in the release of which of the following?
A. bradykinin only
B. bradykinin, histamine, and serotonin only
C. bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines
D. prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and IgE
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- When people take antihistamines, they are most likely trying to treat which of the following symptoms?
A. itching, headache, and reduced tear production
B. pruritus, sneezing, watery eyes, and runny nose
C. redness and swelling associated with an infection
D. vomiting and nausea
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Histamine and serotonin can stimulate which of the following?
A. constipation
B. decreased vascular permeability
C. vasoconstriction
D. vomiting
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following are the symptoms of a localized type I hypersensitivity reaction?
A. asthma only
B. asthma, hay fever rhinitis, and hives
C. constriction of respiratory passages
D. vasodilation and hypotension
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following symptoms distinguish anaphylaxis from milder type I hypersensitivity reactions?
A. hypertension, blockage of airways, and risk of death
B. hypotension, blockage of airways, shock, and risk of death
C. massive tissue damage from cytotoxic reactions with risk of death
D. pruritus and rhinitis
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- The A and B antigens on the surface of blood cells are which of the following?
A. carbohydrates
B. glycoproteins
C. lipids
D. proteins
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Severe bronchiole constriction during an allergic reaction can potentially cause which of the following?
A. cyanosis
B. pruritus
C. vasoconstriction
D. vasodilation
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following is one possible adaptive reason for type I hypersensitivities?
A. They may be required for “test runs” of the immune response so that it is prepared to fight pathogens when needed.
B. They may have evolved as a response to helminth infections.
C. They may have evolved to increase the risk of adaptive allergic reactions.
D. They may have so much overlap with other hypersensitivities that adaptive benefits for those other hypersensitivities promote type I hypersensitivities.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- According to current naming conventions, blood-group antigens are named using which of the following?
A. a systematic approach involving the assignment of a number and classification within a particular group (i.e., a collection, group, or series)
B. a systematic approach involving the history of the discovery of the group
C. the name of the person responsible for producing antibodies that target the blood-group antigens
D. the name of the person who identified the blood-group antigens
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- During a hemolytic transfusion reaction, which of the following occurs?
A. Antibodies from the transfused cells attack the recipient’s cells and cause them to lyse.
B. Antigens on the transfused cells are recognized by IgA and IgE and are destroyed.
C. Antigens on the transfused cells are recognized by IgG and IgM and are destroyed.
D. Antigens on the transfused cells spontaneously trigger lysis when exposed to the recipient’s blood.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Individuals who have type AB blood have a genotype with which of the following?
A. one A allele and one B allele
B. one AB allele and one O allele
C. the dominant AB allele
D. two recessive AB alleles
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Individuals with type O blood have which of the following?
A. modified A or B glycoprotein antigens on the surface of their blood cells that are unable to trigger an immune response
B. neither A nor B glycoprotein antigens on the surface of their blood cells
C. no glycoprotein antigens on the surface of their blood cells
D. the O glycoprotein antigen only on the surface of their blood cells
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- The antibodies that respond to blood-group antigens are which of the following?
A. antibodies produced from a combination of sources and called isohemagglutinins
B. IgA antibodies called isohemagglutinins
C. IgE antibodies called isohemagglutinins
D. IgM antibodies called isohemagglutinins
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following happens last during the series of inflammatory events triggered by the accumulation of immune complexes in a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
A. C3a and C5a are produced.
B. Complement activation occurs.
C. IgG binds to antibody receptors.
D. Neutrophil and macrophage recruitment occurs.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be either a type III or a type IV hypersensitivity depending upon which of the following?
A. whether an environmental cause is present over the short or long term
B. whether an environmental or occupational cause is present
C. whether immune complexes develop and mediate the response
D. whether there is a different response with subsequent exposures
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which of the following hypothetical statements would not be predicted by the hygiene hypothesis?
A. Children in smaller families are more likely to have autoimmune diseases.
B. Children who attend daycare have a lower risk of allergies than those who stay home until they reach school age.
C. Exposure to cleaning chemicals results in greater allergy risk.
D. Living on a farm is associated with reduced risk of hay fever.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: 23
- Which of the following describes why it is possible that type I hypersensitivities result from an adaptation against helminth infection?
