Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Middle adulthood is defined as the ages ______.

a. 35–45

b. 45–55

c. 40–65

d. 50–75

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Development in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Ben’s grandfather died at the age of 85. Ben’s father died at the age of 84. Based on genetics, it is most likely that Ben will ______.

a. live longer than his father and grandfather because of evolutionary changes

b. die sooner than his grandfather or father because his father failed to live longer than his grandfather

c. die at about the same age as either his father or grandfather

d. live to an unpredicted age due to environmental factors his father and grandfather had little to do with

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theories of Aging: What Causes Aging?

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Which factor plays the largest role in how long a person lives?

a. genetics

b. lifestyle choices

c. desire for fulfillment

d. intelligence

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Aging: What Causes Aging?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What forms when oxygen corrodes a cell and strips off an electron?

a. free radicals

b. antioxidants

c. telomeres

d. aging biomarker

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theories of Aging: What Causes Aging?

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Protection against damage from free radicals is provided by a diet rich in ______.

a. fiber

b. beta carotene

c. niacin

d. low fat

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Aging: What Causes Aging?

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. When telomeres shorten past a critical length cause the cell to stop dividing all together, leading to increases in ______.

a. health

b. muscle strength

c. body fat

d. disease

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Aging: What Causes Aging?

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which factor is associated with both free radicals and the shortening of telomeres?

a. stress

b. diets low in fat

c. excessive exercise

d. genetics

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theories of Aging: What Causes Aging?

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Farsightedness or the inability to focus the lens on close objects is called ______.

a. presbyopia

b. glaucoma

c. presbycusis

d. retinopathy

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which condition is age-related?

a. increased ability to see in dim light

b. decreased color discrimination

c. decreased farsightedness

d. increased night vision

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Michelle is trying to clasp her necklace. She cannot seem to focus and cannot see to hook the clasp. She has to ask her daughter to fasten the necklace. What is Michelle experiencing?

a. presbycusis

b. presbyopia

c. nearsightedness

d. colorblindness

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. What is cause of age-related hearing loss?

a. a misfiring due to a breakdown in myelin between neurons in the brain from the ear to the temporal lobe

b. natural cell death that results in the deterioration of the ear structures that convert sound into neural impulses

c. a decline in intermodal perception that is required to connect what is seen with what is heard

d. greater sensitivity to speech sounds that results in less activation of the auditory cortex

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. A description of hearing loss in middle adulthood is that it ______.

a. is primarily related to biological decline and cannot be prevented

b. is first limited to low-pitched sounds

c. tends to be more apparent in settings with background noise

d. stays limited to high-pitched frequencies

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Men are more susceptible to presbycusis because they ______.

a. tend to be exposed to intense noise and loud work environments

b. have a genetically different physiological auditory system than women

c. prefer to sit quietly with their thoughts

d. fail to engage in selective attention easily

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Roslyn is very concerned about looking older. She is constantly looking at her face and watching for wrinkles. Where will she see them appear first?

a. on her forehead

b. around her eyes

c. on her neck

d. around her mouth

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Which layer consists of connective tissue that gives skin its flexibility?

a. subcutaneous

b. epidermis

c. dermis

d. muscular

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Women tend to experience age-related skin changes sooner and more quickly than men because women ______.

a. are more likely to spend time outdoors in the sun

b. are exposed to more toxic chemicals

c. have a thinner dermis and a reduction of estrogen

d. are genetically preprogrammed to do so

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Loss of fat in the hypodermis results in ______.

a. higher rates of osteoporosis

b. greater metabolic function

c. wrinkling and loosening of the skin

d. decrease in muscle strength and size

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. In which age range does the rate of decline in muscle mass and strength tend to accelerate?

a. 30s

b. 40s

c. 50s

d. 60s

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which activity requires isometric strength?

a. yoga

b. running

c. cycling

d. swimming

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Corinne is 53 and concerned about the effects aging is having on her body. Which factor should she be able to maintain throughout her adulthood without special exercises?

a. overall endurance

b. bone density

c. muscle mass

d. isometric strength

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Which physical change in middle adulthood shows a gender difference?

