Chapter 6: Community Policing and Hate Crime

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The main concept in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) definition of “hate” is ______ toward something or somebody.

A. irritation

B. rage

C. bias

D. anger

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Which of the following is an example of a hate incident?

A. vandalism

B. name-calling

C. assault

D. murder

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Which of the following statements pertaining to hate crimes is true? Hate crimes ______.

A. aim to destruct something or cause injuries to a person

B. do not involve criminal acts

C. are typically nonviolent

D. include name-calling

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Which of the following statements pertaining to hate incidents is true? Hate incidents ______.

A. can include crimes such as murder and vandalism

B. do not involve a criminal act

C. are investigated as crimes

D. are well documented across the United States

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. The statement: “It is an incitement to hatred primarily against a group of persons defined in terms of race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and so on.” best aligns with which concept?

A. bias crime

B. hate incident

C. bullying

D. hate speech

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which two agencies collect hate crime data at the federal level?

A. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

B. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

C. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

D. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Data Collection From the General Population

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data are collected by which federal agency?

A. National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

B. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

C. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

D. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Data Collection From the General Population

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The Bureau of Justice Statistics receives its data from which source?

A. Uniform Crime Report

B. National Incident-Based Reporting System

C. National Crime Victimization Survey

D. American Terrorism Study

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Data Collection From the General Population

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data from 2011 to 2015, the most commonly reported hate crime was ______.

A. rape

B. theft

C. simple assault

D. robbery

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extent and Trends of Hate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Survey data report that the most common location where hate crimes occur is _______.

A. the victim’s home

B. a parking lot or public place

C. a school

D. commercial places

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extent and Trends of Hate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following was identified in the text as the most common reason why victims do not report hate crimes?

A. The incident was not considered important enough.

B. The incident was handled another way.

C. The victims believed that the police would not help.

D. The victims believed that the police could not do anything.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extent and Trends of Hate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which hate crime indicator has survey data shown to be the primary evidence that a hate crime has occurred?

A. presence of hate symbols

B. police confirmed that it was a hate crime

C. evidence that a hate group was involved

D. hate language used by the offender

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Extent and Trends of Hate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported that in 2017, the most common bias categories for hate crimes were _____.

A. disability

B. religion

C. race/ethnicity

D. sexual orientation

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Extent and Trends of Hate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which federal hate crime law is considered to be the most comprehensive?

A. Violent Interference with Federally Protected Rights Statute

B. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crime Prevention Act

C. Criminal Interference with Right to Fair Housing Statute

D. Damage to Religious Property, Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996

Learning Objective: 6-4: Explain the main purpose of hate crime legislation and enhanced penalties.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Federal Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following statements pertaining to state hate crime laws is true?

A. State statutes include all of the same protected groups.

B. There are greater criminal and civil penalties under state statutes than federal laws.

C. Statutes vary on the range of crimes covered.

D. There is uniformity in the training requirement for law enforcement officers across all states.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Explain the main purpose of hate crime legislation and enhanced penalties.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: State Hate Crime Laws

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Oregon’s Hate Crimes Act of 1981 mainly focused on crimes that were motivated by ______ bias.

A. racial

B. gender

C. religious

D. anti-LGBTQ

Learning Objective: 6-4: Explain the main purpose of hate crime legislation and enhanced penalties.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: State Hate Crime Laws

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The majority of the states and territories in the United States fall under which of the following categories?

A. states and territories with hate crime laws that do not require data collection of hate crimes

B. states and territories with hate crime laws that require data collection of hate crimes

C. states and territories without hate crime laws that still recommend data collection of hate crimes

D. states and territories without hate crime laws

Learning Objective: 6-4: Explain the main purpose of hate crime legislation and enhanced penalties.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Recording Statutes

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Almost all of the states that have passed penalty-enhancement laws provide for enhanced penalties if the victim was targeted because of their ______.

A. race, gender, or disability

B. race, ethnicity, or gender

C. race, religion, or ethnicity

D. race, sexual orientation, or national origin

Learning Objective: 6-4: Explain the main purpose of hate crime legislation and enhanced penalties.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Laws

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Research suggests that jurors are more likely to use which of the following in their decision making?

