Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. A challenge of studying middle adulthood is ______.

a. so few changes occur among people in this time period

b. it is a long time period with people having multiple roles

c. few people reach this time period

d. there is little variety among these people

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. A person’s concern and sense of responsibility for future generations and society as a whole is called ______.

a. generativity

b. industry

c. stagnation

d. initiative

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Generativity is often expressed through ______.

a. mentoring

b. volunteering

c. child-rearing

d. socializing

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is the primary cause of stagnation in middle adulthood?

a. anger

b. fear

c. disappointment

d. sadness

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. If an individual fails to develop a sense of generativity he or she will ______.

a. make a greater effort to depend on others to meet needs instead of taking initiative

b. regress back to the intimacy versus isolation stage

c. become self-absorbed which interferes with personal growth

d. experience a self-focused sense of identity and rate higher on self-acceptance

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Jerry is an incredibly generative middle-aged adult. This means that he ______.

a. is a proactive problem solver

b. knows that creativity is unhelpful

c. is afraid to take chances

d. investigates a single solution to a problem

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. What would influence generativity differently in Robert than Susan?

a. Trust development likely occurred earlier in life for Robert than Susan.

b. It is a stronger influence on well-being in Robert than it is in Susan.

c. It was influenced by Robert’s career success as opposed to Susan’s family success.

d. Robert having children likely triggered it whereas Susan came by it innately.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Generativity reflects a lifetime psychosocial aspects such as ______.

a. learning it is necessary to always get something in return

b. being on the lookout for untrustworthy people

c. being able to sustain meaningful relationships

d. using relationships to shore up a sense of self

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What is the key element of Levinson’s psychosocial theory?

a. life structure or overall organization of a person’s life

b. generativity or a concern of responsibility for future generations

c. seasons of life or phases a person’s goes through

d. midlife crisis or an obligatory stressful time in middle adulthood

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. According to Levinson, what is the set of phases called that an adult progresses through?

a. cognitive processes

b. developmental tasks

c. life structure

d. seasons of life

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. According to Levinson, adults ages 22–28 are in which part of their life structure?

a. creating a dream

b. working to realize a dream

c. shifting priorities

d. evaluating progress

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. According to Levinson, adults ages 28–33 are in which part of their life structure?

a. creating a dream

b. working to realize a dream

c. shifting priorities

d. evaluating progress

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of Levinson’s seasons of life is when adults reexamine their dreams of early adulthood and evaluate their progress?

a. age 30 transition

b. midlife crisis

c. transition to middle adulthood

d. transition to late adulthood

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Trina has put everything into her career. She travels for work and always says yes when they ask her to take on a new project. She is now reconsidering some decisions and has decided to look for a significant other that she can share her life with and start a family. What season of life is she in?

a. age 30 transition

b. midlife crisis

c. transition to middle adulthood

d. transition to late adulthood

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Ben has created a series of life goals he would like to meet. He sees himself in the future as an independent and successful department manager at the accounting firm he would like to work for. He thinks about and prepares for all the skills needed to be an effective manager. Which of Levinson’s phases is Ben demonstrating?

a. age 30 transition

b. transition to early adulthood

c. transition to middle adulthood

d. midlife crisis

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Which statement describes the influence of context on the seasons of life?

a. Almost all adults are able to revise their life structures regardless of circumstances.

b. Opportunities to change life structure are limited only by a person’s imagination.

c. Disadvantage can deplete energy and social resources needed to revise life structure.

d. Adults who are able to successfully achieve their dreams usually then stagnate.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Focusing attention and becoming aware of ongoing sensory, cognitive, and emotional experience in a non-judgmental stance describes ______.

a. mindfulness meditation

b. generativity

c. seasons of life

d. self-reflection

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Mindfulness Meditation and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Mindfulness meditation stimulates executive function which is located in the______.

a. limbic system

b. prefrontal cortex

c. corpus callosum

d. sensory cortex

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Mindfulness Meditation and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Mindfulness meditation increases body awareness by increasing activity in the ______.