a. weight gain

b. location of fat accumulation

c. farsightedness

d. alteration in metabolism

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Which approach slows the decline in the musculature in middle adulthood?

a. reducing caloric intake to match metabolic needs

b. decreasing activity level

c. taking dietary supplements

d. eating a low-fat diet with lots of dairy and grains

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Donna is concerned about her aging muscles. What will her doctor recommend to help prevent loss of muscle mass?

a. drink more milk.

b. take supplements

c. develop an exercise routine

d. develop a positive attitude

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. In which age range does bone loss start increasing significantly in women?

a. 30s

b. 40s

c. 50s

d. 60s

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Osteoporosis involves bones becoming ______.

a. cancerous

b. soft

c. diseased

d. brittle

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Which factor is related to losses in bone density?

a. exposure to vitamin D

b. cigarette smoking

c. excessive calcium intake

d. over exercising

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Who is least likely to be diagnosed with osteoporosis?

a. Debbie, a 60-year-old woman who runs a marathon every year, never smoked, and has a large frame

b. Raymond, an 85-year-old man who is sedentary, and has several alcohol drinks each night

c. Andrew, a 75-year-old man who is fairly active but drinks alcohol to excess about every other week

d. Rhonda, a 65-year-old woman who exercises frequently, smokes cigarettes, and has a small frame

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Osteoporosis

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. What is the average age women experience menopause?

a. 51

b. 45

c. 59

d. 55

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Menopause means ______.

a. increased fertility

b. cessation of ovulation and menstruation

c. cessation of sexual interest and activity

d. increased hormone production

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which woman is most susceptible to early menopause?

a. Jean, who smokes, never gave birth, and lives in poverty

b. Ashley, who smokes, has three children, and is considered to be middle class

c. Ericka, who never smoked, has two children, and is the founder of a prestigious company

d. Lauren, who smokes, never gave birth, and is considered to be middle class

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. The transition to menopause that can extend 3 years before and after is called ______.

a. fertility

b. fecundity

c. premenopause

d. perimenopause

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. A woman is said to have reached menopause how long after her last menstrual period?

a. 4 months

b. 6 months

c. 1 year

d. 2 years

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Marybeth is 44 years old, and had started getting a shorter menstrual cycle. Sometimes her period was absent in a month. She was very surprised to find out that she became pregnant when she turned 45, because she thought she was too old to be fertile. What stage has Marybeth entered into?

a. menopause

b. perimenopause

c. reproductive latency

d. sexually vitality

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. What is the most common symptom of perimenopause that women experience?

a. bloating

b. reduced vaginal lubrication

c. hot flashes

d. increased appetite

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Menopause is experienced more positively if it is seen as ______.

a. a life transition or symbol of aging

b. a medical event that requires treatment

c. happening far in the future

d. losing reproductive ability

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which woman is most likely to have a positive view of menopause and fewer reports of menopausal symptoms?

a. Laura, a white high school graduate who never gave birth and lives in poverty

b. Anne, a white college graduate who has three children, and is currently unemployed

c. Sheri, an African American woman with a PhD who has two children, and is the head of a prosperous company

d. Karen, an Asian high school graduate who never gave birth and lives in a lower socioeconomic status neighborhood.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Women

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Which cultural perspective on menopause is accurate?

a. Japanese women lose power and responsibility with advancing age and menopause.

b. Mayan women of the Yucatán achieve increased status with menopause along with freedom from child-rearing.

c. In the United States, postmenopausal women tend to view menopause more negatively than do younger women.

d. In India, postmenopausal women had fewer positive attitudes about menopause and aging than did perimenopausal women.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Cultural Perspectives on Menopause

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. What is the earliest at which some men’s reproductive ability can begin declining?

a. 50

b. 40

c. 30

d. 60

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. What percentage of men retain testosterone levels in the normal range?

a. 50%

b. 60%

c. 75%

d. 85%

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which factor can reduce testosterone levels in men?

a. biological inevitability

b. children at home

c. diet low in protein

d. sexual inactivity

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Men

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Since 1991, cancer-related mortality rates have ______.

