Chapter 9: Processing and Sentencing of Female Offenders

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following suggests that women receive preferential treatment by the justice system?

A. Chivalry hypothesis

B. Rehabilitative hypothesis

C. Evil woman hypothesis

D. Good woman hypothesis

2. Under which of the following are women punished for breaking socialized norms of gender-role expectations?

A. Chivalry hypothesis

B. Rehabilitative hypothesis

C. Evil woman hypothesis

D. Good woman hypothesis

3. Police generally make contact with boys over criminal offenses, such as ______.

A. drug distribution

B. running away

C. curfew

D. truancy

4. Which of the following are the most important factors impacting pretrial charging decisions?

A. Gender and crime seriousness

B. Race and gender

C. Criminal history

D. Criminal history and gender

5. Who of the following are more likely to benefit from chivalrous treatment by the police?

A. Older Caucasian women

B. Older Hispanic women

C. Older Asian American women

D. Older African American women

6. Which of the following influences whether a defendant will be detained during the pretrial stages or receive charge reductions and leniency in sentencing?

A. Age and offense type

B. Race and criminal history

C. Offense type and criminal history

D. Criminal history and age

7. Differences between the incarceration rates of White women and women of color may be based on which of the following instead of race?

A. Sexism

B. Economics

C. Age

D. Politics

8. Which of the following is at greatest risk for arrest and imprisonment?

A. Drug users

B. Drug pushers

C. Drug traffickers

D. Drug cartel members

9. The Fair Sentencing Act reduced the disparity between sentences for cocaine and crack cocaine to ______.

A. 100:1

B. 48:1

C. 18:1

D. 6:1

10. There is a rise in the use of which of the following among women?

A. Crack cocaine

B. Inhalants

C. Meth

D. Marijuana

11. Which of the following is an example of an extralegal factor?

A. Presence of trauma

B. Laws

C. Sentencing guidelines

D. Crime rates

12. In what year were the federal sentencing guidelines enacted?

A. 1978

B. 1984

C. 1987

D. 1992

13. All of the following are mediating factor allowed by the federal sentencing guidelines EXCEPT for _____.

A. ties to the community

B. offense type

C. presence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances

D. criminal history

14. In which of the following states did the consideration of children as a mitigating factor produce an indirect effect for preferential treatment of women?

A. Minnesota

B. Ohio

C. Pennsylvania

D. Louisiana

15. In which of the following states did increase judicial discretion and the use of broad sentencing ranges lead to decreases in racial disparity?

A. Minnesota

B. Ohio

C. Pennsylvania

D. Louisiana

16. All of the following are criticisms of gender-neutral sentencing EXCEPT for _____.

A. guidelines negatively impact women

B. unique needs of women are not considered

C. lead to increased sentences for men and women

D. may leader to proportional sentencing

17. Which of the following is an important factor affecting sentencing decisions in China?

A. Age

B. Family support

C. Race

D. Behavior before the court

18. In which of the following does a greater level of gender equality in general lead to no preferential treatment for women?

A. China

B. South Korea

C. Finland

D. Australia

19. In which of the following does history and politics serve as extralegal factors in sentencing?

A. China

B. South Korea

C. Finland

D. Australia

20. Mandatory arrest polices for which of the following led to an increase in arrests for girls?

A. Drug crimes

B. Property crimes

C. Intimate Partner Abuse

D. Prostitution

21. Between 2000 and 2009, the incarceration rates for White women increased by ______%.

A. 30

B. 45

C. 47

D. 56

22. Between 2000 and 2009, the incarceration rates for Black women declined ______%.

A. 31

B. 42

C. 45

D. 52

23. Which of the following was noted as increasing the likelihood of pretrial release for women?

A. Being married

B. Ability to hire private attorney

C. Successful program completion

D. Violent crime

24. Koons-Witt (2006) found that which of the following extralegal factors impacted judicial sentencing decisions before and after the implementation of sentencing guidelines?

A. Employment

B. Completion of a drug treatment program

C. Having dependent children

D. Presence of trauma

25. China has been a long-standing proponent of ______ women in general.

A. paternalism towards

B. equality for

C. leadership opportunities for

D. liberties for

26. In which of the following countries are women expected to demonstrate a submissive and apologetic demeanor towards the judge?

A. China

B. Australia

C. South Korea

D. Taiwan

27. _____ ha a significant impact on how cases are disposed of by the courts.

A. Age

B. Gender

C. Education

D. Race

28. Historically, _____ women have been punished more harshly than White women.

A. Hispanic

B. Asian American

C. Native American

D. African American

29. Research has found that _____ can also influence the length of a prison sentence for women of color.

A. height

B. hair color

C. skin tone

D. weight

30. The first involvement of the criminal justice system takes place at the ______.

A. arrest stage

B. pretrial stage

C. sentencing stage

D. bail stage

31. In ______, a felony conviction carries a number of consequences beyond the criminal justice system.

A. Florida

B. California

C. New York

D. Illinois

32. Due to its use among women, meth has been labeled ______.

A. white collar crack

B. pink collar crack

C. red collar crack

D. high collar crack

33. Which of the following statements pertaining to chivalry are true?

A. Women in Finland benefit from preferential treatment by justice officials

B. Women of indigenous status do receive preferential treatment by justice

C. Women in South Korea do not benefit from chivalry in sentencing

D. Chivalry is extended to all women

34. In 1984, the ______ led to the implementation of the federal sentencing guidelines.

A. Federal Sentencing Act

B. Federal Offenders Act

C. Sentencing Reform Act

D. Sentencing Reformation Act

35. Both the chivalry hypothesis and the evil woman hypothesis reflect ______ in sentencing.

A. gender equality

B. gender bias

C. gender equity

D. gender differences

True/False

1. Skin-tone does not impact sentencing decisions.

2. Chivalry only occurs during the sentencing phase.

3. The flood of women in search of sex work created an economy whereby the value of sexual services significantly decreased .

4. The effect of gender on sentencing decisions varies by jurisdiction.

5. Prior to the sentencing guidelines, gender did not appear to have an effect on sentencing guidelines.

6. The evil woman hypothesis leads to more lenient sentencing.

7. Officials are more lenient to white women than women of color.

8. Women of color are deemed as more “salvageable than men of color.

9. Prior to the War on Drugs, drug offenders generally received prison sentences.

10. Gender equality equals sameness.

11. Not all research demonstrates that girls and women of color suffer from harsher treatment by the courts.

12. The treatment of women in the course has been static in the U.S.

13. Judicial discretion is often a double-edged sword for women.

14. Researchers have mostly focused on the pretrial release outcomes in cases.

15. Women in Finland do not benefit from preferential treatment by justice officials.

Essay

1. Describe how gender interacts with legal and extralegal variables present in processing decisions.

2. Compare and contrast how women offenders are treated in China and Finland.

3. Describe how the War on Drugs has impacted women offenders.

4. Discuss the treatment of female offenders in China.

5. What is the main goal of the sentencing guidelines?