A. Helminths are unusual parasites because they are targeted by IgE and most parasites are not.
B. Helminths can trigger a type I hypersensitivity, so individuals who have these hypersensitivities are also less susceptible to helminth infections.
C. Repeated exposure to helminths reduces the effectiveness of IgE in responding to other infections.
D. Repeated type I hypersensitivity reactions reduce the risk of helminth infection.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
True/False
- Mechanisms are in place so that hemolytic transfusion reactions no longer occur.
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Serum sickness is another term for systemic type III hypersensitivity.
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be a type III or type IV hypersensitivity, depending on whether immune complexes accumulate.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- IgE only responds to cell-bound antigens.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Clonal proliferation in a type I hypersensitivity reaction results from the release of cytokines from TH2 cells.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Systemic anaphylaxis is a type I hypersensitivity caused by the release of cytokines by TH1 cells.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- IgE molecules have three Fab sites to which allergens can bind.
Difficulty: N/A
ASM Standard: Difficult
- Opsonization of red blood cells occurs after phagocytosis.
Difficulty: NA
ASM Standard: Difficult
- The production of IgE-secreting plasma cells can be triggered by interleukin-4.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Angioedema is caused by vasoconstriction following release of chemical mediators during a type I hypersensitivity reaction.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
Matching
- Match each chemical mediator with the best description of its effects.
A. heparin | i. causes increased mucus and tear formation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth-muscle contraction |
B. histamine | ii. stimulates bradykinin production |
C. serotonin | iii. causes inflammation and cytokine production |
D. TNF-α | iv. causes vasodilation, smooth-muscle contraction, and increased vascular permeability |
Answers: A. ii, B. i, C. iv, D. iii
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Match each type of transplant with its best definition.
A. allograft | i. transplanting tissue from an animal to a human |
B. autograft | ii. transplanting tissue from one individual (not an identical twin) to another of the same species |
C. isograft | iii. transplanting tissue from an individual back to that individual |
D. xenograft | iv. transplanting tissue from one identical twin to another |
Answers: A. ii B. iii, C. iv, D. i
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Match each type of hypersensitivity with its best definition.
A. type I hypersensitivity | i. involves IgG, IgM, and IgA |
B. type II hypersensitivity | ii. involves the reaction of IgE with soluble antigen; mast-cell degranulation occurs |
C. type III hypersensitivity | iii. involves the reaction of IgG and IgM antibodies with cellular antigens, resulting in cell damage |
D. type IV hypersensitivity | iv. mediated by T cells |
Answers: A. ii, B. iii, C. i, D. iv
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Match each autoimmune disease with its best description.
A. Addison disease | i. causes damage to the adrenal gland; possible symptoms include weakness, hypotension, fatigue, and kidney failure |
B. multiple sclerosis | ii. causes damage to the pancreas; possible symptoms include hyperglycemia, weight loss, excessive urination, and fatigue |
C. psoriasis | iii. causes damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve cells; possible symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness, and problems with memory |
D. systemic lupus erythematosus | iv. epidermal cell turnover is excessive; itchy and sore skin patches develop |
E. type I diabetes mellitus | v. associated with the production of autoantibodies against cytoplasmic and nuclear molecules, and with tissue damage and inflammation |
Answers: A. i, B. iii, C. iv, D. v, E. ii
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Match the primary immunodeficiency with the best description.
A. chronic granulomatous disease | i. because bacteria within phagolysosomes are not effectively killed, infections and granulomas develop |
B. selective IgA deficiency | ii. results in lack of IgA, causing increased risk of infections in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract |
C. severe combined immunodeficiency disease | iii. caused by deficient immune responses (both cell mediated and humoral), resulting in susceptibility to severe infections |
D. X-linked agammaglobulinemia | iv. because B cells do not fully mature and differentiate, recurrent, generally pyogenic, infections occur |
Answers: A. i, B. ii, C. iii, D. iv
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Match the type IV hypersensitivity with its effector type.
