Chapter 12 Parole And Prisoner Reentry Test Bank Docx

Chapter 12: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Parole in the United States refers to the practice of:

a. Releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence

b. Releasing convicted criminals from prison after the completion of their full sentence

c. Allowing individuals to serve the totality of their sentence in the community

d. All of these

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Parole is different than probation insofar as it:

a. is an administrative function

b. is a judicial function

c. is dependent entirely on the good time an offender earns

d. involves a formal legal trial to determine guilt or innocence

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The philosophical foundation of parole has historical roots in the:

a. Eastern State Penitentiary

b. Norfolk Island Penal Colony

c. Elmira Reformatory

d. Walnut Street Jail

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Maconochie’s approach to prison administration relied on all of the following principles except:

a. cruel and vindictive punishment debases the criminal and the larger society.

b. the purpose of punishment should be reformation of the convict.

c. criminal sentences should not be viewed in terms of time served, but rather as tasks to be performed.

d. definite prison terms allow convicts to know the length of their sentence and are thus the only just way to tailor a punishment such that it maintains the primacy of human dignity.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. When was the first parole system instituted in the United States?

a. 1830s

b. 1850s

c. 1870s

d. 1890s

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Parole is an administrative function practiced by a parole board that is part of the _____ branch of government.

a. legislative

b. executive

c. judicial

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. In what year was the United States Board of Parole created?

a. 1870

b. 1900

c. 1930

d. 1960

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A ticket of leave is:

a. granted for individuals who have received enough credits while in prison.

b. a system that allows convicts to labor in the community while serving their sentence.

c. a system that allows convicts to live in the community while serving their sentence.

d. All of these.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The mark system was based on:

a. a convict’s ability to convince a magistrate of his/her innocence.

b. the speedy and efficient performance of tasks.

c. a set of punishments convicts received for violating institutional rules.

d. all of these.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The Irish system began with a 9-month period of

a. hard labor

b. community service

c. solitary confinement

d. treatment programming

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. What is a good con?

a. Incarcerated individuals who adhere to the convict code and are accepted by other inmates.

b. Convicts who serve their time and do not resist the authority of correctional officers.

c. An administrative classification that designates convicts that are deserving of good time credit.

d. Convicts who have been incarcerated for the majority of their adult life.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the Community

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which offenders did Langan and Levin (2002) find had the highest rate of recidivism?

a. Murderers

b. Sex offenders

c. Property offenders

d. Status offenders

Learning Objective: 12-2: Summarize the roles and duties of parole officers and parole board members.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parolee Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. One in ______ parolees will leave with no parole supervision.

a. 10

b. 5

c. 3

d. 2

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the Community

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Glaze and Palla (2005) indicate a success rate of 60% for probationers in 2004, the same figure for successful completion of parole was only ______.

a. 10%

b. 27%

c. 33%

d. 46%

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the Community

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The downside of unconditional release in parole is:

a. Inmates have less incentive to enter rehabilitation programs

b. Inmates have less incentive to abide by prison rules

c. Inmates are released without supervision or reporting requirements

d. All of these

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which of the following statements best captures the ideology behind the control and restore phase believed to be necessary for successful prisoner reentry?

a. Prerelease programming, such as that provided by the control and restore phase, immediately precedes release from prison and focuses on preparing offenders through institution-based programming.

b. Community-based transition programs allow offenders to enact the skills they learned while participating in institution-based programs in a real-world environment.

c. No services are provided during this phase, as offenders need to learn how to cope with the realities of life on the outside without the structure that they have come to expect.

d. Although there is no monitoring of offenders, controlling and restoring offenders require them to follow self-imposed guidelines.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Process of Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which of the following statements best captures the ideology behind the sustain and support phase believed to be necessary for successful prisoner reentry?

a. Sustaining and supporting returning ex-offenders requires continued monitoring by the criminal justice system.

b. Ex-offenders are responsible for the sustainability of a crime-free lifestyle, even when this implies that they have to seek out their own aftercare.

c. Long-term community-based support is necessary to connect ex-offenders who are no longer under supervision to the services they need.

