Chapter 8: Gender-Based Abuse (GBA)

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following terms did not exist until 1974?

A. date rape

B. battered woman

C. stalking

D. sexual harassment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which crime was first defined as a criminal behavior in the 1990s?

A. sexual harassment

B. date rape

C. stalking

D. battery

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which word is often used to describe those who have been sexually abused and/or abused by a current or former intimate partner or date?

A. target

B. sufferer

C. survivor

D. victim

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Scholars prefer to use which term when referring to victims of gender-based abuse is ______.

A. victim

B. survivor

C. sufferer

D. target

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. According to Russell (1984), the term ______ is too restrictive.

A. sexual misconduct

B. sexual assault

C. sexual exploitation

D. sexual harassment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Gender-Based Abuse (GBA)

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The term gender-based abuse first appeared in scholarly publications pertaining to ______.

A. criminology

B. health care

C. sociology

D. culture

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Gender-Based Abuse (GBA)

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which gender-based abuse is considered a form of human trafficking in other countries?

A. infibulation

B. global surrogacy

C. human sacrifice

D. honor murders

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which of the following is an example of a gender-based abuse, whereby a poor woman in another country is implanted with the fertilized egg of a couple in a wealthier country?

A. surrogacy

B. obstetric fistula

C. infibulation

D. clitoridectomy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Girls/women who are forced into the global surrogacy industry are more likely to be from which of the following countries?

A. Canada

B. India

C. United States

D. Norway

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Which of the following is a preventable medical ailment common in Kenya and Nigeria, which can lead to serious health problems including death?

A. surrogacy

B. fistula

C. infibulation

D. clitoridectomy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Taking a sexual image of someone and distributing it online without the consent of the individual depicted in the image is an example of ______.

A. blackmail

B. hostile sexism

C. cyberbullying

D. revenge porn

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Which of the following gender-based abuses discussed in the text is a relatively new phenomenon?

A. elder abuse

B. revenge porn

C. honor murders

D. forced marriage

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. The mechanism that channels toxic masculinity into specific, socially legitimized practices of sexual violence is referred to as ______ culture.

A. prison

B. sexist

C. rape

D. toxic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Significance of a Sexist Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Misogyny, homophobia, greed, and violent domination are aspects of ______.

A. rape culture

B. prison subcultures

C. toxic masculinity

D. gender socializations

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Significance of a Sexist Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Girls/women are often rewarded for what type of behavior?

A. passivity

B. masculine

C. aggressiveness

D. intolerance

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Significance of a Sexist Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Gender stereotypes in the world and media are often reaffirmed when women and girls are characterized as ______.

A. disempowered

B. violent

C. controlling

D. domineering

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Significance of a Sexist Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which of the following childhood fairy tales teaches us to fear predatory men but to rely on good men to save us from predatory men?

A. Hansel and Gretel

B. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

C. Goldilocks and the Three Bears

D. Little Red Riding Hood

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Significance of a Sexist Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. Which of the following is an example of a rape myth that is often repeated in U.S. newspaper articles?

A. Rape is rare.

B. The crime of rape is a societal problem.

C. Survivors are not responsible for their victimizations.

D. Rapists are always someone who is known to the survivor.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Significance of a Sexist Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. The belief that states people have a need to believe that their environment is orderly and that people usually get what they deserve is consistent with the ______.

A. equal treatment

B. chivalry

C. just world

D. evil woman

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Culture of Victim-Blaming and GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which belief is useful to understand the human tendency to blame survivors?

A. just world

B. equal treatment

C. chivalry

D. evil woman

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Culture of Victim-Blaming and GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. There is evidence that victim-blaming is prevalent among women survivors of ______.

A. workplace harassment

B. stalking

C. cyberbullying

D. sexism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Culture of Victim-Blaming and GBA

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Victim-blaming for the intimate partner abuse (IPA) survivor usually comes in the form of which question?

A. “Why does she stay with him?”

B. “Does she love him?”

C. “Is it worth it?”

D. “Will she ever leave?”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Culture of Victim-Blaming and GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Susan Brownmiller’s Against Our Will (1975) was the first widely read feminist analysis of ______.

