Chapter 7: Girls and Juvenile Delinquency

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The parens patriae model was developed in the ______.

A. 15th century

B. 1800s

C. 20th century

D. 1700s

2. Parens patriae focuses on ______.

A. the relationship between parents and child

B. that which is in the best interest of the child

C. the child's delinquent acts

D. the child's school performance

3. Which of the following eras led to the child-saving movement?

A. Revolutionary era

B. Depression era

C. Progressive era

D. Civil rights era

4. The efforts of the child-savers movement led to the creation of the first juvenile court in ______ in 1899.

A. New York

B. Chicago

C. Ohio

D. Virginia

5. The ______ was designed to protect young women from men who preyed on the innocence of girls.

A. parens patriae campaign

B. age of consent campaign

C. vicious men campaign

D. child saver's campaign

6. Net widening refers to which of the following?

A. Expanding the reach of the juvenile justice system to offenses and populations previously out of reach

B. Focusing on both female and male delinquency

C. The modern day institutionalization of girls for status offenses

D. The increased use of community sanctions for female delinquents

7. According to UCR data, between 1980 and 2003, female arrests increased by ______.

A. 20%

B. 7%

C. 9%

D. 16%

8. Juvenile girls make up ______ of the arrests of individuals under the age of 18.

A. 25%

B. 27%

C. 29%

D. 32%

9. Which of the following is not a status offense?

A. Running away

B. Truancy

C. Curfew violations

D. Shoplifting

10. ______ is a phenomenon whereby girls are institutionalized for violations of their probation including status offenses.

A. Net widening

B. Bootstrapping

C. Hand-tying

D. Shoplifting

11. A settlement of $ ______ was granted in the Alabama case in which 48 girls were found to be victimized by staff while in custody.

A. 114,000

B. 6.4 million

C. 12.7 million

D. 21.2 million

12. Which of the following has led to formal processing of girls for school-based violence?

A. Elimination of in-school suspension

B. Zero tolerance policies

C. Bullying

D. Detention and suspension

13. All of the following were discussed as a risk factor for female delinquency EXCEPT for _____.

A. history of abuse

B. poor school performance

C. relationships with nondelinquent peers

D. use of drugs and/or alcohol

14. Family relationships can be a risk factor when all of the following are present EXCEPT for _____.

A. conflict

B. divorce

C. abuse

D. counseling

15. All of the following statements pertaining to abuse are true EXCEPT for _____.

A. Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse has long been documented as significant risk factors for female offenders

B. The impact of abuse is intensified when it occurs within the community

C. Acts such as running away from home reflect an attempt to escape from a violent or abusive home environment

D. In their attempt to escape from an abusive situation, girls often fall into criminal behaviors as a mechanism of survival

16. Which of the following is most important regarding the level of impact presented by delinquent peers?

A. Whether the delinquent peers are male or female.

B. The number of delinquent peers

C. Whether the delinquent peers can drive.

D. Parental involvement

17. Which is true regarding school failure?

A. Truancy is not a good indicator of school failure.

B. Success is tied to feelings of anxiety

C. Positive parental involvement serves as a protective factor.

D. Socialization is not as important a factor as once perceived

18. All of the following are risk factors for substance use/abuse among girls EXCEPT for _____.

A. histories of victimization

B. poor self-concept

C. first use in later adulthood

D. social opportunities for use

19. UCR data from 1980 to 2003 show that female proportion of violence crime index offenses increase from ______ to ______.

A. 5%, 9%

B. 7%, 14%

C. 10%, 18%

D. 12%, 19%

20. All of the following factors can affect whether communities will seek out assistance EXCEPT for _____.

A. racial

B. economic

C. cultural

D. political

21. Which of the following is not a protective factor discussed in the text?

A. Lack of empathy

B. Social competence

C. Engagement in religious activities

D. Intelligence

22. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act called for ______.

A. the decriminalization of status offenses

B. an increase in educational prevention programs

C. the release of more than 100 juvenile delinquents from detention centers

D. the criminalization of social failure

23. Self-report data, such as the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, indicated that between 1991 and 2001, acts of violence by girls ______.