A. chronic asthma | i. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–mediated reactions occur. |
B. contact dermatitis | ii. Eosinophils release cytokines and chemicals that promote inflammation. |
C. tissue transplant reaction | iii. An inflammatory response is caused by macrophages, which also damage tissue. |
D. tuberculin reaction | iv. can be caused by either an inflammatory response caused by macrophages or by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–mediated reactions |
Answers: A. ii, B. iv, C. i, D. iii
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
Fill in the Blank
- In ________, a systemic allergic reaction causes symptoms such as hypotension, shock, nausea, vomiting, hives, and swelling of the throat.
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- When a self-antigen causes a type II hypersensitivity reaction, the reaction can be described as a(n) ________ disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- When a prick puncture skin test or intradermal test is performed to test for allergies, a positive response is indicated by a(n) ________ reaction.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Although they may be measured during diagnosis, measurement of serum ________ levels is not sufficient to confirm allergic disease.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- A common treatment for insect venom allergies is ________therapy.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- When individuals are treated using allergy shots (i.e., injections of allergen), IgG antibodies are produced that can act as ________.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- The first treatment for life-threatening anaphylaxis is an injection of ________.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Rh− mothers who carry Rh+ fetuses and who then become pregnant with another Rh+ fetus are given injections of ________ during the 28th week of pregnancy and after delivery.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- TSH-receptor antibody (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin) is produced by individuals with ________.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- The production of antibodies that target acetylcholine receptors causes ________, resulting in muscle weakness that can be severe and life threatening.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
Short Answer
- Which type of hypersensitivity is systemic lupus erythematosus?
Sample
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Why would someone use a Mantoux test?
Sample
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- What triggers allergy-induced asthma?
Sample
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which hypothesis suggests that normal exposure to antigens is important in developing a healthy immune response and reducing the risk of allergies?
Sample
Difficulty: Easy
ASM Standard: N/A
- What do immunohematologists study?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- How does the ABO blood group system show codominance?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- What types of symptoms occur if someone is accidentally given a transfusion with the wrong blood type?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Hospitals have systems in place to prevent incompatible blood transfusions. What are these systems called?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which type of reaction occurs when someone is exposed to poison ivy?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- What type(s) of hypersensitivity cause cheese handler’s disease?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which type of cells are involved in type IV hypersensitivities?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Which types of treatments are common for mild type I hypersensitivities?
Sample
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- The detection of which antibodies can help in the diagnosis of celiac disease?
Sample
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Why does SLE affect so many different organ systems?
Sample
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Why is a positive ANA test insufficient to make a lupus diagnosis?
Sample
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
Brief Essay
Essay Question Rubric
RATING | Failing | Below Average | Competent | Advanced |
Criteria for evaluation | Answer does not provide an argument. Answer contains inaccuracies. Writing is poor and contains numerous grammatical mistakes and misspellings. | Answer fails to provide examples to support an argument. Writing is poor and grammatical errors are common. Answer is somewhat incoherent. | Answer provides an argument with one or two examples that support it. Writing is acceptable for the college level but may contain one or two grammatical mistakes or misspellings. | Answer clearly provides an argument with two or more excellent examples that support it; student makes the argument clearly and eloquently. Answer is well organized and free of grammatical errors and misspellings. |
POINT VALUE | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.
- Explain how an individual’s first and subsequent exposures to an allergen differ by describing how the immune system responds to exposure.
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- How is an antinuclear antibody test helpful in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus? Why is this test insufficient for the diagnosis?
Difficulty: Moderate
ASM Standard: N/A
- Why does IgA deficiency result in increased risk of lung and gastrointestinal infections? In your answer, include a discussion of the normal role of IgA.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: N/A
- Explain how normal exposures to microbes relate to the “hygiene hypothesis.” Provide examples of evidence. Make sure to explain how people are exposed to microbes in everyday life and through the normal human microbiota.
Difficulty: Difficult
ASM Standard: 7
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Microbiology 1st Edition Test Bank with Answer Key by Nina Parker
By Nina Parker