d. Short-term community-based interventions are the most viable for ex-offenders because many of them have already received a significant amount of programming while incarcerated.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Process of Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. According to Stohr, which of the phases of prisoner reentry may be the most difficult for inmates?

a. Phase I: Protect and Prepare

b. Phase II: Control and Restore

c. Phase III: Sustain and Support

d. Both B and C

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Process of Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Among prisoners, which racial/ethnic group is least likely to have completed high school or a GED?

a. White inmates

b. Hispanic inmates

c. Black inmates

d. Asian inmates

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Role of Employment for Successful Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Economists find that incarceration has the most substantial impact on the ______ of formerly incarcerated persons.

a. wages

b. wage growth

c. employment opportunities

d. none of these

Ans : C

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Employment for Successful Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The finding that the parole success rate for Utah is 19%, whereas the rate for Massachusetts is 83% suggests that:

a. Massachusetts has been far more successful at fostering successful parolees.

b. parolees in Utah are more resistant to rehabilitation programming than their counterparts in other states.

c. The two states have dramatically different reentry programs that can account for the different parole success rates.

d. The two states have drastically different standards that define parole success.

Learning Objective: 12-6: Evaluate what is meant by parole “success.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Determining Parole Success

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Halfway houses are:

a. transitional places of residence for correctional clients.

b. an intermediate sanction for individuals who require more supervision than traditional probation.

c. used for the treatment of individuals who have multiple problems and risk factors.

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. House arrest is typically used as:

a. the primary sanction for both violent and nonviolent offenders.

b. an alternative to drug treatment.

c. the initial phase of intensive probation or parole.

d. pretrial detention for the majority of offenders awaiting trial.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: House Arrest

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. According to Petersilia (2004), with the best methods currently available with adequate budgeting we could reduce recidivism by ______.

a. 10%

b. 50%

c. 30%

d. 45%

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Fixed determinate sentences allow for inmates to be released after the completion of their sentence without supervision or reporting requirements. This is known as:

a. unconditional release

b. discretionary parole

c. mandatory parole

d. parole board

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. A panel of people presumably qualified to make judgments about the suitability of a prisoner to be released from prison after having served some specified time of his or her sentence is known as (a)n:

a. unconditional release

b. discretionary parole

c. mandatory parole

d. parole board

Learning Objective: 12-2: Summarize the roles and duties of parole officers and parole board members.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole Boards

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Parole granted to an offender after a board chooses to do so is known as:

a. unconditional release

b. discretionary parole

c. mandatory parole

d. parole board

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The process of reintegrating offenders back into their communities regardless of whether or not they were integrated into it in a prosocial way before they entered prison is known as:

a. parole

b. probation

c. programming

d. reentry

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Process of Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Automatic parole for almost all inmates in states that have a determinate system of sentencing is known as:

a. unconditional release

b. discretionary parole

c. mandatory parole

d. parole board

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Estimates suggest that ______ of parolees are rearrested for a new offense within 3 years of their release.

a. 30.3%

b. 40.1%

c. 50.2%

d. 67.5%

Learning Objective: 12-2: Summarize the roles and duties of parole officers and parole board members.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parolee Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Modern ____ refers to the release of convicted criminals from prison under the supervision of an officer before the completion of their full sentence son their promise of good behavior?

a. bail

b. parole

c. probation

d. reentry

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Probation is typically a _____ function.

a. judicial

b. executive

c. legislative

d. municipal

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Which of the following statements regarding the difference between probation and parole are true?

a. parolees have spent time in prison before being released

b. in all of the states, both parolees and probationers are supervised by separate agencies

c. probationers have spent time in prison prior to being released into the community

d. probation is an administrative function

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Maconochie’s point is that

a. retribution may deter some offenders.

b. incapacitation is a temporary hold on a criminal career

c. the real goal of corrections should be to teach virtue

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. According to the preeminent reentry researcher today, the combined Canadian and American reentry “what works” literature states that

a. reentry programs take place mostly in institutional settings.