a. declined

b. risen

c. remained the same

d. increased dramatically

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Where is cancer ranked as a cause of death in middle adulthood?

a. first

b. second

c. third

d. fourth

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. The most common form of cancer is ______.

a. lung

b. skin

c. breast

d. prostate

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Men are diagnosed with cancer at higher rates than women because of ______.

a. economic advantages

b. willingness to go to doctors

c. fewer screenings being available

d. workplace exposure to toxins

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Cancer rates are higher among people of low socioeconomic status because of ______.

a. low levels of stress

b. greater likelihood of being single

c. diets high in vegetables and fiber

d. inadequate access to medical care

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which man has the highest risk of developing cancer?

a. Edmond, who is Black

b. Derrick, who is White

c. Anselmo, who is Hispanic

d. Yoshi, who is Asian

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Cancer cells undergo uncontrolled growth due to ______.

a. nutritional deficiency

b. genetic suppression

c. mutations from toxins

d. exposure to hormones

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Marcia tested positive for the genetic mutation for breast cancer. What is the highest probability she will develop it?

a. 25%

b. 40%

c. 50%

d. 75%

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. Of these women who tested positive for the mutation for breast cancer, who is most likely to develop it?

a. Gloria, who eats a low fat diet and does weight training

b. Nona, who is overweight and uses oral contraceptives

c. Carmen, who drinks moderately and is sedentary

d. Reese, who uses oral contraceptives and swims regularly

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. A description of late-onset breast cancer is that it is ______.

a. largely inherited

b. a quickly spreading disease

c. less biologically aggressive

d. often invasive

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. About 40% of men and women age 40–59 have ______.

a. cancer

b. heart disease

c. diabetes

d. liver disease

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Which condition is the most common cause of stroke?

a. cancer

b. cardiovascular disease

c. diabetes

d. respiratory disease

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Rupert just had a stroke. This means that ______.

a. cancer has invaded his brain cells

b. there is a blockage of blood flow through his heart

c. there is a blockage of blood flow to his brain cells

d. his heart has stopped beating

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. Women are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease, especially heart attacks because ______.

a. their symptoms seem less severe and life threatening

b. their symptoms go away upon rest

c. health care professionals fail to take their symptoms seriously

d. male patients with symptoms are a higher priority

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Which factor increases the risk for cardiovascular disease?

a. sleeping too much

b. exercising moderately instead of vigorously

c. diet high in unsaturated fats

d. diet high in saturated and trans fatty acids

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Which factor contributes to hypertension?

a. excessive exercise

b. sleep

c. poor diet

d. potassium

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. Which approach may reduce hypertension and cholesterol levels?

a. increase fish oil

b. decrease sleep time

c. decrease physical activity

d. increase salt intake

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Dennis has been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. His doctors have decided that Dennis needs coronary bypass surgery followed by medication and dietary changes. The conclusion about his cardiovascular disease based on these recommendations is that Dennis has a ______.

a. treatment plan that is merely precautionary

b. non-life-threatening form

c. serious case

d. treatment plan that is the same for everyone else

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

59. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with which health risk?

a. osteoporosis

b. heart disease

c. kidney disease

d. lymphoma

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Hormone Replacement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. The cardiovascular risks associated with hormone replacement therapy start at age ______.

a. 50

b. 55

c. 60

d. 65

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Hormone Replacement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

61. Which hormone maintains a steady concentration of glucose in the blood?

a. testosterone

b. insulin

c. adrenaline

d. estrogen

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. The process occurring in diabetes 2 is that the body ______.

a. cannot process salt

b. reabsorbs too much water

c. fails to produce insulin

d. becomes less sensitive to insulin

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. Which symptom is related to diabetes?

a. diminished thirst

b. brittle bones

c. frequent infections

d. diminished urine

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. Which statement describes hypoglycemia?

a. glucose levels are too low

b. glucose levels are too high

c. increased chance of infections

d. diminished urine output

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Medium

65. Which statement describes hyperglycemia?

a. glucose levels are too low

b. glucose levels are too high

c. increased chance of infections

d. diminished urine output

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. What percentage of adults over the age of 65 have diabetes?