a. limbic system

b. prefrontal cortex

c. corpus callosum

d. sensory cortex

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Mindfulness Meditation and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Mindfulness meditation helps individuals learn ______.

a. motor skills

b. to ruminate about feelings

c. emotion regulation.

d. to increase physical strength

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Mindfulness Meditation and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which theorist is partly responsible for popularizing the term midlife crisis?

a. Albert Bandura

b. Erik Erikson

c. Daniel Levinson

d. Sigmund Freud

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. At what point in history did the term midlife crisis come into public consciousness?

a. 1930s

b. 1950s

c. 1970s

d. 1980s

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The transition to middle adulthood typically involves______.

a. evaluation of values, goals, and priorities

b. little clarification and adjustment of goals

c. upheaval and dramatic changes

d. a negative outlook if life path cannot be changed

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Denise has worked a local pharmacy ever since she graduated from high school 25 years ago. She recently decided to quit her job and go back to school full-time in order to work towards a career in finance. What would Levinson would say that Denise is experiencing?

a. self-reflection

b. midlife crisis

c. career shift

d. life review

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Jack travels for work 3 days each week. His wife has had to take care of the household exclusively when he is away. He has two children in elementary school, and he misses a lot of their activities. When Jack turned 45, he decided to take a different position in his company that allowed him to stop traveling and to work from home 2 days a week. What does Jack’s shift in career focus illustrate?

a. integrity

b. generativity

c. generational shift

d. midlife crisis

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. The most important body concern women have as they age is ______.

a. physical attractiveness

b. maintaining health

c. increasing in strength

d. looking much younger

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Self in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The biggest concern regarding aging for people in midlife is ______.

a. maintaining the appearance of youth

b. losing contact with friends and keeping family together

c. maintaining physical activity and avoiding dependence on family

d. becoming less valued in society

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Self in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. In addition to describing themselves in more complex way, as adults grow older they are likely to integrate what into their self-descriptions?

a. physical appearance

b. intellectual capability

c. life experiences

d. family concerns

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Concept in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Children, adolescents, and emerging adults tend to perceive themselves as ______.

a. older than their chronological age

b. younger than their chronological age

c. wise in their experiences

d. more knowledgeable than their peers

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Adults tend to have younger subjective ages starting at age ______.

a. 25

b. 30

c. 35

d. 40

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Adults tend to consistently identify with their younger selves because they ______.

a. feel more similar to their younger selves than they do to their actual selves

b. are optimistic about their view of self and cannot picture themselves getting older

c. identify with what they developed during the creation of their ideal selves

d. want to counteract negative cultural messages about self-associated with aging

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. Research suggest that older adults feel approximately how many years younger than their chronological age?

a. 10

b. 13

c. 16

d. 20.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. The women who tend to be optimistic about their cognitive competencies are ones with ______.

a. younger age identities

b. older age identities

c. greater physical strength

d. more outgoing personalities

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Who is most likely to be optimistic about cognitive competencies, ability to maintain memory, and other aspects of cognitive abilities regardless of actual age?

a. David, a man with a partner and two children who sees himself exactly at the age he is

b. Sharon, a 50-year-old woman who behaves like she is half her age

c. Andrea, a 50-year-old woman who has mobility problems and feels fragile

d. Mike, a man who is 45 years old but refuses to settle down and acts like a college student

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Monica has always been told how beautiful she is, even as she studied chemistry and became the head of a research department at the local university. As she reaches age 50, she still feels like she did when she was 20, but she is increasingly concerned about her appearance and is experiencing considerable life dissatisfaction. This is most likely because ______.

a. her looks have gotten her to where she is in life

b. she receives all of her validation based on her looks

c. professional women tend be influenced by social perception

d. she has a negative attitude about aging

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Which cosmetic procedures involves paralyzing facial muscles so they cannot contract and form wrinkles?

a. liposuction

b. Botox injection

c. injectable filler

d. chemical peel

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Use of Cosmetic Procedures in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Who is most likely to obtain cosmetic procedures?

a. middle-aged women

b. middle-aged men

c. older women

d. older men

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Use of Cosmetic Procedures in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Who is least likely to be satisfied with their bodies?

