Chapter 11: Women Working in Prisons and Jails

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which term does the author deem inappropriate to use when describing persons working with incarcerated adults and children?

A. guard

B. correctional officer

C. prison and jail worker

D. prison officer

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. According to Atkins and Hoggett (1984), which reason has been used to justify limiting women’s paying job opportunities?

A. patronage

B. equality

C. singlehood

D. maternity

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which women had more legal rights at the beginning of the 19th century in England?

A. married women

B. widowed women

C. divorced women

D. single women

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Gender discrimination in the workplace is typically viewed through which two lenses?

A. cultural beliefs and intersectionality

B. intersectionality and fear

C. fear and institutionalized workplace policies

D. institutionalized workplace policies and cultural beliefs

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The degree to which male and female workers are concentrated in different jobs is referred to as gender-based ______.

A. earning gaps

B. learning curves

C. competency differences

D. occupational segregation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. In an analysis of Ohio Civil Rights Commission sex discrimination in employment cases filed by women, the most common type of discrimination was ______.

A. being fired

B. sexual harassment

C. pregnancy related

D. working condition

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Women as a group have been disadvantages via limited access to rewards and opportunities in a system where men have been viewed as ______ and women as ______.

A. abnormal; normal

B. deviant; typical

C. normal; different

D. different; ordinary

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Racial discrimination is more often motivated by which of the following?

A. disempowerment

B. paternalism

C. protection

D. control

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Discrimination against women is more often motivated by ______.

A. humiliation

B. disempowerment

C. paternalism

D. degrading

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following is considered to be one of the first successful gender discrimination cases in the United States?

A. Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977)

B. Schroer v. Billington (2008)

C. Zarda v. Altitude Express, Inc (2018)

D. Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. When women first broke into the criminal legal system, they were labeled as ______.

A. mothers

B. matrons

C. mom

D. feminists

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Matron Role: Women’s Breaking Into CLS Jobs Through Sexist Stereotypical Positions

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The first prison and police matrons were often ______.

A. minority women

B. lower-class women

C. well-connected women

D. immigrant women

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Matron Role: Women’s Breaking Into CLS Jobs Through Sexist Stereotypical Positions

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which name is associated with rural jails that were run by Sheriff’s and their wives?

A. mom and pop

B. big houses

C. the slammer

D. up the river

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Matron Role: Women’s Breaking Into CLS Jobs Through Sexist Stereotypical Positions

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which of the following statements pertaining to Sherriff’s wives in rural mom and pop jails is true?

A. They worked in an official capacity.

B. They were considered trained managers.

C. They managed day-to-day operations.

D. They were paid positions.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Matron Role: Women’s Breaking Into CLS Jobs Through Sexist Stereotypical Positions

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. In a recent study of prison/jail workers’ reasons for pursuing this work, researchers found gender differences that emphasized ______.

A. enforcing society’s laws

B. advancement opportunities

C. job security

D. pay

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Matron Role: Women’s Breaking Into CLS Jobs Through Sexist Stereotypical Positions

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The promotion block experienced by many women and people of color in jobs traditionally unavailable to them is also known as the ______.

A. ripple

B. glass ceiling

C. glass escalator

D. crab-basket

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which effect was identified in the chapter as an example of tokenism?

A. crab-basket

B. glass ceiling

C. ripple

D. glass escalator

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. According to a 1992 study of men in predominately women professions, token men in women-dominated jobs experienced a ______.

A. crab basket

B. ripple

C. glass ceiling

D. glass escalator

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which gendered role is expected to attend to everyone’s emotional needs in the office?

A. iron maiden

B. seductress

C. pet

D. mother

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which gendered role attends to some men’s sexual stereotypes about women?

A. iron maiden

B. seductress

C. pet

D. mother

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which gendered role is also the resident “cheerleader,” whose priority seemed to be to support men coworkers and build up their egos?

A. iron maiden

B. seductress

C. pet

D. mother

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The ______ were women who did not fit into any of the other categories, possibly resisting them by choice.

A. iron maidens

B. seductresses

C. pets

D. mothers

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Women never or barely hired to work in men’s prisons is an example of ______ sexism.