A. trafficking

B. stalking

C. rape

D. sexual harassment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relationship Between Gender Inequality and GBA

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which of the following statements pertaining to gender inequality is true?

A. It is often heightened during conflict and wars.

B. It is limited to physical power.

C. It is restricted to war-torn countries.

D. It is not typically considered a risk factor for increased gender-based abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Relationship Between Gender Inequality and GBA

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. In a study conducted by Campbell and her colleagues (2019), they found that promoting gender equity at the ______ level could reduce homicide rates.

A. local

B. state

C. national

D. global

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relationship Between Gender Inequality and GBA

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Which theoretical approach is consistent with Browmiller’s (1975) claim that men use rape and the threat of rape to control women?

A. physical vulnerability

B. gender socialization

C. patriarchy

D. shadow of sexual assault

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Rates of GBA and the Fear of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. According to the text, who is more likely to have a worse experience in the criminal legal system?

A. abled women

B. White women

C. LGBTQI+ women

D. affluent women

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. White coworkers making comments about African American women’s clothing, implying that they look like sex workers or that their clothes are exotic or offensive, is an example of racialized ______.

A. discrimination

B. sexual harassment

C. prejudice

D. sexism

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. An increase in ______ is correlated with a higher risk of gender-based abuse victimization.

A. oppression

B. equality

C. justice

D. fairness

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. According to the author, there is a strong relationship between the risk of gender-based abuse victimizations and ______.

A. age

B. heterosexuality

C. education

D. equality

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which activist publicized the focus of accusing African American men/boys of raping White women/girls, whereas the rape of African American women/girls by White men/boys was overlooked?

A. Sojourner Truth

B. Ida B. Wells

C. Anna J. Cooper

D. Rosa Parks

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. The stereotypes of ______ women are still in effect from them being trafficked to serve as prostitutes for the male gold mining community.

A. Latinx

B. Native American

C. Black

D. Asian American

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. According to Butler (2015), racial constructs of ______ were used to justify slavery and colonization.

A. Blacks and Native Americans

B. Native Americans and Asian Americans

C. Asian Americans and Latinx

D. Latinx and Blacks

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. The provisions of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) focus on ______.

A. institutionalization

B. immigration

C. criminalization

D. reintegration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Which of the following statements pertaining to trafficking is true?

A. Documented and undocumented immigrants are at equal risk.

B. International and domestic trafficking is the same thing.

C. U.S. immigration laws and policies unintentionally assist human traffickers.

D. It only occurs in impoverished countries.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Which type of gender-based abuse is considered to be one of the most serious human rights violations and fastest growing industries in the world?

A. political oppression

B. genocide

C. human trafficking

D. torture

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. According to 10-year core studies mandated by the FDA of silicone implants, which of the following is more likely to happen?

A. anaplastic large cell lymphoma

B. rupture

C. capsular contracture

D. reoperation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Breast Implant GBA

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. Although rare, one of the most serious complications associated with breast implants is ______.

A. nerve changes

B. anaplastic large cell lymphoma

C. capsular contracture

D. persistent pain

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Breast Implant GBA

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. The most common complication from breast implants is ______.

A. persistent pain

B. capsular contracture

C. fluid accumulation

D. leakage or rupture

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Breast Implant GBA

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which of the following is an example of an unethical violation associated with breast implants?

A. Mandatory assessment reports are readily available to health care professionals and the public.

B. Despite the safety concerns associated with silicone implants, they are still allowed.

C. Manufacturers do not disclose whether they are filled with saline or silicone.

D. Published safety evaluations are often written by researchers paid by the implant corporations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Breast Implant GBA

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Gender-based abuse as corporate crime is most frequently seen in which industry?

A. egg harvesting

B. surrogacy

C. sex worker

D. feminine hygiene products

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Breast Implant GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. According to the text, much of the corporate or organizational victimization has to do with ______.