a. middle-aged black women

b. middle-aged black men

c. middle-aged white women

d. middle-aged white men

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Use of Cosmetic Procedures in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Individuals’ conceptions of who they might become in the future are called ______.

a. ideal selves

b. possible selves

c. gender identity

d. societal norm

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Selves

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which concept is an intrinsic motivator of behavior from early adulthood into older adulthood?

a. intellectual ability

b. possible self

c. peer pressure

d. societal norm

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Selves

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. As Jason approaches 40, he notices that he has been putting on weight, and that he is having a more difficult time climbing stairs. He thinks about his grandfather and father who both had large body sizes and needed wheelchairs for mobility toward the end of their lives. Jason resolves to join a gym and start working out on a regular basis. Which factor is providing the motivation for Jason to do this?

a. gender identity

b. societal norm

c. peer pressure

d. feared self

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Possible Selves

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. How do people protect themselves from negative self-evaluation if their real self fails to match their hoped-for self?

a. revise their possible selves to be consistent with their actual experience

b. pressure themselves to match their real selves to their possible selves

c. pursue external validation that their real selves are in line with their actual experience

d. devise unrealistic methods to make their real selves become their possible selves

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Possible Selves

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. To find meaning and happiness in their lives, adults revise their possible selves to be ______.

a. idealistic and grand

b. practical and realistic

c. realistic and unexciting

d. practical and logical

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Possible Selves

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Traditionally masculine traits are also referred to as which type of traits?

a. normative

b. androgynous

c. instrumental

d. expressive

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Traditionally feminine traits are also referred to as which type of traits?

a. normative

b. androgynous

c. instrumental

d. expressive

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Which change occurs with gender identity in midlife?

a. Women tend to adopt even more expressive traits.

b. Men tend to adopt even more instrumental traits.

c. Men and women both become more androgynous.

d. Men and women both become less androgynous.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Which term means integrating masculine and feminine characteristics?

a. androgen

b. gender identity

c. sexual identity

d. expressiveness

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Which middle-aged adult will most likely have life satisfaction in later years?

a. Martin, who, along with his wife, wants to foster children who have had bad living situations

b. Grace, who feels helpless since her husband died 2 years ago and wants a man who will take care of her

c. Albert, who is looking for a traditional woman after his wife of 25 years left him for another woman

d. Nancy, who wishes her husband would stay out of the kitchen now that he has retired and take up a sensible hobby like woodworking

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. Who is most likely to acknowledge both his good and bad qualities and feel positively about himself?

a. Aaron, who is 28

b. Joshua, who is 36

c. Michael who is 42

d. Ronald, who is 57

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self and Well-Being in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. In middle-aged adult, multiple role involvement predicts positive well-being, more trusting and positive relations with others, and a positive sense of life purpose when it is accompanied by______.

a. a sense of accomplishment

b. perceived sense of control

c. feeling of youthfulness

d. increased working memory

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self and Well-Being in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. What is the term for a tendency to interpret events in a favorable light?

a. well-being

b. perceived control

c. positive processing

d. self-reflection

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self and Well-Being in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. What do the Big 5 personality traits reflect?

a. environmentally influenced relationship characteristics

b. inherited predispositions that persist throughout life

c. temperamental qualities due to external factors

d. attachment classifications developed in childhood

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. People who are high in extroversion are more likely to ______.

a. divorce

b. complete college

c. marry

d. develop depression

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Who is more likely to complete college?

a. Mark, a person who is high in neuroticism

b. Dana, a person who is high in conscientiousness

c. Derrick, a person who is high in extroversion

d. Laura, a person who is high in openness

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

55. Scott is a middle-aged adult who is described as responsible, disciplined, and task oriented. He has planned out his life and worked hard to achieve the goals he has set for himself. Everyone at his workplace knows they can count on him when needed. Which of the Big 5 personality traits is Scott high in?

a. openness

b. conscientiousness

c. extroversion

d. agreeableness

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

56. Troy is a man who is very moody. He worries all the time about every little thing. He is irritable and little fun to be around. What Big 5 personality trait does his behavior describe?