A. increased

B. decreased

C. significantly increased

D. significantly decreased

24. ______ represents the primary mechanism for the socialization of juveniles.

A. School

B. Family

C. After school activities

D. Church

25. Which of the following is the most significant barrier in providing effective services for girls?

A. Difficulty accessing services

B. Lack of funding

C. Resistance to programming

D. Whether the programming reflects culturally relevant issues.

26. Research has found that girls are ______ times more likely to spend time in detention for their “crimes” their male counterparts.

A. 1

B. 3

C. 5

D. 7

27. The media has amplified public perceptions of an increase in which of the following?

A. “girl on girl” violence

B. “bad girls”

C. “feral and savage” girls

D. “good girls gone rogue”

28. Breaking the curfew is an example of _____.

A. a misdeameanor

B. an infraction

C. a status offense

D. a felony

29. The ______ movement, comprised of middle- and upper-class white citizens, was dedicated to rescuing those who were less fortunately placed in the social order.

A. feminist

B. child-saving

C. elitist

D. populist

30. ______are illegal acts only if committed by a juvenile.

A. Thefts

B. Violent offenses

C. Status offenses

D. DUIs

31. The focus on female sexuality led to a ______ for girls.

A. double standard

B. criminal offense

C. status offense

D. gender bias

32. ______has been noted as a gateway to delinquency.

A. Attending school

B. Attending church

C. Community service

D. Free time

33. ______programming should be able to address the wide variety of needs of the delinquent girl.

A. Enrichment

B. Gender-specific

C. Scouting

D. Development

34. _____ are more likely to engage in self-injurious behaviors compared to girls of other ethnicities/races.

A. Asian Americans

B. Hispanics

C. Caucasians

D. African Americans

35. Gender-specific programming for adolescent females needs to focus on _____.

A. rebuilding the family unit and developing positive role modeling

B. ensuring that juvenile stay in school

C. promoting socialization amongst their peers

D. teaching juveniles to defend themselves when necessary

36. According to the National Survey of Youth in Custody (NSYC), ______ of juvenile females reported acts of abuse from other inmates.

A. 7.2

B. 9.1

C. 11.5

D. 13.2

37. According to the case study, which of the following factors places girls at a potential risk?

A. Cross gender supervision

B. Length of incarceration

C. Security level of the prison

D. Age

38. According to the case study, children who have a rich experience with the arts have demonstrated all of the following EXCEPT for _____.

A. Achievements in writing

B. Higher GPA

C. Were more likely to attend college

D. Lower socialization skills

True/False

1. LGBTQ youth are at a particularly high risk of experiencing trauma.

2. Delinquency during adolescence can have serious short-term negative consequences for physical and mental health.

3. In comparison to boys, girls perpetrate violence at home, school, or against family members and acquaintances.

4. Arrest data and self-report data offer similar findings regarding the nature and prevalence of female violence.

5. Symbolic struggles for adolescent freedom between girls and their parents may lead to family violence.

6. Effective gender specific programming should provide long-term programming for girls and their social support network.

7. Today, juvenile delinquency is more likely to be handled informally.

8. Girls continue to represent a small proportion of all cases of juvenile delinquency.

9. Female offenders represent the fastest growing population within the juvenile justice system.

10. Boys experience higher rates of abuse than girls.

11. Free, or unstructured, time impacts associations with delinquent peers.

12. Poly-drug use refers to girls using drugs in groups.

13. Cultural needs do not impact whether or not programming for delinquent girls will be successful.

14. Historically, judges detained and incarcerated girls primarily for minor and status offenses and at lower rates than they did boys.

15. A review of recent trends in female juvenile cases indicates an overrepresentation of incidents of family-based violence.

Essay

1. Describe the evolution of juvenile justice for girls from the early days of the juvenile court up to the present day.

2. Compare and contrast risk factors from protective factors. Give three examples of each.

3. Explain how the juvenile justice system can better meet the needs of delinquent girls.

4. What were some of the states’ failures after the passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act?

5. Discuss status offenses and provide one to two examples.