b. reentry programs are not intensive

c. reentry programs focus on low-risk individuals

d. reentry programs used cognitive-behavioral treatment techniques

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Correctional work is promised on the assumption that

a. people can change.

b. people do not change.

c. all people are criminals.

d. not everyone is a criminal

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. As with probation and parole, early _____ programs were organized and run by private religious and charitable organizations.

a. halfway houses

b. house arrest

c. electronic monitoring

d. global position system monitoring

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. The federal prison system releases the majority of its inmates into

a. work release programs.

b. halfway house programs.

c. rehabilitation centers.

d. mental institutions.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. How much time is an alternative sanction an offender is willing to serve to avoid 12 months in prison is referred to as the

a. failure rate

b. success rate

c. crime rate

d. exchange rate

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Jonathan is a recent parolee and he is only allowed to remain in his home, except for approved periods, such as travel to work or school. Jonathan is a part of which of the following programs?

a. work release

b. halfway house

c. rehabilitation

d. house arrest

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: House Arrest

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Individuals released via mandatory parole systems are more successful than those released via discretionary parole.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The Irish system begins with a period of solitary confinement.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Reentry into the community, whether on supervised parole or not, is an extremely difficult process.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The majority of correctional clients currently under house arrest are fitted with electronic monitoring devices.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: House Arrest

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The mark system as it was originally conceived boasted recidivism rates below 3%.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Parole success in all states is defined as a completed crime-free/technical violation-free period of parole.

Learning Objective: 12-6: Evaluate what is meant by parole “success.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Determining Parole Success

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. “Success” has as much or more to do with the behavior of the parole authorities in different jurisdictions as it does with the behavior of parolees.

Learning Objective: 12-6: Evaluate what is meant by parole “success.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Determining Parole Success

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Parole today is a humanistic method of dealing with “reformed” individuals.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Halfway houses are more likely to be run by faith-based or nonprofit organizations than formal correctional personnel.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Typical correctional clients are qualified for no more than low-skill manufacturing jobs.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Employment for Successful Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. A Bureau of Justice Statistics report (Mumola, 2000) showed that 48% of imprisoned parents were never married, and 28% of those who were ever married were divorced or separated.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Impact of Imprisonment and Reentry on Communities

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The largest percentage by race on parole is Hispanic.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. House arrest was designed primarily to reduce financial costs to the state by reducing institutional confinement.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: House Arrest

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Offenders released or placed on EM programs are generally positive about their experience.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Halfway houses may also serve as an intermediate sanction for offenders not sent to prison, but needing greater supervision than straight probation or parole.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The term parole comes from a French word that means “word of honor.”

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Electronic monitoring requires use of a satellite to monitor the movements of offenders.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The philosophical foundation of parole is attributed to Alexander Maconochie.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Ex-convicts are 3 to 5 times more likely to recidivate than are those who gain employment

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Employment for Successful Reentry

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Parole existed for a brief time in the American Civil War

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. What is parole?

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What is Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Who is credited with the philosophy behind parole?

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What is a ticket of leave?

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is prisoner reentry?

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the Community

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is house arrest?

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: House Arrest

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Explain the difference between mandatory and discretionary parole.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What is the function of a halfway house?

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What is electronic monitoring?

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Name one criticism of electronic monitoring.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. What is unconditional release?

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Modern Parole System

Difficulty Level: Easy

fEssay

1. Discuss the importance of Alexander Maconochie with regard to the history of parole?

Learning Objective: 12-1: Describe the history and purpose of parole.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to Joan Petersilia’s “what works” research, describe some of the attributes in successful reentry programs.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Analyze what factors make for a successful reentry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Discuss and explain the benefits and drawbacks of community-based correctional programs according to Marion (2002)?

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Halfway Houses

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss and explain the three programmatic phases believed necessary for successful reentry?

Learning Objective: 12-3: Describe the issues involved in prisoner reentry into the community and parolee recidivism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Process of Reentry

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss and explain global positioning systems.

Learning Objective: 12-5: Identify and discuss halfway houses, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning System

Difficulty Level: Medium