a. openness

b. conscientiousness

c. neuroticism

d. agreeableness

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

57. Which Big 5 personality trait has an especially close association with health?

a. agreeableness

b. openness

c. neuroticism.

d. conscientiousness

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. Which Big 5 personality trait increases in middle adulthood?

a. neuroticism

b. extroversion

c. conscientiousness

d. openness

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

59. Which statement describes personality throughout the lifetime?

a. Experience causes dramatic changes in personality.

b. People choose behaviors based on their personalities.

c. Personalities are usually unstable until late adulthood.

d. A stable personality means an inconsistent sense of self.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

60. Over the course of middle adulthood, most people spend more time with family than friends, but friendships continue to be important sources of ______.

a. social support

b. financial support

c. gender identity

d. personality development

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. Like young adults, middle-aged adults tend to share what with their friends?

a. personalities

b. gender identity

c. demographic similarities

d. personality development

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. What characterizes friendships in middle adulthood?

a. Friendships are less close and less positive than they were in young adulthood.

b. Individuals have the most friends in midlife, but few are described as close and most as colleagues.

c. Individuals have fewer friends, but they are almost always described as close.

d. Friendships are less likely to be a source of social support because family is more important.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Hard

63. The available time and resources adults have for friends is reduced due to ______.

a. educational demands

b. work and family demands

c. leisure activities

d. exercise commitments

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. Most friendships in middle adulthood are described as ______.

a. troubled

b. close

c. ambivalent

d. draining

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Medium

65. Friendships provide protection against ______.

a. change

b. poverty

c. emotions

d. stress

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. Middle-aged adults are connecting with friends from afar more than ever via ______.

a. telephone

b. social media

c. written letters

d. email

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Medium

67. What percentage of adults marry by age 45?

a. 25%

b. 60%

c. 80%

d. 95%

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Similar to early adulthood, marriage is positively associated with physical and mental health for ______.

a. both opposite-sex and same-sex partners

b. opposite-sex partners only

c. same-sex partners only

d. neither opposite-sex nor same-sex partners

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. Which statement describes marriage in middle adulthood?

a. Women report being happier than men.

b. Same-sex partners prefer that one takes care of the majority of household tasks.

c. Men report being happier than women.

d. Opposite-sex partners prefer that one takes care of the majority of household tasks.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. The most satisfying marriages are ones in which partner’s attributes, interests, and goals ______.

a. complement one another

b. oppose each other

c. are kept separate from each other

d. interact with permission

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Medium

71. What trend is consistent with the findings on marriage in middle adulthood?

a. Marital satisfaction is at its highest point when couples have children.

b. Marital happiness tends to be highest during the first year of marriage.

c. Satisfaction tends to remain steady throughout the time of the marriage.

d. High-quality marital interactions have little to do with marital satisfaction.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Medium

72. The aspect of aging that improves the quality of marital interactions and predict satisfaction is advances in ______.

a. processing speed

b. working memory

c. personality development

d. emotional regulation

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Medium

73. What percentage of marriages break up after 20 years or longer?

a. 5%

b. 10%

c. 15%

d. 20%

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Easy

74. Regardless of who initiates a divorce, all family members feel ______.

a. sadness

b. anger

c. stress

d. relief

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Easy

75. Women tend to find divorce more difficult than men because ______.

a. women ruminate more about arguments

b. men have more detailed memories of conflicts

c. women take arguments less personally

d. men feel less depressed after arguments

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Hard

76. An outcome for women who successfully transition through a divorce is ______.

a. less tolerance

b. reliance on others

c. increased autonomy

d. conformity

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Medium

77. Who is most likely to fair the best after a divorce?

a. Dan, whose wife filed for divorce after finding a new love interest

b. Thomas, who filed for divorce when his wife said she had had it with his gambling

c. Marjorie, whose husband filed for divorce after coming to terms with being gay

d. Patty, who filed for divorce when she had enough belittling by her husband

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Hard

78. Dani and Alex divorced when she was 29. She had been with Alex for 10 years, and is now struggling with how to live as a single person. The concept at issue is a challenge to her ______.

