Chapter 5: Sentencing

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. What is a punitive penalty ordered by the court after a defendant has been convicted of a crime, either by a jury, in a bench trial, by a judge, or in a plea bargain?

a. conviction

b. justice

c. revenge

d. sentence

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Sentencing?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A moral concept that is difficult to define but in essence means to treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior is known as ______.

a. conviction

b. justice

c. revenge

d. sentencing

Learning Objective: 5-1: Explain how modern sentencing engages Aristotle’s notion of justice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Sentencing?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. ______ said, “Justice consists of treating equals equally, and unequals unequally according to relevant differences.”

a. Plato

b. Beccaria

c. Aristotle

d. Homer

Learning Objective: 5-1: Explain how modern sentencing engages Aristotle’s notion of justice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Sentencing?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. A ______ sentence is one in which the actual number of years a person may serve is not fixed but is rather a range of years.

a. split

b. determinate

c. indeterminate

d. mandatory

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Truth-in-sentencing laws require that there be a truthful, realistic connection between the custodial sentence imposed on offenders and the time they actually serve, and they mandate that inmates serve at least ______ of their sentences before becoming eligible for release.

a. 20%

b. 45%

c. 85%

d. 60%

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. What type of sentence means that convicted criminals are given a fixed number of years they must serve rather than a range?

a. split

b. determinate

c. indeterminate

d. mandatory

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What type of sentence can exist in the context of both determinate and indeterminate sentencing structures and simply means that probation is not an option and that the minimum time is beset by law?

a. split

b. determinate

c. indeterminate

d. mandatory

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A concurrent sentence involves ______.

a. a range of years to be determined by the convict’s behavior

b. a fixed number of years that must be served

c. all separate sentences being served at the same time

d. all separate sentences being served sequentially

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. A consecutive sentence involves ______.

a. a range of years to be determined by the convict’s behavior

b. a fixed number of years that must be served

c. all separate sentences being served at the same time

d. all separate sentences being served sequentially

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. An indeterminate sentence serves ______ function.

a. a rehabilitation

b. an incapacitation

c. a retribution

d. a deterrence

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. A determinant sentence serves ______ function.

a. a rehabilitation

b. an incapacitation

c. a retribution

d. a deterrence

Learning Objective: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. ______ sentences consist of two sentences ordered to be served at the same time.

a. Split

b. Determinate

c. Consecutive

d. Concurrent

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. ______ sentences are two or more sentences that must be served sequentially.

a. Split

b. Determinate

c. Consecutive

d. Concurrent

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which statutes are derived from the same punitive atmosphere that led to truth-in-sentencing statutes?

a. habitual offender

b. shock incarceration

c. split sentences

d. victim impact statement

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Habitual Offender Statutes

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Since 1984, there has been a ______ increase in the number of life without parole sentences.

a. 100%

b. 200%

c. 300%

d. 400%

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Habitual Offender Statutes

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. ______ sentences may seem popular with the public at large until they get the bill.

a. Habitual offender

b. Truth in sentencing

c. Life without parole

d. Harsh

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Habitual Offender Statutes

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a civil commitment statute for sex offenders.

a. Virginia v. Clarke

b. Payne v. Tennessee

c. Kansas v. Hendricks

d. United States v. Booker

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing by Civil Commitment for Sex Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. What type of sentence exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time, followed by probation?

a. shock probation

b. split sentence

c. non-custodial sentence

d. drug court

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which type of sentence requires felons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to placement on probation?

a. shock probation

b. split sentence

c. non-custodial sentence

d. drug court

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. What type of sentence is work release, whereby a person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights but released to go to work during the day?

a. shock probation

b. split sentence

c. non-custodial sentence

d. drug court

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. A split sentence involves ______.

a. scaring offenders into a life of conformity by showing them the realities of prison

b. delaying a sentence in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation

c. requiring convicted people to serve a brief stay in jail prior to probation placement

d. sentencing for crimes for which probation is normally not an option

Learning Objective: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. What is shock probation?

a. a sentence aimed at scaring offenders into a life of conformity by showing them the realities of prison

b. a delay in a sentence in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation

c. a requirement that convicted people must serve a brief stay in jail prior to probation placement

d. a prison sentence imposed for crimes for which probation is normally not an option