a. 10%

b. 15%

c. 25%

d. 30%

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Which person is at the lowest risk for developing diabetes?

a. Jacob, who is African American

b. Maribel, who is Mexican American

c. Jesse, who is Canadian Aboriginal

d. Louis, who is European American

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Hard

68. Which factor is associated with an increased risk of diabetes?

a. being underweight at any point during life

b. being overweight at any point during life

c. excessive sodium intake

d. excessive dairy intake

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. Which statement describes the effects of diabetes?

a. Men with diabetes experience a much larger risk for heart attack and stroke than women.

b. Diabetes has few cognitive effects on executive function and processing speed.

c. Depression is two to three times less common among people with diabetes compared to peers.

d. There increased risk of heart attack, stroke and circulation problems in the legs with diabetes.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. What is the most effective way to prevent diabetes 2?

a. take insulin supplements

b. eat only unrefined sugar

c. maintain healthy weight through diet and exercise

d. exercise at least twice a month and minimize dairy intake

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Hard

71. When middle-aged adults are pressed to meet the demands of career and family but also caring for their aging parents, they are considered to be ______.

a. the sandwich generation

b. overachievers

c. the privileged generation

d. millennials

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

72. Rebecca has three children, ages 3, 7, and 9. Her father passed away and she is responsible for taking care of her elderly mother who uses a wheelchair. Rebecca works part-time in the morning after she takes her children to preschool and school. At noon she goes to her mother’s apartment and makes her lunch and gives her medication. She takes her mother to the doctor every other Wednesday. Based on her responsibilities, what generation is Rebecca in?

a. millennial

b. baby boomer

c. sandwich

d. status seeking

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

73. Who is most likely to experience negative cardiovascular side effects of stress?

a. George, who just retired from being the chief financial officer of a large business

b. Caroline, who is a stay-at-home mom of three children in an affluent suburb

c. Everett, who is in the process of starting his own yoga studio

d. Alice, who works as a cashier and lives in a low socioeconomic neighborhood

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

74. Which disorder is directly associated with stress?

a. leukemia

b. anemia

c. anxiety

d. osteoporosis

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

75. Which strategy is effective for controlling reactions to stress?

a. ignoring the precipitating event

b. biofeedback

c. reliving the precipitating event

d. drinking alcohol

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

76. Individuals who show less psychological reactivity to and improved recovery from stressors are those who are ______.

a. younger

b. older

c. physically fit

d. emotionally aggressive

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

77. Who is most likely to show adaptive responses to stress and have the most feelings of well-being?

a. Carl, who is 62 and is deciding to retire because his company has started downsizing

b. Angie, who is 45 and is caught unaware when she discovers her husband cheating on her

c. Mori, who is 38 and is receiving the news he and his wife are having triplets on his salary as an auto mechanic

d. Shenae, who is 26 and is unsure how to interview for a job since she has been in college and graduate school for 8 years

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

78. The people most at risk for heart disease and atherosclerosis are those who score high on measures of ______.

a. optimism

b. conscientiousness

c. neutrality

d. hostility

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hardiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

79. A hardy individual can be described as ______.

a. using coping styles based on emotion

b. avoiding problems

c. feeling a sense of control

d. being at greater risk for mental health issues

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hardiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

80. A characteristic of hardiness is that it ______.

a. is innate

b. can be learned

c. is part of passive-aggressive behavior

d. can rarely be shared in groups

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hardiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

81. Research suggests that the frequency of sexual intercourse is associated with ______.

a. intelligence

b. genetics

c. relationship satisfaction

d. career satisfaction

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

82. For midlife adults, the major predictors of sexual activity are having a partner and ______.

a. intelligence

b. genetics

c. happiness

d. health

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. Complaints about sexual functioning increase with age, with 35% to 40% of women reporting difficulties with sexual function including ______.

a. reduced sex drive

b. increased sex drive

c. excessive lubrication

d. inability to orgasm

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

84. Crystallized intelligence involves ______.

a. accumulation of facts and information

b. musical ability

c. learning by doing

d. making connection among ideas

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. Which example demonstrates crystallized intelligence?

a. writing creative fiction

b. organizing historical information

c. learning to solve ethical problems

d. designing an artistic display

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Hard

86. Fluid intelligence involves ______.

a. accumulation of facts and information

b. being attuned to nature

c. learning by doing

d. making connection among ideas

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Easy

87. Which example demonstrates fluid intelligence?

a. analyzing specifications of a physics experiment

b. organizing historical information

c. learning to solve ethical problems

d. designing an artistic display

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Hard

88. Becca has risen to a management position in her company quickly. She rarely panics when an issue arises, and comes up with solutions easily. She can analyze data and pick out trends few others can see. Becca encourages everyone’s input for planning the company’s future and makes decisions that incorporate everyone’s best interests. Becca is high in which type of intelligence?

a. crystallized

b. fluid

c. pragmatic

d. natural

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Hard

89. Everyone wants Carter on their trivia team. He can remember vast amounts of information and recall obscure facts easily. He learns very quickly and is very curious. He is always trying to gain more knowledge through reading books and attending seminars. Carter is high in which type of intelligence?

a. crystallized

b. fluid

c. pragmatic

d. natural

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Hard

90. Longitudinal studies show that intelligence scores ______.

a. peaks in early adulthood, declines through middle adulthood, and drops steeply in late adulthood

b. vary by gender with males showing greater declines over time than females

c. increase into middle adulthood, especially on tests that reflect accumulated knowledge

d. vary by gender with females showing greater declines over time than males

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Medium

91. Which statement describes crystallized and fluid intelligence through the lifespan?

a. Fluid intelligence increases beginning in the twenties.

b. Crystallized intelligence decreases into middle adulthood.

c. Fluid intelligence stimulates crystallized intelligence in late adulthood.

d. In late adulthood both crystallized and fluid intelligence decline.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Medium

92. Improvements in fluid intelligence tasks are associated with training in tasks that tap ______.

a. working memory

b. long-term memory

c. emotional responses

d. primal responses

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Medium

93. The Flynn effect is when IQ scores ______.

a. increase sharply then fall dramatically over many years

b. increase continuously over many years and with each generation

c. decrease continuously over many years and with each generation

d. decrease sharply then plateau with each generation

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: The Flynn Effect—Context and IQ

Difficulty Level: Easy

94. Lately, the Flynn effect is especially pronounced in which country?

a. Norway

b. Sweden

c. China

d. England

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: The Flynn Effect—Context and IQ

Difficulty Level: Easy

95. Intellectual ability is largely maintained over the adult years, especially if the individuals are engaged in ______.

a. complex occupational activities

b. emotional responses

c. physical strengthening exercises

d. being sedentary

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. Few research studies on cognitive development focus on adulthood that is ______.

a. emerging

b. young

c. middle

d. old

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

97. Examining how much information a person can attend to at once is part of researching ______.

a. inhibition

b. attention

c. memory

d. expertise

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Easy

98. Examining the ability to focus from one task to another in response to situational demands is part of researching ______.

a. inhibition

b. attention

c. memory

d. expertise

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Easy

99. Who would have the most difficulty ignoring distractors and irrelevant stimuli?

a. Amber, who is 35 and teaching a second grade class at a large inner city school

b. Cael, who is 45 and editing a manuscript on a tight deadline at a publishing firm

c. Lucy, who is 55 and teaching an exceptionally large yoga class at a local wellness center

d. Roger, who is 65 and working on a crossword puzzle near the children’s play area in a restaurant

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Hard

100. The ability to resist interference from irrelevant information to stay focused on the task at hand is called ______.

a. processing speed

b. inhibition

c. generativity

d. selective attention

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. Which factor would improve and older adult’s performance on attention related tasks?

a. practice

b. meditation

c. sleep

d. nothing

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Medium

102. Changes in which ability are related to memory decline?

a. practice

b. expertise

c. processing

d. attention

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

103. What is the first form of memory decline that individuals experience as they age?

a. ability to apply memory strategies when learning new information

b. capacity of working memory

c. ability to engage in selective attention

d. capacity to tune out irrelevant information

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

104. What permits adults to use their memory and crystallized intelligence more effectively?

a. social interaction

b. metacognition

c. advanced degrees

d. attention

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

105. Which person in middle adulthood would likely show the most decline in memory?

a. Karen, who has a limited amount of time to take a written history exam

b. Bret, who is explaining how to operate a machine at work to a new hire

c. Lisa, who has outlined a presentation speech on notecards

d. Dustin, who is taking a self-paced course anatomy course online

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

106. Which statement describes age-related change in working memory?

a. The capacity of working memory declines from the 20s through the 60s.

b. Declines in working memory are consistent across all people and all tasks.

c. It is difficult for adults to compensate for declines in working memory, so declines tend to be noticeable.

d. Memory strategies offer little help to middle-aged adults in working memory, only in long-term memory.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

107. The person who would most likely have the best memory is the one who ______.

a. lives paycheck to paycheck while job hunting

b. is in the sandwich generation and works a job

c. has a busy work schedule and exercises regularly

d. has a busy work schedule and uses alcohol to relax

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

108. Which factor most influences adults’ performance on standard tasks measuring processing speed?

a. capacity for attention

b. pressure to do well

c. prior experience with testing

d. understanding of the information

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Processing Speed

Difficulty Level: Medium

109. Aaron is an adult who is described as being highly distractible. If his distractions are reduced, Aaron will most likely ______.

a. show a decline in processing speed because of the effort required to focus

b. show an increase in the ability to process information

c. reach a peak of processing speed then it will decline dramatically

d. be able to only temporarily increase his processing speed

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Processing Speed

Difficulty Level: Hard

110. Which statement describes processing speed in middle adulthood?

a. reduced processing speed causes physical changes in the brain

b. decline in the speed of processing is most apparent in everyday situations

c. cognitive resources increase with age, resulting in increased processing speed

d. declines in memory, reasoning, and problem-solving are due to reduced processing speed

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Processing Speed

Difficulty Level: Medium

111. As they age, adults compensates for slower processing speed by relying on their ______.

a. working memory

b. fluid intelligence

c. crystallized intelligence

d. selective attention

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Processing Speed

Difficulty Level: Medium

112. Sleep clears the brain by removing ______.

a. neurotransmitters

b. biological waste

c. myelin

d. excess neurons

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep as Brain Cleanser

Difficulty Level: Easy

113. During sleep, the spaces between neurons are filled with ______.

a. cerebrospinal fluid

b. blood

c. lymphatic fluid

d. plasma

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep as Brain Cleanser

Difficulty Level: Easy

114. In studies with mice, what did their brain cells do during sleep?

a. disintegrate

b. divide

c. enlarge

d. shrink

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep as Brain Cleanser

Difficulty Level: Easy

115. Which statement describes age-related change in cognitive capacity?

a. Fluid intelligence continues to improve throughout adulthood.

b. Crystallized intelligence increases steadily over the adult years and declines modestly in late adulthood.

c. Adults show more difficulties with selective attention than with divided attention and inhibition.

d. The capacity of working memory continues to improve throughout middle adulthood.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

116. Who would be considered an expert?

a. Casey, who is 24 years old and just received her MBA

b. Jose, who 24 years old and a new hire but has read the entire procedural manual

c. Danielle, who is 55 years old and worked in the same profession since college

d. Marcel, who is 55 years old but has decided to go back to college

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Expertise

Difficulty Level: Hard

117. How do experts approach problems that support gains in practical problem solving?

a. use intuition

b. read background information

c. ask appropriate questions

d. find out solutions others used

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Expertise

Difficulty Level: Medium

118. When does expertise reach its peak in development?

a. early adulthood because these individuals are learning a large variety of topics

b. middle adulthood because they are able to solve problems by using abstract reasoning and making intuitive judgments

c. late adulthood because they have many more years of life experience to draw conclusions from in problem solving