A. institutionalized

B. structured

C. hostile

D. benevolent

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Women as Token Workers

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Which trailblazer was the first woman Commission of New York City Corrections and was the chair of the first NYC parole panel?

A. Mary Bell Harris

B. Miriam Van Waters

C. Katharine Bement Davis

D. Kate Barnard

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which trailblazer was elected the first Commissioner of Oklahoma Charities and Corrections of Kansas and Oklahoma in 1907?

A. Mary Bell Harris

B. Miriam Van Waters

C. Katharine Bement Davis

D. Kate Barnard

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Which trailblazer was the first Superintendent of the Federal Institution for Women in Alderson, VA?

A. Mary Bell Harris

B. Miriam Van Waters

C. Katharine Bement Davis

D. Kate Barnard

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Which trailblazer was one of the first people to push for recognizing juvenile delinquency and started and ran an institution for delinquent girls, among other things?

A. Mary Bell Harris

B. Miriam Van Waters

C. Katharine Bement Davis

D. Kate Barnard

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Who was the first woman to be a superintendent of a male prison and Deputy Commissioner in Pennsylvania and Director of the D.C. Department of Corrections?

A. Mary Bell Harris

B. Margaret Moore

C. Katharine Bement Davis

D. Kate Barnard

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Who was identified as an example of the current sexism and homophobia in the area of women guards is ______.

A. Mary Bell Harris

B. Katharine Bement Davis

C. Kate Barnard

D. Charmaine McGuffey

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Which scholar conducted some of the finest research on incarcerated women to date but is rarely recognized for it?

A. Louise Stevens Bryand

B. Katharine Bement Davis

C. Kate Barnard

D. Charmaine McGuffey

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of the following states that it is illegal to base terms of employment on a person’s sex, race, religion, or national origin?

A. Title II

B. Title III

C. Title VI

D. Title VII

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women’s Work in the CLS

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. According to the author, some report that ______ was added to the list of nondiscriminatory characteristics listed in the Title VII amendment b at the last minute and as an attempt to derail the entire amendment.

A. race

B. religion

C. natural origin

D. sex

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women’s Work in the CLS

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Title VII allows which agency the power to prosecute violators in the federal courts, a power that was quickly utilized?

A. Employee Benefits Security Administration

B. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

C. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

D. U.S. Department of Labor

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women’s Work in the CLS

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. According to the text, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was geared for discrimination cases based on ______.

A. sex

B. race

C. religion

D. national origin

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women’s Work in the CLS

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Which type of sex-discrimination brought on behalf of prison/jail staff has generated the most attention in women’s legal right to work in men’s prisons?

A. pregnancy

B. promotion

C. job assignment

D. prisoners’ rights to privacy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: Legal Resistance to Women Guards

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which type of officers receives the most hostility from male coworkers and is most openly resentful of this hostility?

A. iron maiden role

B. institutional role

C. modified role

D. inventive role

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. A woman guard sees their physical weakness as overcompensated for by their superior communication skills and respect for prisoners. This statement illustrates which role?

A. iron maiden

B. inventive

C. modified

D. institutional

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. Which role is characterized by a woman officer’s preference of safe assignments and the reliance on men officers to back them up?

A. iron maiden role

B. inventive role

C. institutional role

D. modified role

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which role characterizes women officers as advantageous, better works in the prison system when compared to men?

A. iron maiden role

B. inventive role

C. institutional role

D. modified role

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which role identified by Zimmer (1986) is characterized by rule and policy followers that tend to downplay their female status?

A. iron maiden role

B. inventive role

C. institutional role

D. modified role

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which of the following is considered to be one of the most tangible indications of male guards’ and supervisors’ hostility to the women guards?

A. hostile sexism

B. bullying

C. sexual harassment

D. stalking

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which of the following statements pertaining on job performance and attitudes is true?

A. Women tend to be more punishment-oriented.

B. Women are better at deescalating violent situations.

C. Women are more likely to talk out or reason with defiant inmates.

D. Women guards are more likely to issue inmate conduct reports.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Job Performance and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Some studies have found that women guards are more ______ in orientation than men officers were.