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Based on the recommendations of a task force created by President ______, victim impact statements are now included at sentencing.

a. Obama

b. Reagan

c. Clinton

d. Nixon

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of using victim impact statements at sentencing.

a. Virginia v. Clarke

b. Payne v. Tennessee

c. Kansas v. Hendricks

d. United States v. Booker

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which type of sentence requires participants to be involved in an intensive treatment program that lasts about one year?

a. shock probation

b. split sentences

c. non-custodial sentences

d. drug court

Learning Objective: 5-3: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The first drug court was introduced in ______.

a. 1973

b. 1981

c. 1989

d. 1996

Learning Objective: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. In drug courts, the prescreening interview is normally conducted by ______.

a. the judge

b. a police officer

c. the court psychologist

d. a probation officer

Learning Objective: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The wide variation in sentence given to different offenders is called sentence ______.

a. disparity

b. inequality

c. splitting

d. discrimination

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. In terms of research on racial disparity in sentences, ______.

a. nearly all studies indicate a pattern of disparity

b. hardly any studies indicate a pattern of disparity

c. different researchers reach different conclusions

d. there is not enough research on this topic to draw conclusions

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The biggest concern in sentencing disparity literature deals with ______ cases.

a. theft

b. cocaine

c. murder

d. gun

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. ______ occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders.

a. Sentencing disparity

b. The Fair Sentencing Act

c. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act

d. The U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. The Fair Sentencing Act was introduced and passed by Congress and was signed into law by which president?

a. Clinton

b. G. W. Bush

c. Reagan

d. Obama

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. How many states maintain sentencing disparities between crack and powder cocaine?

a. 0

b. 4

c. 12

d. 26

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. ______ established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine.

a. Sentencing disparity

b. The Fair Sentencing Act

c. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act

d. The U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. ______ increased the amount of cocaine subject to the five-year minimum sentence from 5 to 28 grams.

a. Sentencing disparity

b. The Fair Sentencing Act

c. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act

d. The U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. According to ______, Congress passed legislation in reaction to media hype about the addictiveness of crack cocaine.

a. sentencing guidelines

b. the Fair Sentencing Act

c. the Anti-Drug Abuse Act

d. a U.S. Sentencing Commission report

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. ______ according to race is reasonable and just if the members of a group being more harshly punished commit more crimes than the individual members of other groups but is discriminatory and unjust if they do not.

a. Sentencing disparity

b. Sentencing variation

c. The Fair Sentencing Act

d. Presentence reporting

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. ______ are used to assist judges in making sentencing recommendations.

a. Presentence investigation reports

b. Sentencing files

c. Investigation reports

d. Judges’ reports

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. A presentence investigation report (PSI) is generally written by whom?

a. the judge

b. the judge’s clerk

c. the probation officer

d. the parole officer

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. How many states require disclosure of presentence investigation reports?

a. 10

b. 14

c. 15

d. 16

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Which of the following may be found within a PSI report?

a. the circumstances of the offense

b. judge’s history of cases involving similar offenses

c. short biography of the person preparing the report

d. personal testimony from those who know the offender

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. The ______ was charged with the task of creating mandatory sentencing guidelines.

a. U.S. Sentencing Commission

b. Sentencing Guidelines Association

c. Sentencing Disparity Commission

d. Fair Sentencing Act

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. ______ are forms containing scales with a set of rules for numerically computing a sentence based on the crime that has been committed and the offender’s criminal record.

a. The U.S. Sentencing Commission rules

b. Sentencing guidelines

c. Sentencing disparity rules

d. Fair sentence guides

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Mandatory sentencing guidelines were created to ______.

a. create judicial bias

b. help determine guilt or innocence

c. rein in judicial discretion

d. classify offenders into institutions

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Sentencing guidelines are ______, meaning that judges can consult them and follow them or not.

a. presumptive

b. advisory

c. mandatory

d. wishful thinking

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. In which Supreme Court case did the court rule that the federal sentencing guidelines were no longer to be binding on the states?

a. United States v. Booker

b. Apprendi v. New Jersey

c. Blakely v. Washington

d. Rita v. United States

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which of the following factors can affect a judge’s decision when sentencing a defendant?