a. ability to develop friendships

b. financial instability

c. self-reliance

d. health

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Hard

79. Middle-aged persons show less of a decline in psychological well-being than young adults after divorce due to their capacity for ______.

a. resentment

b. adaptation

c. stress

d. intelligence

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Medium

80. Most parents report having which type of interactions with their grown children on a regular basis?

a. positive

b. negative

c. conflicted

d. ambivalent

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parents to Adult Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

81. Negative interactions with adult children are associated with parent daily patterns of the hormone ______.

a. testosterone

b. cortisol

c. oxytocin

d. estrogen

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parents to Adult Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

82. Parental well-being is harmed when they believe their grown children should be ______.

a. living at home

b. taking care of them

c. more dependent

d. more autonomous

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parents to Adult Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. Parents experience a decline in well-being when their children experience some type of failure in adulthood because parents ______.

a. want to give advice and their children ignore it

b. may feel a low self-esteem because they were unable to help

c. experience the empty nest phenomenon

d. have little agreement between each other on how to help

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Parents to Adult Children

Difficulty Level: Hard

84. In which culture is familism very important?

a. Asian American

b. East European

c. White

d. Hispanic

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parents to Adult Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. The main reason for three-generation households in most nations is ______.

a. culture

b. wealth

c. poverty

d. continuity

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Parent-Child Relationships

Difficulty Level: Hard

86. Throughout the lifespan, parent-child relationships are usually characterized by ______.

a. dependence

b. inconsistencies

c. conflict

d. continuity

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent-Child Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

87. A growing number of new parents in industrialized nations are in which life stage?

a. middle adulthood

b. adolescence

c. emerging adulthood

d. senescence

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parents to Infants and Young Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. An aspect of being an older parent is that many midlife adults ______.

a. feel less prepared for parenthood

b. tend to be more stressed than younger parents

c. have increased life satisfaction through parenting

d. experience more energy for parenting

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parents to Infants and Young Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

89. Children of older parents tend to experience______.

a. less positive parenting behaviors

b. fewer visits to the hospital

c. lower scores on measures of cognitive development

d. more threats or slaps

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parents to Infants and Young Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

90. Most U.S. adults become grandparents in their late ______.

a. 40s and early 50s

b. 50s and early 60s

c. 60s and early 70s

d. 70s and early 80s

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Grandparenthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

91. The role of grandparent is such an important one in today’s society because ______.

a. many are full-time caregivers for their grandchildren

b. the elderly are valued in the United States

c. with increasing lifespans, many will spend one third of their lives in it

d. adult children depend on their parents for financial support for their grandchildren

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grandparenthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

92. The timing of grandparenthood is important because ______.

a. adults who become grandparents late in life are unable to support their adult children

b. becoming a grandparent earlier than the norm may cause role strain

c. adults who are at a time in their lives where they can devote time to their grandchildren have greater life satisfaction

d. if a person becomes a grandparent earlier than the norm, they feel like a failure in their own parenting

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Grandparenthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

93. Morgan, a 9-year-old girl, is very close to her grandfather. Her mother and father divorced when she was 3 years old. Morgan and her grandfather spend a lot of time together cooking and talking. What benefits will Morgan experience because of her relationship with her grandfather?

a. positive adjustment and fewer problem behaviors in adolescence

b. greater educational attainment

c. involvement in extracurricular activities in high school

d. more positive peer relationships

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grandparenthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

94. Which statement describes grandparent involvement in families?

a. In higher income families, grandparents often take on financial and caregiver roles.

b. Many ethnic minority households depend on it.

c. It occurs independently of the relationships with grandchildren.

d. Grandparents who spend time with their grandchildren report low life satisfaction.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grandparenthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

95. The grandparent role is especially important for adults in midlife because it ______.

a. allows them to demonstrate initiative in caring for their grandchildren

b. allows them to reach a deeper sense of intimacy

c. is critical in for their sense of integrity

d. provides them opportunities to satisfy their generative needs

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grandparenthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. Grandparents in which ethnicity are most likely going to be responsible for raising their grandchildren in the United States?

