Chapter.16 Test Bank Disease And Epidemiology

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology

= Correct answer

Multiple Choice

1. Which term refers to the study of the geographic distribution of disease and its transmission?
2. epidemiology
3. etiology
4. morbidology
5. pathology

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which term refers to the study of the cause of disease?
2. epidemiology
3. etiology
4. morbidology
5. pathology

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Tetanus, which is caused by Clostridium tetani, is an example of which type of disease?
2. endemic
3. epidemic
4. pandemic
5. sporadic

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Malarial disease in Brazil is an example of which type of disease?
2. endemic
3. epidemic
4. pandemic
5. sporadic

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Examine the map below. The color distribution on the map is best described as which type of disease?

1. endemic
2. epidemic
3. pandemic
4. sporadic

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Robert Koch was the first to conclusively determine the causative agent of which disease?
2. anthrax
3. gonorrhea
4. syphilis
5. tuberculosis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following most specifically describes a notifiable disease?
2. any disease caused by a prion
3. any disease of public health importance
4. any disease that is highly infectious
5. any disease with a high ID₅₀

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is not a notifiable disease?
2. giardiasis
3. gonorrhea
4. MRSA
5. Zika

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. John Snow developed a detailed map (the “ghost map”) to investigate the etiology of which disease?
2. anthrax
3. botulism
4. cholera
5. listeriosis

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is not an example of evidence used by John Snow to determine that cholera was being transmitted by water in London in the 1800s?
2. a high frequency of cholera cases located near a water pump on Broad Street
3. beer workers not contracting cholera because they drank beer rather than water
4. microscopic examination of water
5. waste and sewage being dumped into the Thames River

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which researcher required that surgeons should use a 5% carbolic acid solution to clean surgical tools as a way to prevent the spread of disease?
2. Alexander Fleming
3. Robert Koch
4. Joseph Lister
5. John Snow

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Which type of studies gathers data from past cases to study present-day cases?
2. descriptive
3. experimental
4. perspective
5. retrospective

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. You are hired as an epidemiologist for the following study. You wish to determine if potato salad, served at a local farmer’s market a month ago, caused an outbreak of a food-borne illness. You specifically interview individuals who had eaten potato salad and developed the illness, as well as individuals who ate the potato salad and did not develop illness.

Based on this description, which type of study was conducted?

1. case-control
2. cohort method
3. cross-sectional
4. experimental

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. You wish to determine if a new drug can cure individuals with colds caused by rhinoviruses. You invite 50 individuals to participate in the study. Using a double-blind approach, 25 individuals get a sugar pill and 25 get the test drug. Based on this description, which type of study was conducted?
2. case-control
3. cohort method
4. cross-sectional
5. experimental

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Florence Nightingale’s 1958 book included graphs showing that many casualties she observed were due to which of the following?
2. helminths contracted on the battlefield
3. preventable infectious diseases
4. prions
5. wounds sustained in combat action

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. How long does rhinovirus survive outside physiological fluids?
2. Less than a day
3. Up to 48 hours
4. Up to 72 hours
5. Up to 1 week

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Mary Mallon, aka Typhoid Mary, was which type of carrier?
2. asymptomatic
3. passive
4. transient
5. zoonotic

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Who traced the typhoid outbreak of 1900–1915 to Mary Mallon?
2. Edward Jenner
3. Robert Koch
4. John Snow
5. George Soper

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, can pass through the blood-placenta barrier to infect a fetus. This type of transmission to the fetus is known as which of the following?
2. droplet
3. horizontal direct contact
4. indirect contact
5. vertical direct contact

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Sexually transmitted diseases between sexually active partners are most commonly transmitted by which method?
2. fomites
3. horizontal direct contact
4. vehicles
5. vertical direct contact

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is not a fomite?
2. catheter
3. nurse
4. scalpel
5. syringe

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Tuberculosis is typically transmitted via which of the following?
2. air
3. food
4. sexual activity
5. water

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. A fruit fly lands on cow feces and then flies over to a bowl of watermelon being served at a farm picnic. The fruit fly in this example is which of the following?
2. biological vector
3. fomite
4. mechanical vector
5. vehicle

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Infected fleas that have the bacterium Yersinia pestis growing inside them are able to transmit plague. In this case, the infected fleas are best described as which of the following?
2. biological vectors
3. fomites
4. mechanical vectors
5. vehicles

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which agency monitors notifiable diseases in the United States?
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3. Environmental Protection Agency
4. Food and Drug Administration
5. Homeland Security

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. SARS first occurred in ________, before becoming a(n) ________ disease. Choose the correct pair from the following.
2. China, endemic
3. China, pandemic
4. Ireland, endemic
5. Ireland, pandemic

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which is the transmission mechanism for West Nile Virus?
2. body-fluid contact
3. droplets
4. fomite
5. vector

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. The tsetse fly transmits which disease?
2. African sleeping sickness
3. leishmaniasis
4. malaria
5. typhus

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Which of the following is true about modern emerging diseases?
2. Malaria is an example of an emerging disease.
3. They are diseases that increase in frequency after a period of decline.
4. They are diseases that the WHO has classified as being poorly understood.
5. They occur in both developing and developed countries.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 3, 23

1. Which of the following statements about quarantine is false?
2. Patients may be released from quarantine if preventive treatment can be administered.
3. Public health authorities can quarantine patients for any diseases.
4. Quarantine facilities can be equipped with special air-handling methods such as HEPA filters.
5. Quarantine times depend on the incubation period of the disease.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 14, 23

True/False

1. The prevalence of HIV is generally higher than its incidence.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Etiology is the study of the transmission of diseases.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. All etiologic agents are pathogens.

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 23

1. Nosocomial infections can be acquired in hospital settings.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. In the 1800s, nosocomial diseases were prevalent.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. In experimental epidemiological studies, study subjects are manipulated in some manner.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 28

1. Humans can be reservoirs for pathogens.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. An individual with human papillomavirus (HPV) who has genital warts can transmit HPV to their partner via kissing on the lips.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. The WHO only monitors the prevalence of infectious diseases around the world.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 31

1. Lyme disease is more prevalent in the northern hemisphere.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

Matching

1. Match the outbreak to its proper description.

Answers: A. iii., B. ii., C. iv., D. i.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Match the disease to the most appropriate description, choosing the best option for each disease to use each term once.

Answers: A. ii., B. iii., C. iv., D. i.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Match the type of spread to the best description.

Answers: A. i., B. ii., C. v., D. iv., E. iii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Match the pathogen to the disease it causes.

Answers: A. ii., B. iii., C. v., D. i., E. iv.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

Fill in the Blank

1. Of 100,000 individuals exposed to a particular bacterial pathogen, 500 develop disease. Of the 500 individuals who develop the disease, 100 die. The morbidity rate is ________ cases per 100,000 people.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Of 100,000 individuals exposed to a particular bacterial pathogen, 500 develop disease. Of the 500 individuals who develop the disease, 100 die. The mortality rate is ________ per 100,000 people.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. John Snow’s work on cholera showed that a water pump on Broad Street served as a ________ for the spread of infectious disease.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. Joseph Lister required surgeons to use ________ when washing hands and cleaning surgical tools as a means of reducing nosocomial infections.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. ________ epidemiological studies are ones in which data are gathered from study participants through measurements.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 28, 31

1. A health-care provider who does not have signs or symptoms of disease and is not infected but transmits a pathogen from one patient to another is said to be a(n) ________ carrier.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. During a parasitic pathogen’s lifecycle, it reaches sexual maturity in the ________ host.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. Transmission of pathogens via water, food, and/or air is known as ________ transmission.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 20, 23

1. A ________ is used to isolate infected individuals to prevent further transmission of a particular pathogen.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. An infectious disease that caused a pandemic in western Africa in 2014–2015 is ________.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

Short Answer

1. What does the field of epidemiology cover?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Morbidity is dependent upon what two aspects of a disease?

Sample

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 23

1. What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. What information is reported in the CDC’s MMWR?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 31

1. What does it mean to say that a disease is spread from a point source?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. What is the difference between intermittent common-source spread and propagated spread of disease?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. What is the difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiological studies?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 28, 31, 38

1. What is a cross-sectional observational study?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 28

1. What is a double-blind study?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 28

1. During which periods of disease progression can an active carrier transmit disease?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. While aboard a cruise ship, 10 passengers report having muscle pains, chills, and fever. They all drank from a water fountain located at the stern on the second floor of the ship. You immediately suspect they have Legionnaires disease. This disease is most commonly caused by Legionella pneumophila, which is normally found living within amoebae. From this scenario, identify the reservoir and source of L. pneumophila.

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. Give an example of a way that a disease can be acquired through horizontal direct-contact transmission.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 23

1. What is the difference between mechanical and biological vectors?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 14, 23

1. How is the overuse of antibiotics contributing to the reemergence of some infectious diseases?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 3, 23

1. What is the definition of a nosocomial disease?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: NA

Brief Essay

Essay Question Rubric

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points

1. John Snow is considered the “father of epidemiology.”
2. Why is he considered to be the father of epidemiology instead of Robert Koch?
3. What etiological agent did John Snow determine?
4. How does this agent cause disease?
5. What was the reservoir and source of the agent?

Sample

Difficulty: Hard

ASM Standard: 23

1. You wish to determine whether a probiotic pill protects individuals against food-borne illnesses. Explain how you would develop a hypothetical, observational prospective cohort study to see if this is true. (You can assume that you already have clearance from your institution for this study involving human subjects.)

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 28

1. Please note this question has two parts, A and B.

You are working for the CDC when a report comes in that individuals on a camping trip have acquired Lyme disease. You are told all the patients have fever, chills, headaches, and muscle aches. They all have a rash (see below). The graph below shows the number of cases of Lyme disease occurring over 20 years.

(credit “photo”: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

1. Based on the information provided, briefly describe Lyme Disease. Your essay should discuss the following:
2. What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
3. How is Lyme disease transmitted (i.e., is it person-to person, contact, vehicle, or vector transmission)?
4. Identify the sign(s) the patients are presenting for Lyme disease.
5. Identify the symptom(s) the patients are presenting for Lyme disease.
6. Is Lyme disease an emerging or re-emerging disease? Be sure to explain why or why not, based on the data presented in the graph.

When you arrive at the hospital where the campers are being cared for, you wish to set up an epidemiological study to determine where the outbreak of Lyme disease is occurring. The campers have been going around to different campsites for the past 2 weeks and they are unsure when they first began to feel unwell.

1. Discuss how you would set up an observational epidemiological study to determine where the campers may have acquired Lyme disease. Be sure to explain what type of observational study you would choose (i.e., retrospective or prospective) and why. What information would you want to collect to answer your question?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 28

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