a. the seriousness of the crime

b. the defendant’s age

c. the defendant’s children’s ages

d. the defendant’s address

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Sentencing differs radically among four major comparison countries, and the most brutal sentences are handed out in which country?

a. China

b. United Kingdom

c. Saudi Arabia

d. France

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Comparative Corrections: Sentencing in Comparison Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Which country punishes some crimes in an “eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” fashion?

a. China

b. United Kingdom

c. Saudi Arabia

d. France

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Comparative Corrections: Sentencing in Comparison Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Which country tries minor offenses in police courts, where these offenses are punishable only by fines?

a. China

b. United Kingdom

c. Saudi Arabia

d. France

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Comparative Corrections: Sentencing in Comparison

Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Sentencing is the post-conviction stage of the criminal justice process.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Sentencing?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Justice is a moral concept that is easy to define.

Learning Objective: 5-1: Explain how modern sentencing engages Aristotle’s notion of justice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Sentencing?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The determinate sentencing model prevailed most strongly under the so-called medical model.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Determinant sentences are aimed at rehabilitation.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Under indeterminate sentencing, offenders know how much time they will serve.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Truth-in-sentencing laws have led to longer sentences.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. An indeterminate sentence is a range of years.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. In a determinate sentence, offenders are given a fixed number of years.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Indeterminate sentences are also known as fixed sentences.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The habitual offender statute is a way of selectively incapacitating felons only after they have demonstrated the inability to live by society’s rules.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Habitual Offender Statutes

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Shock probation is typically reserved for chronic offenders.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that victim impact statements cannot be used for sentencing purposes because they are not objective.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. A split sentence means that two separate sentences are served at the same time.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. In addition to saving the states many millions of dollars in jail and prison costs, drug courts appear to be unsuccessful in reducing recidivism.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Drug courts have a high rate of recidivism.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Drug courts are more cost-effective than traditional courts.

Learning Objective: 5-3: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The biggest concern with sentencing disparity is racial discrimination.

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Asian Americans receive harsher sentences on average than whites or African Americans.

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. In 1988, Congress passed the U.S. Sentencing Commission Report, which established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine.

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The PSI is not an important document in regard to sentencing.

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. In the federal system, probation officers create PSIs.

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. In a PSI, generally officers make sentencing recommendations to the judge.

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Prior to 1984, federal judges enjoyed almost unlimited sentencing discretion as long as they stayed within the statutory maximum penalties.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Sentencing guidelines are mandatory in the federal system.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Of four comparison countries stated in the text, Saudi Arabia has the most brutal sentences.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What is the definition of justice provided by Aristotle? Apply this notion to a hypothetical situation of your choice.

Learning Objective: 5-1: Explain how modern sentencing engages Aristotle’s notion of justice.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Sentencing?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Explain the differences between indeterminate sentencing and determinate sentencing.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Explain the difference between consecutive and concurrent sentencing.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is a victim impact statement? Do you believe it should be included in the sentencing phase of a trial? Justify your response.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What are habitual offender statutes? Do you believe they are appropriate? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Habitual Offender Statutes

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Compare and contrast a sentence of shock probation and a split sentence. Which would you want if you could choose, and why?

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Non-custodial Sentences

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Why are drug courts successful in reducing recidivism?

Learning Objective: 5-3: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Do you believe drug courts are appropriate? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 5-3: Define and explain the role of problem-solving courts.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Drug Courts

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Discuss sentencing disparity. Give an example of legitimate sentencing disparity and illegitimate sentencing disparity in your discussion.

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Discuss the issues in sentencing between crack and powder cocaine. Do you believe the sentencing ratio should remain where it is? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 5-4: Assess the issues surrounding sentencing disparity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Compare and contrast truth in sentencing versus mandatory sentencing.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Discuss some of the controversies associated with PSI reports. Do you believe that they should be used in sentencing?

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Do you believe that PSI reports should be disclosed to defendants? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 5-5: Identify the purpose of presentence reports and sentencing guidelines as well as the contentious issues surrounding them.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Discuss whether or not you support civil commitment for sex offenders.

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Habitual Offender Statutes

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Of the four countries compared in the textbook, which one do you think does the best job with sentencing? Why?

Learning Objective: 5-2: Describe the different types of sentencing and their rationales.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Comparative Corrections: Sentencing in Comparison Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium