Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Many older adults experience chronic illnesses that pose demands for ______.

a. conformity

b. emotions

c. adaptation

d. solitude

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Pigmented marks that often appear on the hands and face of older adults are called ______.

a. age spots

b. oil deposits

c. melanoma

d. glia

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Appearance

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In older adulthood, the nose and ears change in that they ______.

a. grow smaller

b. grow broader

c. become deformed

d. decrease thickness

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Appearance

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which type of exercise has been found to strengthen muscles and offset losses into the nineties?

a. aerobic

b. strength training

c. low-impact

d. resistance

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appearance

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Brain aging involves declines in neuronal communication, especially in areas responsible for executive functioning and judgment, which are located in the ______.

a. amygdala

b. corpus callosum

c. prefrontal cortex

d. hippocampus

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appearance

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Cordelia is 83, and her brain is changing with age. The area of her brain that will be the last to show loss is responsible for ______.

a. vision

b. memory

c. personality

d. emotion

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Appearance

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. What type of activity has been shown to restore brain volume, especially in the hippocampus, a region closely involved with memory?

a. spending time with teenagers

b. a program of aerobic exercise

c. eating a healthy diet that has antioxidants

d. reading and communicating with others

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. More physically fit and active older adults tend to show more efficient activity in areas key to ______.

a. hearing

b. vision

c. anger

d. memory

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Aerobic Exercise and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Byron has decided to increase his physical activity from moderate to more intense. Which cognitive change can also be expected?

a. decrease in brain plasticity

b. improvement in spatial memory

c. decrease in recognition

d. improvement in vision analysis

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Aerobic Exercise and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. The ability to make flexible and efficient use of available brain resources that permits efficiency, flexibility, and adaptability is called ______.

a. synaptogenesis

b. cognitive reserve

c. working memory

d. neurogenesis

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Maria is bilingual, and speaks in Spanish and English on a daily basis. Because of this she receives the benefits of ______.

a. emotional control

b. mental conformity

c. inhibition deficit

d. memory improvement

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application | Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Neurogenesis plays a role in ______.

a. physical impairments

b. lack of emotional responses

c. suppression of plasticity

d. cognitive abilities

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Cataracts can be caused by ______.

a. carbon monoxide

b. sunlight

c. insufficient diet

d. diabetes

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Cataracts are treated through ______.

a. laser technology

b. the use of medicated eye drops

c. a surgical procedure in which the lens is replaced with an artificial lens

d. changing the diet to include antioxidants and omega-3 supplements

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. A substantial loss of cells in the center area of the retina causing blurring and eventual loss of central vision is called ______.

a. retinopathy

b. visual atrophy

c. cataracts

d. macular degeneration

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Macular degeneration can be prevented through ______.

a. performing eye exercises that help the muscles in the eye to stay active

b. wearing corrective contact lenses

c. going for a yearly eye exam

d. eating a healthy diet including foods high in vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of ______.

a. blindness

b. colorblindness

c. migraines

d. vertigo

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

Cognitive Knowledge

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Age-related hearing loss typically begins at what phase of life?

a. young adulthood

b. middle adulthood

c. young-old

d. old-old

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. A typical way older adults compensate for their hearing loss is to ______.

a. stand away from the person who is talking

b. reduce background noise

c. look away from the person who is talking

d. ignore distracting body language

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. A reason hearing aids are underused is because ______.

a. of stigma associated with being seen wearing hearing aids

b. hearing aids typically interfere with wearing glasses

c. social attitudes value hearing without aids

d. aids fail to correct hearing to the degree most older adults need

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Corbin has hearing problems. He has to turn the TV on very loud, and he has a hard time following conversations. He cannot always hear cars as he is walking in a parking lot, which is embarrassing to him when drivers yell at him to move. What socioemotional outcome does this cause?

a. avoidance of doctor appointments

b. conflict with family members

c. anxiety disorders

d. lower self-esteem

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Hearing

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Sensitivity to smell declines throughout adulthood beginning during the ______.

a. 20s

b. 30s

c. 40s

d. 50s

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Smell and Taste

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Research indicates that older adults decline in their abilities to identify and remember which type of odors?

a. sharp

b. burning

c. pleasant

d. unpleasant

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Smell and Taste

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Olfactory loss might indicate which event?

a. enhanced health

b. lack of cognition

c. low digestive enzymes

d. deteriorating health

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Smell and Taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Liz is an older adult whose sense of taste is declining. Her health is at risk because she will be ______.

a. nervous to try new foods

b. unable to detect spoiled food

c. less able to secrete saliva

d. unable to swallow efficiently

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Smell and Taste

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. A physiological change in the cardiovascular system that occurs due to aging is ______.

a. red blood cells become less able to carry oxygen

b. the heart becomes too flexible

c. the heart becomes less responsive to signals to contract

d. arteries decrease in rigidity

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Which factor damages both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

a. carbon monoxide

b. excessive salt intake

c. arterial plaque buildup

d. cigarette smoking

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. David is having trouble breathing, feels out of breath when he rides his bike, and has a hard time catching his breath when he walks any distance. His doctor will most likely check for and recommend a test for ______.

a. respiratory system changes and recommend a physical exercise plan and diet

b. cardiovascular functioning and recommend a physical exercise plan and diet

c. immune system declines and recommend stress reduction

d. both immune and respiratory system declines and recommend medication

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. In response to stress, older adults often show greater impairment than younger adults in which system?

a. immune

b. respiratory

c. digestive

d. muscular

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. The ability to control the body’s position in space is called ______.

a. posture

b. balance

c. mobility

d. strength

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motor Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Steve has noticed that he has been stumbling a bit more lately, and is concerned he may end up falling. Which activity would most help him improve balance?

a. tai chi

b. swimming

c. weight lifting

d. rowing

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Motor Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. Which factor is used as a predictor for mortality because it indicates overall physiology?

a. standing ability

b. swimming speed

c. gait speed

d. stretching ability

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. What is the most notable contributor to increases in life expectancy?

a. advances in health care

b. reduction in infant mortality

c. sanitation improvements

d. genetic variations

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Health in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. The cancer survival rate is defined as living how many years after diagnosis?

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Individuals in which category are at the highest risk for physical and mental health problems?

a. emerging adult

b. young adult

c. old-old

d. oldest-old

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Beatrice is a woman in her early 80s who lives in her own home but needs some assistance with housework and cooking. She has some physical impairments that require her to go to the doctor about once every 2 weeks. How would gerontologists categorize her?

a. old

b. young-old

c. old-old

d. oldest-old

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Omar is 74 years old, lives independently, has mild hearing loss, and continues the same swimming regimen he has had since college. He has a large social network, and few physical complaints. Gerontologists would put him in the category of ______.

a. successful aging

b. impaired aging

c. declining

d. recuperating

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Individuals who live past 100 years are called ______.

a. septuagenarians

b. octogenarians

c. nonagenarians

d. centenarians

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. The fastest growing population in Western countries are people who are what age?

a. 100 and above

b. 90 and above

c. 80 and above

d. 70 and above

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Centenarians

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The health of centenarians is such that up to one-quarter reach age 100 without ______.

a. living independently

b. chronic disease

c. physical declines

d. cognitive declines

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Centenarians

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Which factor contributes to quality of life in those who live to an advanced age?

a. feeling little control over health issues

b. choosing little social interaction

c. conformity

d. adaptability

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Centenarians

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Changing dietary needs means that older adults are at risk for ______.

a. overeating

b. nutritional deficiency

c. nutritional overload

d. heightened metabolic activity

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. When older adults experience a decline in the sense of taste and smell they tend to ______.

a. seek satisfaction through added salt and sugar

b. take medications to renew their sense of taste

c. stop eating because nothing tastes good

d. seek out foods with bitter odors

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Ray has begun adding a lot of salt and sugar into his foods. Since he has hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes, the change in his diet has negatively impacted his health. Ray is most likely adding the salt and sugar because he ______.

a. is rebelling against the doctors telling him what he should eat

b. is experiencing a decline in the sense of taste and smell

c. thinks it makes his food more nutritious

d. cannot remember how much he added the first time

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which nutritional supplement has an antioxidant effect and may protect against age-related declines in cognitive functions?

a. calcium

b. vitamin E

c. catechin

d. vitamin A

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Cora has been showing some signs of memory decline. Which supplement would be most effective in helping protect her cognitive function?

a. calcium

b. vitamin E

c. catechin

d. vitamin A

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Which nutritional supplement is associated with both a reduction in arthritis and decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease?

a. folic acid

b. catechin

c. calcium

d. omega-3

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Individuals as old as 80 show gains similar to those of much younger adults when they being a program of ______.

a. cardiovascular activity

b. weight lifting

c. flexibility

d. endurance

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exercise

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which benefit of weight-bearing exercise occurs in the oldest-old?

a. increased muscle size

b. reduced joint inflammation

c. greater endurance

d. increased self-esteem

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exercise

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Mary is a 75-year-old woman who is less active than she should be. When her doctor asks her why she resists going for walks to increase her physical activity, she is most likely to give ______ as a reason.

a. fear of falling

b. too little time

c. lack of friends for company

d. neighborhood is difficult to navigate

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Exercise

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. Which effect on the brain does exercise in older adults have?

a. increased activity in the occipital lobes resulting in improved vision

b. decreased hippocampal volume

c. increased activity in areas that control attention

d. decreased activity in areas of executive function

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Exercise

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. There are more than how many types of arthritis?

a. 25

b. 50

c. 75

d. 100

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Candice has osteoarthritis. Which joint of hers was most likely affected first?

a. wrist

b. hip

c. neck

d. toe

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. Ben has been a long distance runner his whole life. He has run in fifteen marathons and countless smaller road races. When he turned 75, he started feeling pain and a loss of movement. He went to see a physician who said that he had a wearing-away of cartilage and his joints have become less flexible and prone to swelling. Which condition is Ben diagnosed with?

a. osteoarthritis

b. rheumatoid arthritis

c. osteoporosis

d. Parkinson’s disease

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Hard

55. Which condition is an autoimmune illness?

a. osteoarthritis

b. rheumatoid arthritis

c. osteoporosis

d. Parkinson’s disease

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Arthritis is classified as a chronic disease because ______.

a. individuals have it for a long period of time

b. it is managed, and without a cure

c. so many people are diagnosed with it

d. it causes chronic stress in individuals

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Low socioeconomic status is associated with greater arthritis-related symptoms, poorer well-being, and greater use of maladaptive coping strategies among which group of people?

a. African Americans

b. Hispanic Americans

c. Asian men

d. Caucasian men

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. In the first 10 years after menopause, women typically lose what percentage of their bone mass?

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 35%

d. 50%

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Osteoporosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Which hormone is protective against bone loss?

a. insulin

b. cortisol

c. testosterone

d. progesterone

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Osteoporosis

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Who is most likely to be diagnosed with osteoporosis?

a. Caleb, who 74, sedentary, and has three drinks every evening

b. Marjorie, who is 69, does weight training, and has a drink once or twice a month

c. Horace, who is 85, walks two miles every day, and has never smoked

d. Nola, who is 77, does tai chi, and has never smoked

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Osteoporosis

Difficulty Level: Hard

61. A diet rich in which nutrients can help prevent osteoporosis?

a. vitamin C and calcium

b. vitamin A and magnesium

c. vitamin D and calcium

d. vitamin E and phosphorous

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Osteoporosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. What does driving a car represent to older adults?

a. prestige

b. autonomy

c. intelligence

d. cognition

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Vehicle Accidents

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. Per mile traveled, crash rates and fatal crash rates also start increasing when the driver reaches age ______.

a. 55

b. 60

c. 65

d. 70

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Motor Vehicle Accidents

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. Falls are a serious hazard for older adults because ______.

a. they involve damage to the brain resulting in an acceleration of cognitive decline

b. natural loss of bone increases the risk of hip fractures which take a long time to heal

c. few gerontologists know how to prevent them which puts health at risk

d. they exacerbate the negative effects of other diseases such as diabetes or arthritis

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Falls

Difficulty Level: Hard

65. Which approach can help prevent falls and increase an older adult’s confidence in her or her body?

a. strength training

b. mindful meditation

c. resting more

d. taking omega-3

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Injuries

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. Which term means a progressive deterioration in mental abilities due to changes in the brain that influence higher cortical functions?

a. dementia

b. medical fragility

c. senescence

d. attention disorder

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dementia in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Dementia is defined by an inability to ______.

a. understand complex mathematics

b. learn another language

c. engage in everyday activities

d. analyze spatial relationships

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dementia in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. The most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has replaced the term dementia with ______.

a. attention disorder

b. neurocognitive disorder

c. memory incapacitation

d. mental incapacitation

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dementia in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. Geographic differences in dementia rates are due to ______.

a. increased numbers of centenarians

b. developments in nutrition

c. higher than average birth rates

d. poor access to education

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dementia in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Which age group has the lowest percentage of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease?

a. 75–84

b. 85 and older

c. 65–74

d. 65 and under

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. How are the plaques formed in the brain in patients who have Alzheimer’s disease?

a. Beta-amyloid causes the myelin in the brain to harden and deteriorate.

b. The protein tau creates twisted bundles of threads that occur when neurons collapse.

c. Neurons combine due to an increase in dopamine and create blockages between other neurons.

d. Inflammation causes beta-amyloid to accumulate and join with clumps of dead neurons and glial cells.

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

72. What happens in Alzheimer’s disease when the hippocampus experiences altered neurogenesis and brain functioning declines?

a. disruption in messages sent from one neuron to the other, resulting in confusion and disorientation

b. generation and development of new neurons is impaired resulting in an inability to replace dead neurons

c. prefrontal cortex compensates for loss of neuronal activity resulting in little loss in problem-solving but a greater decline in memory

d. interference in signals sent to muscles resulting in jerky, uncontrollable movements

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

73. Alzheimer’s disease is diagnosed through ______.

a. exclusion involving ruling out all other causes of dementia

b. a PET scan to see how the brain and its tissues are working

c. an MRI or CT scan to observe the structure of the brain

d. neurological tests that indicate symptoms specific symptoms

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

74. What are the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

a. personality changes

b. problems with concentration

c. episodic memory problems

d. impairments in attentional control

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

75. Which symptoms are associated with the final stages of Alzheimer’s disease?

a. loss of the ability to comprehend and produce speech

b. problems with concentration and short-term memory

c. failure to recognize objects and familiar people

d. impairments in attentional control

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

76. Ron has Alzheimer’s disease. He frequently forgets doctor’s appointments and almost started a fire in his kitchen because he forgot a pan on the stove. Recently, his son was concerned because Ron blamed him for stealing his car keys when Ron simply forgot where he put them. What phase of Alzheimer’s disease is Ron in?

a. early phase

b. beyond the early phases and he may be unable to care for himself

c. he absolutely cannot care for himself and will need 24-hour assistance

d. final phase

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

77. Jim is a 78-year-old man who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. He has lost the ability to comprehend and produce speech. His family can expect that Jim will now ______.

a. become paranoid and angry

b. lose the ability to control bodily functions

c. become forgetful and misplace things

d. develop depression

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

78. The average patient progresses to the final stage of Alzheimer’s disease over the course of how many years?

a. 5

b. 10

c. 15

d. 20

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

79. The fact that Alzheimer’s disease often runs in families means what factor is involved?

a. genetics

b. context

c. culture

d. education

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

80. Education acts as a protective factor against Alzheimer’s disease by ______.

a. determining personality traits

b. decreasing synaptic connections

c. regulating emotional control

d. boosting cognitive reserves

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

81. Social and cultural factors playing a role in ethnic differences in Alzheimer’s and other dementias is demonstrated by the fact that ______.

a. the risk factors for dementia, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are higher in non-Hispanic whites

b. chronic diseases have a large lifestyle component and influenced by diet which is relatively the same across cultural groups

c. differences in education and socioeconomic status may account for ethnic differences in susceptibility

d. beliefs about aging, spirituality, and views of the medical profession have little effect on whether individuals seek treatment

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Ethnicity and Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