A. witness statements

B. their past experiences and background

C. evidence that they have seen or heard

D. verdict deliberations

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arguments Against Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. According to the authors, the issue of making inferences about motive is problematic in cases where the defendant invokes which of the following rights?

A. First Amendment right to freedom of speech

B. Sixth Amendment right to counsel

C. Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizure

D. Fifth Amendment right to be silent

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Arguments Against Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. If a prosecutor wanted to prove that a defendant committed a hate crime, which burden of proof standard would they be required to use?

A. preponderance of the evidence

B. beyond a reasonable doubt

C. probable cause

D. reasonable suspicion

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Arguments Against Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. The cause or moving power which impels action to achieve that result is referred to as _____.

A. unconscious bias

B. motive

C. predisposition

D. intent

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Arguments Against Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The purpose to use a particular means to achieve some definite result is referred to as ______.

A. intent

B. unconscious bias

C. motive

D. predisposition

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Arguments Against Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Critics who argue against hate crime legislation generally cite _____ as the main problem of hate crime legislation.

A. inability to obtain convictions under hate crime statutes

B. proving the motive of the offender

C. lack of evidence at the crime scene

D. high requirements for prosecutors to establish a hate crime

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arguments Against Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. According to the authors, the main argument for hate crime legislation is that ______.

A. these laws are imperative to enforce the rights of all citizens

B. laws such as these deter people from harming others out of bias

C. this type of violence must be condemned by providing for harsher penalties

D. legislation allows for the investigation and prosecution of low-level crimes

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arguments in Favor of Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Hate crimes are laws that provide prosecutors with enhanced penalties for crimes committed out of prejudice.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Both hate crimes and hate incidents are violent in nature.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Hate crimes are greatly underreported in the United States.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Data Collection From the General Population

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Comparing data across all states is simple due to the uniformity of hate crime statutes.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Data Collection From the General Population

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. According to the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino, hate crimes have increased significantly in the past 4 years.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the extent and trends of hate crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extent and Trends of Hate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. If a person is convicted of assault, their sentence can be enhanced if the assault is a hate crime.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Explain the main purpose of hate crime legislation and enhanced penalties.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Federal Hate Crime Legislation

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Penalty-enhancement laws mainly protect institutions, such as churches, religious schools, houses of worship, and cemeteries from destruction or damage.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Explain the main purpose of hate crime legislation and enhanced penalties.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Laws

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The willingness of police and prosecutors to pursue hate crimes and punish offenders is very important for police–community relations.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Describe community policing strategies that are effective in responding to hate crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Policing Strategies to Respond to Hate Crime Incidents

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The partnership between the community and the police depends solely on the coordination of hate crime law enforcement and victim services.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Describe community policing strategies that are effective in responding to hate crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Policing Strategies in Response to Hate Crime Incidents

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. One of the main issues when responding to hate crime incidents is the possible escalation of hate crimes.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Describe community policing strategies that are effective in responding to hate crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Policing Strategies in Response to Hate Crime Incidents

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain the differences between hate crimes and hate incidents.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Define the term hate crime and discuss the motives of the offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction: Defining Hate Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain why it’s difficult to determine the true extent of hate crimes in relation to college populations.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Explain how hate crime data is collected.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Data Collection From the College Population

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. How do the trends of hate crimes compare to those of general crimes?

Learning Objective: 6-3: Discuss the extent and trends of hate crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Extent and Trends of Hate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss the purpose of hate crime laws. Do proponents and critics believe that hate crime legislation can accomplish its goals?

Learning Objective: 6-5: Discuss the major arguments for and against hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Problem of Motive in Hate Crime Investigations: Are Hate Crime Laws Effective?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Why is community policing considered particularly important when responding to hate crime incidents?

Learning Objective: 6-6: Describe community policing strategies that are effective in responding to hate crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Community Policing Strategies to Respond to Hate Crime Incidents

Difficulty Level: Medium