A. rehabilitative

B. punitive

C. retributive

D. restitutive

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Performance and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. According to the job model, ______ impact guards’ gender differences.

A. preferred modes of interaction

B. prior experiences

C. organizational structure

D. attitudes

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Performance and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Which model suggests that women place greater importance than do men on relationships with others in their work environment?

A. gender model

B. work-role prisonization model

C. job model

D. importation-differential experiences model

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Performance and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. In this century where men are more likely to report discrimination in promotions, the ______ model is more dominant.

A. gender model

B. work-role prisonization model

C. job model

D. importation-differential experiences model

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Which model was found to have been more dominant during the studies in the first few decades following Title VII where women reported discrimination in promotions?

A. gender model

B. work-role prisonization model

C. job model

D. importation-differential experiences model

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Which model speculates that the on-the-job prison/jail environments and structural factors shape these employees’ views of discrimination?

A. work-role prisonization model

B. importation-differential experiences model

C. gender model

D. job model

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which model posits that prison/jail employees’ socialization prior to working in these jobs, via demographic variables such as gender and race, influence individuals’ experiences with and how they view discrimination?

A. work-role prisonization model

B. importation-differential experiences model

C. gender model

D. job model

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Role strain is a measure of a workers’ stress when their job responsibilities feel ______.

A. clear

B. ambiguous

C. well-defined

D. definite

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Historically, married women fared much worse that unmarried women because they were viewed as their husband’s property.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Perry-Jenkins and Gerstel (2020) characterized housework and parenting as paid work.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Brief History of Sex/Gender Discrimination in the Paid Labor Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A major distinction between racism and sexism is that people of color do not tend to share the private sphere as intimately with the empowered.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. White women disproportionately benefit from the financial and networking advantages accrued to their White fathers and other relatives, husbands, and friends.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. All the “pioneering” women in the criminal legal system were concerned with advancing gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. White privilege resulted in the first “trailblazers” largely being White.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women Trailblazers

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Title VII is viewed by many scholars as the greatest motivation for hiring women into nongendered jobs in men’s prisons.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women’s Work in the CLS

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The Title VII doctrine focuses on the modern concept of sex discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women’s Work in the CLS

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Title VII is very costly to litigate.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Significant Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women’s Work in the CLS

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. According to some scholars, academics are equally interested in corrections works and inmates.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: Legal Resistance to Women Guards

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The two most common types of sex-discrimination brought on behalf of prison/jail staff are promotion and job assignment discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: Legal Resistance to Women Guards

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The 1993 Jordan v. Gardner case found that the use of men guards to perform body searches of women prisoners violate women prisoners’ rights to freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: (Men) Prisoners’ Rights to Privacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The research on women guards was almost nonexistent until the mid-1980s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Similarities and Differences in Guards Job Performance and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Women officers who work hard to demonstrate competence are described as “climbers,” “dykes,” or “cold” and they are isolated and distrusted by their colleagues.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Modified role officers are rule and policy followers that tend to downplay their female status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Sexual harassment is one of the most tangible indications of male guards’ and supervisors’ hostility to the women guards.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. According to the job model, gender differences in guards’ occupational experiences are shaped by the attitudes, prior experiences, and preferred modes of interaction that they bring to the job.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Performance and Attitudes

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Most guard research has found coworker support more commonly reported as a stressor and/or more impactful among women than men guards.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Institutions with higher security levels tend to have the highest rate of women guards and evaluated women officers more favorably.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Role problems are a measure of a workers’ stress when their job responsibilities feel ambiguous, ill-defined, unclear, and/or in conflict with each other.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Job Satisfaction and Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Discuss three ways the U.S. legal system has attempted to justify limiting women’s paying job opportunities.

2. Explain the glass-ceiling effect. You may use an example to illustrate your answer.

3. Identify and explain the characteristics of the four gendered roles that men placed women coworkers in as identified by Kanter (1977).

4. What changes started in the 1960s lead to women’s hiring in men’s prisons?

5. Zimmer, in his 1986 ethnography of women guards, identified three roles or adjustment strategies regarding women’s work. Explain the roles and identify the characteristics associated with each one.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Resistance to Women Guards and Guards’ Views of Gender and the Job

Difficulty Level: Medium