82. Which cultural group is most likely to believe that developing Alzheimer’s disease is God’s will?

a. European Americans

b. African Americans

c. Asian Americans

d. Hispanic Americans

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Ethnicity and Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. Which form of dementia tends to show sudden, but often mild, losses in memory and cognitive functioning?

a. delirium

b. Parkinson’s disease

c. Alzheimer’s disease

d. vascular

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vascular Dementia

Difficulty Level: Easy

84. What type of dementia is caused by strokes, or blockages of blood vessels in the brain?

a. Alzheimer’s disease

b. vascular

c. Parkinson’s disease

d. delirium

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vascular Dementia

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. Judy has become forgetful and describes herself as “scattered”. She forgets to pay bills and almost flooded her house when she left the tap running in the tub. Her daughter is concerned for her safety and took her to see her doctor. The doctor noticed that her voice was a bit slurred. Given all her recent behaviors, the doctor diagnosed Judy with ______.

a. Alzheimer’s disease

b. vascular dementia

c. Parkinson’s disease

d. Lewy body dementia

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vascular Dementia

Difficulty Level: Hard

86. Which neurotransmitter enables coordinated function of the body’s muscles and smooth movement?

a. dopamine

b. serotonin

c. acetylcholine

d. norepinephrine

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

87. Which motor symptoms characterize Parkinson’s disease?

a. fast movements

b. clipped gait

c. tremors

d. flaccidity

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. Parkinson’s symptoms can be treated with ______.

a. meditation

b. rest

c. aerobic training

d. resistance training

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

89. Michael is experiencing stiffness in his legs. He has fallen a few times. What form of dementia could Michael be experiencing?

a. Alzheimer’s disease

b. vascular dementia

c. Parkinson’s disease

d. Lewy body dementia

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

90. The biggest challenge in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies is differentiating it from ______.

a. Alzheimer’s disease

b. stroke

c. Parkinson’s disease

d. delirium

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lewy body dementia

Difficulty Level: Easy

91. Which symptom is unique to Lewy body dementia?

a. declining memory

b. visual hallucinations

c. impaired cognition

d. muscle tremors

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lewy body dementia

Difficulty Level: Medium

92. Lewy bodies are also common to which other disorder?

a. Alzheimer’s disease

b. stroke

c. Parkinson’s disease

d. delirium

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lewy body dementia

Difficulty Level: Easy

93. Dementia-like symptoms such as problems with attention and reasoning that develop quickly and are temporary are known as ______.

a. incoherence

b. stroke

c. fragility

d. delirium

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Delirium

Difficulty Level: Easy

94. Delirium is unique from other dementias in that it ______.

a. is treatable and can be cured

b. involves primarily motor symptoms

c. has a long onset and progression

d. has symptoms of depression

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Delirium

Difficulty Level: Medium

95. Delirium can be caused by ______.

a. overhydration

b. overstimulation

c. vitamin C deficiency

d. drug interaction

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Delirium

Difficulty Level: Hard

96. Why do older adults have difficulty in attention-demanding tasks?

a. They experience a decrease in the efficiency of response inhibition.

b. Visual sensory deficits cause distraction.

c. They have decreased myelination in the brain governing these areas.

d. Auditory sensory deficits are the primary cause.

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Medium

97. Because Helen has difficulty with response inhibition, she is most likely to ______.

a. hyperfocus her attention

b. appear easily distracted

c. be unable to socialize

d. forget names and dates

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attention

Difficulty Level: Hard

98. A statement that describes older adults and working memory is that they ______.

a. are less susceptible to distraction

b. are likely to discard distracting information

c. have more space for completing a given task

d. have a more difficult time with response inhibition

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

99. Healthy adults of all ages retain the ability to exert control over working memory when information has been ______.

a. eliminated from it

b. encoded in it

c. partitioned from it

d. replicated from it

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

100. When information that has previously been remembered disrupts memory for new information it is called ______.

a. proactive interference

b. response inhibition

c. multitasking

d. attention

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. Who is most likely to rate his or her memory competence as poor?

a. Garrett, who is 65, just retired, and is spending long days on the golf course

b. Marisol, who is 68, taking art classes, and is thinking about writing a book

c. Javier, who is 70, caring for his elderly mother, and his divorced daughter with two children just moved in

d. Rena, who is 72, closed her business, and her single son just moved out, taking his noisy dogs with him

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

102. Older adults can improve the difficulty they have with multitasking through ______.

a. eliminating any interruptions while working

b. limiting it to a maximum of two assignments at one time

c. using other strategies to help with memory such as making lists

d. slowing down to a pace with which they feel comfortable

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Context, Task Demands, and Memory Performance

Difficulty Level: Hard

103. Which percentage of Alzheimer’s patients have their diagnosis undisclosed to them?

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 75%

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Disclosing a Dementia Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

104. The majority of people say they wish to know of a dementia diagnosis so they ______.

a. know who to blame for depression

b. can discuss their management and care preferences

c. can immediately prepare for the worst

d. know how to manage the increased anxiety from the disclosure

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Disclosing a Dementia Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Hard

105. Which type of information in working memory shows little decline in older adults?

a. abstract thinking

b. attention-related

c. emotion-related

d. concrete thinking

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emotion and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

106. What type of emotional information do older adults have a greater capacity for processing as compared to younger adults?

a. positive

b. negative

c. neutral

d. conflictual

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emotion and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

107. Older adults are most likely remember positive information due to ______.

a. a focus on managing emotions

b. unwillingness to acknowledge negative experiences

c. being able to separate emotion and cognition

d. deficits in other cognitive areas of their brains

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Emotion and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

108. Which type of long-term memory shows little age-related decline?

a. semantic

b. episodic

c. autobiographical

d. experiential

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Long-Term Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

109. Age-related changes in working memory also contribute to changes in ______.

a. short-term memory

b. emotions

c. attention

d. long-term memory

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Long-Term Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

110. If Caroline, who is 66, is asked to create a timeline of memorable events in her life, which one is she most likely to remember?

a. a friendly coworker she had 20 years ago

b. the name of her first boss when she graduated college

c. the topic of the fight that broke up her college relationship

d. a beautiful cat she had when she was 14

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Long-Term Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

111. Stuart has some hearing loss. To compensate in communication, he will most likely ______.

a. refuse to take part in any conversations

b. continually ask people what they just said

c. draw on experience to fill in gaps of what is said

d. ask people to write down important words

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Aging and Language

Difficulty Level: Hard

112. Language comprehension and production in older adults, in contrast to younger adults, includes ______.

a. naming objects more accurately

b. producing more ambiguous references

c. having clearer references

d. taking less time to retrieve words

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aging and Language

Difficulty Level: Medium

113. Expertise in the conduct and meanings of life is called ______.

a. concrete thinking

b. abstract thought

c. wisdom

d. attention

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Problem Solving and Wisdom

Difficulty Level: Easy

114. Nancy is an older adult who has led a difficult life. She has overcome many adversities, including growing up during the Great Depression, WWII, and the loss of her spouse in middle adulthood. She has maintained a positive outlook on life, and people come to her for advice. The benefit her life experiences bring is being ______.

a. less likely to be diagnosed with any form of dementia

b. considered to be a woman with wisdom

c. better able to interact with others socially

d. less likely to have proactive interference in memory

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Problem Solving and Wisdom

Difficulty Level: Hard

115. Wisdom can be described as ______.

a. unassociated with well-being

b. being found only in the old

c. typically improving with age

d. typically declining with age

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Problem Solving and Wisdom

Difficulty Level: Easy

116. What do cognitive abilities tend to do over the life span?

a. remain stable

b. increase sharply

c. gradually decline

d. have peaks and valleys

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

117. What consideration is a strong and consistent predictor of cognitive performance and problem-solving tasks in old age?

a. size of a person’s social network

b. years of formal schooling and literacy levels on reading tests

c. mental health factors

d. degree of contact a person has with family members

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

118. Laura is a 70-year-old woman who has cardiovascular disease and diabetes. She retired when she was 67. She has a husband, three children, and six grandchildren. She reports a happy childhood and has few regrets in terms of her career choice. She is an avid reader and enjoys taking care of her grandchildren. As Laura ages, her cognitive changes will most likely be ______.