d. any age because it is dependent on a wide variety of contextual factors

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Expertise

Difficulty Level: Hard

119. Which factor accounts for the ability of adults to compensate for declines in processing speed and memory?

a. motivation

b. expertise

c. stress management

d. emotion regulation

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Expertise

Difficulty Level: Medium

120. Which response is typical of an expert when encountering problems?

a. follow formal procedures

b. have an emotional response

c. treat them all the same

d. vary approaches

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Expertise

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Many middle-aged adults display hearing loss that is preventable.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Men tend to experience age-related changes in skin elasticity more quickly than do women.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Smoking has been found to have little impact on skin aging.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. In Japan, where women gain power and responsibility with age, women rarely report hot flashes or other menopausal symptoms.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Cultural Perspectives on Menopause

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The majority of men in the United States experience testosterone deficiency in middle adulthood.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Men

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Rates of cancer have increased since the 1990s.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Easy

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Knowledge

7. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The hormone involved in diabetes is cortisol.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diabetes

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The sandwich generation refers to individuals who are stuck between the healthy period of early adulthood and late adulthood’s physical ailments.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Easy

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Knowledge

10. Relaxation techniques, meditation, and biofeedback are ways to reduce the negative mental and physical health effects of stress.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Examples of fluid intelligence include memory of spelling, vocabulary, formulas, and dates in history.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Gains in crystalized intelligence help adults compensate and permit adaptive functioning despite fluid losses.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The conclusions that researchers draw regarding intellectual change in adulthood vary with each research design.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Cross-sectional research designs are more likely to find that there is little decrease in intelligence over the lifespan.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Fluid intelligence stimulates the negative effect of work stress on emotional experience.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. As people age, it becomes more difficult to tune out irrelevant information.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The more complex the task, the greater the age-related decline in reaction time.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The declines in memory evident in laboratory research are more apparent in everyday settings.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Sleep plays little role in information processing speed.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Sleep as Brain Cleanser

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Experts operate on intuitive judgments of how to approach a problem based on experience.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Expertise

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Why is night vision difficult for individuals as they age?

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describes what happens in osteoporosis. How can it be prevented or managed?

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Skin, Muscular, and Skeletal Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Describe the factors involved in “male menopause.”

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reproductive Changes in Men

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain what cancer is, and what the three basic causes are.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cancer

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Why are women more likely to die from a heart attack than men?

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cardiovascular Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What are strategies that help alleviate the effects of stress? When in life does daily stress tend to decline? How to people this age range tend to respond to stress?

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Do crystallized and fluid intelligence have the same patterns of change over the adult years? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Why does fluid intelligence decline over the adult years?

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intelligence Over the Adult Years

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Explain why changes in attention are sometimes unapparent and vary among adults in everyday life.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Explain why laboratory tests may inaccurately illustrate the everyday memory capacity of middle-aged and older adults.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Explain how societal and cultural views influence how menopause is perceived. Use examples from Asian, Mayan, and Western cultures.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Summarize age-related physical changes during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Cultural Perspectives on Menopause

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Explain how the relation of hormone replacement therapy and health outcomes is complex.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Hormone Replacement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Terry feels out of control, reacts to stressful situations with anger and frustration, becomes silent when he is stressed, and refused to talk about what is bothering him. What does it sound like Terry lacks? What are repercussions of this? Is it possible for Terry to learn another way of being? If so, how?

Learning Objective: 15.2: Discuss common health conditions and illnesses and the roles of stress and hardiness on health during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Hormone Replacement Therapy

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What factors are involved in the Flynn effect?

Learning Objective: 15.3: Contrast the findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of crystallized and fluid intelligence over adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lives in Context: The Flynn Effect—Context and IQ

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Your colleague is considering applicants for a position he is trying to fill, and has narrowed them down to two. One applicant has more education but is younger and has little practical experience. The other is older, has less education but has been in the field for a quite a long time. Your colleague is leaning toward the younger applicant because he thinks she is smarter, and will have more energy and vigor in her approach to solving problems. He asks you what you think. What information can you give him regarding the other applicant?

Learning Objective: 15.4: Analyze changes in cognitive capacities during middle adulthood, including attention, memory, processing speed, and expertise.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Expertise

Difficulty Level: Hard