a. Native American

b. European American

c. African American

d. Asian American

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Difficulty Level: Easy

97. Because grandparent caregiving is unusual in midlife development, grandparent caregivers tend to experience ______.

a. more mental and physical health problems

b. lower levels of stress and depression

c. more life satisfaction

d. lower need to satisfy generativity

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Difficulty Level: Medium

98. Which type of support do most adults provide to multiple generations?

a. financial

b. developmental

c. emotional

d. physical

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caring for Aging Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

99. Which ethnicity is least likely to provide aging parents with financial and caregiving assistance?

a. Hispanic

b. European American

c. African American

d. Thai

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caring for Aging Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

100. Women in which culture tend to provide care for their husband’s aging parents who are most likely living with them?

a. English

b. American

c. Italian

d. Chinese

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caring for Aging Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. Who is most likely to provide care out of a sense of duty?

a. Larry, who shares a hobby with his father and talks on the phone with him every day

b. Sharon, who grew closer to her mother after she had her own children

c. Ross, who is in the same business as his father was and relies on him for advice

d. Sandra, who has had little contact with her mother because she was abused by her growing up

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Caring for Aging Parents

Difficulty Level: Hard

102. According to one estimate, women who become caregivers to their parents may lose how much in income and benefits over their lifetime?

a. $100,000

b. $200,000

c. $300,000

d. $400,000

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caring for Aging Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

103. Throughout adult life, what is the usually the mainstay that structures people’s day?

a. family

b. play

c. work

d. education

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Careers in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

104. Eve is 55 years old and continues to enjoy her job as a legal assistant. Which reward is most likely why?

a. good salary

b. health benefits

c. paid vacation

d. self-esteem

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Careers in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

105. The gender-job paradox is illustrated by ______.

a. men preferring work with more intrinsic rewards and less pay

b. women preferring work with more intrinsic rewards and less pay

c. men preferring work with more extrinsic rewards and more pay

d. women preferring work with more extrinsic rewards and more pay

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

106. The type of job rewards men are typically drawn to are those that ______.

a. have high salaries

b. involve creative pursuits

c. require surmounting challenges

d. involve being productive

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

107. Who is most likely to experience job satisfaction?

a. Rick, a plumber who works for his brother

b. Kendra, a senior partner in a law firm

c. Mary, a secretary in a computer sales office

d. David, an assembly line lead in a factory

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

108. A sense of mental exhaustion that accompanies job stress, excessive workloads, and reduced feelings of control is called ______.

a. incompetency

b. dissatisfaction

c. burnout

d. turnover

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

109. Which group is least likely to result in feeling job burnout?

a. emergency room physicians

b. child welfare social workers

c. bank managers

d. teachers

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

110. Burnout is linked with ______.

a. employee turnover

b. focused skills

c. coping skills

d. job training

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

111. What would most likely decrease the risk of job burnout?

a. taking a couple of days off

b. slight decrease in workload

c. increased social support

d. increased caffeine consumption

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

112. Workers over 50 are often valued for their ______.

a. ability to keep cool in a crisis

b. willingness to work for low pay

c. extra energy needed for long projects

d. lack of commitments that interfere with work

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

113. Which example illustrates age discrimination?

a. Joseph, 60, who is asked to work on a project over the weekend

b. Isabel, 58, who is denied time off to spend with her grandchildren

c. Gordon, 61, who is excluded from meetings about a project he designed

d. Katharine, 55, who is asked to head a women’s issues task force

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

114. In what year did President Lyndon B. Johnson sign the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, a formal acknowledgment of the existence of ageism in the workplace?