A. climate change

B. breast implants

C. worker death

D. fraud

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Breast Implant GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which of the following statements pertaining to egg donating/sharing is true?

A. Hyperovulation can lead to an increase in certain types of cancers.

B. Women are not fazed by the compensation and as such make informed decisions.

C. Research on the effects of the procedure are well-documented.

D. Ethical concerns regarding egg sharing have been addressed.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Egg Donor GBA

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. Which of the following characteristics is associated with the women who are most sought after for donating/sharing their eggs?

A. They are middle-aged.

B. They are White.

C. They have children.

D. They are married.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Egg Donor GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Which of the following statements pertaining to the discussion on environmental and green crimes is true?

A. Environmental crimes contribute to existing inequities.

B. These types of crimes are not allowed by laws.

C. Green victims do not include humans, only animals, plants, and ecosystems.

D. Climate change, just like gender, is considered a natural fact.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Environmental/Green GBA

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. In This Changes Everything (2015), Naomi Klein identifies which of the following as the primary cause of global warming?

A. neoliberal political economy

B. socialist political economy

C. conservative political economy

D. Keynesian political economy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Environmental/Green GBA

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Which type of crime is often allowed (or simply not covered by) laws but includes social harms and violations of the law resulting from “environmentally damaging behaviors?”

A. green crimes

B. occupational crimes

C. state-corporate crimes

D. white-collar crimes

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Environmental/Green Crime GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. The rape of Indigenous women and girls has often been described as ______.

A. colonial brutalization

B. colonial annihilation

C. colonial genocide

D. colonial terror

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG)

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which racial and ethnic group has the highest homicide victimization rate in Canada and the United States?

A. Whites

B. Latinx

C. Indigenous

D. African Americans

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG)

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. How does Black feminist scholar, Bell Hooks (1984), describe the criminal legal system in the United States?

A. trustworthy

B. equitable

C. legitimate

D. hierarchical

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Does Feminist Reform Look Like?

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Until the second wave of the feminist/women’s movement, women and girls were largely invisible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Violence against women is the most common and most invisible human rights violation in the world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Gender-Based Abuse (GBA)

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Almost all violence is abuse, but abuse is often nonviolent.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Gender-Based Abuse (GBA)

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Gender-based abuse occurs across all geographical regions, societies, and times.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Gender-based abuses do not include victimizations associated with reproductive freedom.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The global surrogacy industry is an example of gender-based abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Elder abuse is considered to be a type of gender-based abused because it is committed disproportionately against women.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wide Range of GBAs

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Gender-role stereotyping begins after birth.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Significance of a Sexist Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Most gender-based abuse is committed by men who know the women/girls they abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Culture of Victim-Blaming and GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Higher gender inequality, whether caused by war or not, is associated with higher gender-based abuse.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Relationship Between Gender Inequality and GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Research consistently indicates that, in general, women are more likely than men to be survivors of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rates of GBA and the Fear of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. With the exception of murder, rape is the most fear-inducing crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rates of GBA and the Fear of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The criminal legal system and society tend to minimize gender-based abuses, especially if the survivors are of color and/or poor.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Focusing on Intersectional GBA: The History and Its Legacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Today’s antitrafficking movement addresses the racial contours of domestic sex trafficking in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Paying to change one’s own or one’s child body is highly gendered a billion-dollar industry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Breast Implant GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The breast implant industry and the egg donor market can be viewed as corporate violence against women and girls.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Egg Donor GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Both gender and climate change are natural thoughts, neither are socially constructed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Environmental/Green GBA

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Gender-based abuse against Indigenous women and girls is mostly perpetrated by nonnative men.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG)

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Most rape/sexual assault is interracial.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG)

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Gender-based abuses are some of the most reported crimes against persons in the criminal legal system worldwide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain the wide range of gender-based abuses.

2. Explain the just world belief. Why is useful?

3. Discuss the four theoretical approaches that have been used to account for gender differences in the fear of crime.

4. What are some examples of corporate or environmental gender-based abuses?

5. Explain the significance of the “Highway of Tears.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG)

Difficulty Level: Medium