a. slight decline because she retired before she was very old

b. some decline due to her impaired physical health

c. moderate decline because she stopped working

d. little decline because she has a family that provides support

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

119. When individuals adjust for declines in cognitive reserve or energy by narrowing their goals and choosing activities that permit them to maximize their strengths and existing capacities, it is called ______.

a. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

b. redirected cognitive functioning

c. selective optimization with compensation

d. social control theory

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

120. Marilyn, an 82-year-old woman, has maintained high cognitive functioning as she has aged. She does just a few favorite activities, like reading in her granddaughter’s second-grade classroom, because she realized that when she tried to multitask she had more difficulty. What is Marilyn engaging in?

a. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

b. redirected cognitive functioning

c. selective optimization with compensation

d. social control theory

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. Older adults cannot compensate for cognitive declines because the brain has limited ability for plasticity.

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Neurogenesis continues throughout life.

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. With age, older adults’ hearts experience cell loss and become more rigid, resulting in heart pounding.

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Some people retain strong immune functioning into older adulthood.

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Many adults compensate for a slowed gait by talking shorter steps.

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Older adults require more calories than younger adults.

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Older adults are less likely to get all of their nutritional needs met through their diet and are therefore at risk for nutritional deficiency.

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. It is best to deal with an arthritis flare-up with some activities or exercises to help maintain range of motion.

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Compared with younger drivers, senior drivers are more likely to be involved in collisions in parking lots.

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Vehicle Accidents

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Exercise programs such as tai chi and strength and agility exercises can improve older adults’ strength, balance, and confidence.

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Falls

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder.

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Factors that prevent cardiovascular disease, such as physical activity and diet, also prevent and slow the progression of vascular dementia.

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vascular Dementia

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Parkinson’s symptoms appear when 100% of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra are damaged.

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Parkinson’s symptoms cannot be treated.

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Delirium is irreversible.

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Delirium

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Older adults show a significant information processing bias toward negative information.

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emotion and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Language comprehension shows little to change with age.

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aging and Language

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Young adults perform better than older adults on everyday problems that are relevant to the contexts they experience in their daily lives.

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Problem Solving and Wisdom

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Cognitive abilities tend to remain stable, relative to peers, over the lifespan.

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Most healthy older adults have significant age-related declines in the ability to efficiently process information.

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Why are age-related brain changes NOT always apparent in adults’ functioning? Explain how bilingualism is associated with cognitive benefits throughout life.

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. What effect does substantial vision loss have on older adults’ daily lives?

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vision

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What is the impact of the decline in immune function in older adults?

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Describe the optimal diet for older adults. Why is it sometimes difficult for them to eat this way?

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What are barriers to physical activity reported by older adults? What physical and mental benefits does exercise offer older adults?

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Exercise

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What typically happens after an older adult experiences a fall? What are methods they can use to prevent future falls?

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Falls

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. What are the risk factors for developing Alzheimer’s disease?

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What characterizes Parkinson’s disease?

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Explain how autobiographical memory shows predictable patterns of deterioration. Why does long-term memory follow this pattern?

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Long-Term Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. What impact does cognitive training have on an older adult’s cognitive skills?

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. What effects does exercise have on the mind? What are the implications for older adults?

Learning Objective: 17.1: Discuss age-related changes in brain and body systems in late adulthood, and identify ways that older adults may compensate for changes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Aerobic Exercise and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. What factors influence longevity? What factors contribute to quality of life for those who live to an advanced age?

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Centenarians

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain what happens to the body with arthritis. What are risk factors?

Learning Objective: 17.2: Identify risk and protective factors for health in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Arthritis

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. How are Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia different from one another?

Learning Objective: 17.3: Summarize common dementias including characteristics, risk and protective factors, and treatment.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Alzheimer’s Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Why are declines in memory evident in laboratory research less apparent in everyday settings?

Learning Objective: 17.4: Analyze patterns of cognitive change in late adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Context, Task Demands, and Memory Performance

Difficulty Level: Hard