a. 1963

b. 1965

c. 1967

d. 1969

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

115. Retirement planning is important because ______.

a. Social Security cannot support all the people in the United States

b. leaving work represents a major life transition

c. people are leaving work earlier than in years past

d. individuals who have left work have more pressures than ever before

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Medium

116. What percentage of adults ages 55–61 are without retirement savings?

a. 10%

b. 15%

c. 20%

d. 25%

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

117. Those most likely to financially plan for retirement are adults ______.

a. who have negative beliefs about their ability to control aspects of aging

b. who are in a single-parent household

c. without children or close relatives

d. with more positive beliefs about their ability to control aspects of aging

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Medium

118. Retirement planning includes ______.

a. asking children how time should be spent

b. recognizing lifestyle changes

c. acknowledging there will be less free time

d. changing perceptions of family members

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Medium

119. Retirement can be overwhelming for adults if they ______.

a. feel financially secure and able to pay bills

b. have too many possibilities for spending their time

c. will miss their coworkers and the routine of going to work

d. have few close relationships outside of work

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Medium

120. The overwhelming feeling that people have at the point of retirement tends to be ______.

a. temporary for some while they see all the possibilities they have

b. permanent for most, and they maintain a sense of dissatisfaction throughout life

c. nonexistent for most or there is little fear and anxiety

d. debilitating for most, resulting in greater life dissatisfaction

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. Empty nest means a transitional time of parenting when the youngest child leaves home.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Generativity means self-absorption that interferes with personal growth.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Erikson’s Generativity Versus Stagnation

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Levinson concluded that adults progress through a set of phases that are unique to each person.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Middle adulthood is unquestionably a transition and is perhaps the most stressful time in life.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Men who had psychological problems in earlier adulthood were more likely to report experiencing a midlife crisis 10 years later.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Subjective evaluations of age are nonessential parts of the sense of self.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Midlife adults who subjectively view themselves as younger than their chronological age tend to score higher on measures of well-being, mental health, and life satisfaction.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Middle-aged adults usually stop comparing the lives they have achieved with their hoped-for selves.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self and Well-Being in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. As adults are freed of the parental imperative they become more tied to traditional gender roles.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. People choose behaviors, lifestyles, mates, and contexts based on their personalities.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. In middle adulthood, most people spend more time with family than friends.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. In midlife, adults are more likely to choose friends who are different from them in age and gender.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Friendships

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Same-sex partnerships show the same health benefits that married people do.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marriage and Divorce

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Fathers are more likely than mothers to show negative emotional responses to their adult children’s unmet career and relationship goals.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parents to Adult Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Relationships between mothers and daughters are closer than other parent-child relationships and especially close as daughters enter middle age.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caring for Aging Parents

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Job satisfaction tends to decrease in middle adulthood.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Job satisfaction is positively linked to both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards for men.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Burnout is linked with high levels of employee absenteeism and turnover.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Most U.S. adults are financially prepared for retirement.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Adults with more positive beliefs about their ability to control aspects of aging are more likely to financially plan for retirement.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. What are the benefits of mindful meditation?

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Mindfulness Meditation and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe what a midlife crisis may look like in adults.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Midlife Crisis

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Why do so few black women get cosmetic procedures?

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Use of Cosmetic Procedures in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. How do possible selves shift throughout adulthood?

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Possible Selves

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. How is androgyny related to adjustment and self-esteem in adulthood?

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. How do children benefit from being raised by older parents?

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Parents to Infants and Young Children

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. What are influences on relationships between grandparents and grandchildren?

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Grandparenthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What are career and economic costs associated with caregiving?

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Caring for Aging Parents

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. What are the benefits of working in adulthood?

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Careers in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What are some ways that individuals spend their time when in retirement?

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Planning for Retirement

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Describe the transitions of Levinson’s life structure.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Summarize the theories and research on psychosocial development during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Levinson’s Seasons of Life

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Why are subjective evaluations of age important to the sense of self?

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Subjective Age

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain why an individual’s personality tends to remain the same over a lifetime.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe the changes that occur in self-concept, identity, and personality during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Personality in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain why the transition to parenting grandchildren can be difficult. What effects can it have on the grandparents? What benefits do grandparents report?

Learning Objective: 16.3: Analyze relationships in middle adulthood, including friend, spousal, parent-child, and grandparent relationships.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What are examples of age discrimination? What is the prevalence of age discrimination?

Learning Objective: 16.4: Discuss influences on job satisfaction and retirement planning during middle adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard