Chapter 12: Women Working in Policing and Law Enforcement

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The reframing of ideal police work as community- and service-oriented, rather than crime-fighting, began with which movement?

A. Black Lives Matter

B. #MeToo

C. Civil Rights

D. Temperance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Policing?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The “backbone of policing” is also known as ______.

A. volunteer officers

B. crime scene investigators

C. patrol duty

D. detective work

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Breaking Into Police Work

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following statements pertaining to the first African American women hired in policing is true?

A. They were a minority within a minority.

B. They were hired to work solely with African American men, women, and children.

C. They were usually less educated than everyone else.

D. They were individuals who typically had no community status prior to policing.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Comparisons Between Women Breaking Into Policing With Women Breaking Into Prison/Jail Work

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. The entrance if women into U.S. police work was spurred by ______.

A. drug addiction

B. prostitution/sex work

C. gangs

D. child abduction

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phases and Stages of Women’s Entry Into Policing

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The sexist view of women as matrons/maternal heavily influenced which of the following historical phases?

A. moral reform, rescue, and matrons/specialists and pioneers

B. specialists and pioneers/latency and depression

C. latency and depression/expansion

D. expansion/moral reform, rescue, and matrons

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Heidensohn’s (1992) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in the United Kingdom and the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of Heidensohn’s (1992) phases is characterized by the view of women as social workers more than “cops?”

A. latency and depression

B. specialists and pioneers

C. moral reform, rescue, and matrons

D. expansion

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Heidensohn’s (1992) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in the United Kingdom and the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. In which of Heidensohn’s (1992) phases were women working in roles that were confined to sexist “gender” skills?

A. latency and depression

B. specialists and pioneers

C. moral reform, rescue, and matrons

D. expansion

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Heidensohn’s (1992) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in the United Kingdom and the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which one of Heidensohn’s (1992) phases is characterized by stagnancy in the hiring of women police?

A. latency and depression

B. specialists and pioneers

C. moral reform, rescue, and matrons

D. expansion

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Heidensohn’s (1992) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in the United Kingdom and the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The stagnancy during Heidensohn’s third phase is attributed to which of the following?

A. the Great Depression

B. the Industrial Revolution

C. the Reconstruction

D. the Progressive Era

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Heidensohn’s (1992) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in the United Kingdom and the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which one of Heidensohn’s (1992) phases is characterized by the unprecedented hiring of women police officers due to legislation in the late 1960s and 1970s?

A. latency and depression

B. specialists and pioneers

C. moral reform, rescue, and matrons

D. expansion

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Heidensohn’s (1992) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in the United Kingdom and the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which one of Brown’s (1997) phases of women’s entry into police work in Europe is often the result of a shortage of men to serve as police officers?

A. reform

B. integration

C. separated-restricted

D. entry

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Brown’s (1997) ______ stage is where departmental structure limited women officers to working solely with women and children.

A. separated-restricted

B. entry

C. take-off

D. reform

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The inhibitor to the separated-restricted phase is the ______ effect.

A. glass ceiling

B. ripple

C. crab-basket

D. glass escalator

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the crab-basket effect?

A. coexistence of personal differences

B. creativity

C. personal conflicts

D. open communication

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following is an advantage of the crab-basket effect?

A. weak task orientations

B. ambiguous procedures

C. personal conflicts

D. coexistence of personal differences

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. According to Brown (1997), litigation is often the result of which stage?

A. entry

B. integration

C. reform

D. tip-over

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Backlash and sexual harassment of women officers by men officers are associated with which one of Brown’s (1997) phases?

A. take-off

B. integration

C. entry

D. reform

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. In Brown’s (1997) fifth phase, ______, there is increased inspection by outsiders, a clearer grievance process, and improved training.

A. entry

B. reform

C. integration

D. tip-over

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Brown’s (1997) final phase of women’s entry into police work in Europe is ______.

A. integration

B. reform

C. tip-over

D. take-off

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. In Brown’s (1997) ______ phase, the number of women increases from a small minority to more equal representation.

A. tip-over

B. separated-restricted

C. integration

D. reform

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The first woman in the United States to hold the title “policewoman” was ______.

A. Cora I. Parchment

B. Alice Stebbins Wells

C. Georgia A. Robinson

D. Betty Blankenship

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Women Police in the United States and Globally

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. According to the text, the press characterized Wells as ______.

A. nurturing

B. muscular

C. motherly

D. feminine

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Women Police in the United States and Globally

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The U.S. Civil Service Commission adopted which standard for women police recruits?

A. a background in human services and counseling

B. high school diploma

C. military experience

D. extensive technical training and business experience

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Women Police in the United States and Globally

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Who was the first U.S. woman police chief?

A. Cora I. Parchment

B. Alice Stebbins Wells

C. Georgia A. Robinson

D. Penny E. Harrington

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Women Police in the United States and Globally

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. A study of women police chiefs found that many of them began their policing careers after careers in ______.

A. teaching

B. law

C. military

D. politics

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Officer Identities

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. What is the first step in Workman-Stark’s police identity formation?

A. discovery

B. tryouts

C. validation and negotiation

D. identity acceptance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Officer Identities

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. When people begin thinking whether the police identity fits them, they are in which step of the police identity formation?

A. continued checks and balances

B. validation and negotiation

C. discovery

D. tryouts

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Police Officer Identities

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Individuals who seek endorsement from coworkers and supervisors regarding their police identity are in which police identify formation step?

A. continued checks and balances

B. validation and negotiation

C. discovery

D. tryouts

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Police Officer Identities

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Which step is most relevant during the usually one-on-one field training following successful graduation from the police academy?

A. discovery

B. tryouts

C. validation and negotiation

D. continued checks and balances

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Officer Identities

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Feminists would dispute which of the following reasons for the slow integration of women into police forces?

A. prejudice by male officers who view women as unable to perform the job

B. societal attitudes that women are unable to police

C. inherent physical differences between women and men

D. noncompetitive compensation and benefits

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Resistance to Women in Policing

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. Which explanation for women’s low representation is likely the best?

A. prejudice by male officers who view women as unable to perform the job

B. lack of women who find the job of policing compatible with personal goals of raising a family

C. inherent physical differences between women and men

D. noncompetitive compensation and benefits

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Resistance to Women in Policing

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. There is evidence that sex/gender discrimination starts where?

A. during field training

B. during the police academy training

C. on patrol duty

D. during the promotion process

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Resistance to Women in Policing

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Which one of Workman-Stark’s (2017) steps to a police identity formation occurs during field training?

A. validation and negotiation

B. identity acceptance

C. continued checks and balances

D. discovery

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance to Women in Policing

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. A study on both guards and police found that ______ are more likely to believe that sexual harassment is no longer a problem in their workplace.

A. men police

B. women police

C. men guards

D. women guards

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Harassment

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Women police perceive sexual teasing as ______.

A. committed by a person with more power

B. one-sided

C. malicious

D. friendly joking

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Harassment

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Women perceive sexual harassment as ______.

A. harmless

B. malicious

C. friendly joking

D. between parties who respect each other

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Harassment

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which one of Natarajan’s (2001) roles views women officers’ jobs different from men officers’ jobs in that women are restricted to responding to women and children?

A. modified

B. integrated

C. traditional

D. inventive

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. ______, according to Martin (1979), were ambivalent toward women police.

A. Moderns

B. Traditionals

C. Moderates

D. Inventives

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. According to Martin (1979), which role is more willing to work with women police officers as equals?

A. moderates

B. moderns

C. traditionals

D. inventives

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. According to Martin (1979), ______ believed that women police officers do not belong on patrol and if present should be protected and treated as junior partners.

A. inventives

B. traditionals

C. moderns

D. moderates

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Consistent with U.S. data, in 2016, women’s representation was higher in which type of law enforcement agency?

A. local

B. county

C. federal

D. private

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women’s Representation in Policing

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Treating women equitably and fairly and overall “women-friend” is defined in the text as organizational ______.

A. organizational culture

B. organizational benevolence

C. organizational justice

D. organizational integrity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. A study found that departments in which U.S. region had higher representation of women police officers?

A. Midwest

B. Northeast

C. Northwest

D. South

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Incentive pay such as tuition reimbursement and hazardous duty pay are examples of ______.

A. organizational ability

B. organizational benevolence

C. organizational justice

D. organizational integrity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which of the following statements pertaining to recruitment and retention is true?

A. Women’s law enforcement representation is better in smaller rather than larger departments.

B. Women’s law enforcement representation is lower when other minorities are represented.

C. Women’s law enforcement representation is better when there is higher organizational benevolence.

D. Women’s law enforcement representation is lower when there are smaller vertical differentiation layers of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. Which step in women’s police identity formation is very salient as women consider promotions in their departments?

A. continued checks and balances

B. validation and negotiation

C. discovery

D. tryouts

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. If an LGB police officer is tiring of keeping a secret/closeted life at work then they are likely at which stage of the career model identity formation?

A. sexual identity prioritization

B. transition

C. integration

D. police identity prioritization

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. If an LGB police officer values connections to the LGB community more than the police force, then they are likely at what stage of career model identity formation?

A. sexual identity prioritization

B. integration

C. transition

D. police identity prioritization

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. If an LGB police officers feeling that they do not have to choose a loyalty to the police force or the LGB community, then they are likely at the ______ stage of career model identity formation.

A. sexual identity prioritization

B. integration

C. transition

D. police identity prioritization

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Which stage of career model identity formation refers to the acceptance by work peers and supervisors?

A. integration

B. sexual identity prioritization

C. police identity prioritization

D. transition

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Increasing women’s representation in policing is only a matter of gender equity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Policing?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Women worked in women’s prisons long before they worked with incarcerated men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Breaking Into Police Work

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. There are significant parallels regarding women’s entry as prison/jail guards and women’s entry in policing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Comparisons Between Women Breaking Into Policing With Women Breaking Into Prison/Jail Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The first two decades of the 1990s in the United States were important in advancing women into police departments, despite the stereotypical roles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Heidensohn’s (1992) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in the United Kingdom and the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. During Brown’s (1997) reform stage, gender integration is mandated by legislation but often met with resistance by men police, which results in litigation by women officers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brown’s (1997) Phases of Women’s Entry Into Police Work in Europe

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Alice Stebbins Wells was a social worker and theologian prior to becoming the first policewoman in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Women Police in the United States and Globally

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The more intersecting outsider status identities, the greater the likelihood of a difficult adaptation to the police identity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Officer Identities

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Discovery occurs after acceptance to a law enforcement department, during the police academy training.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Officer Identities

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Title VII consent decrees have been used to increase women’s representation in police work.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Title VII and Other Legislation and Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Some of the reasons for the slow integration of women into police forces include a lack of women who find the job compatible with personal goals, such as raising a family.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Resistance to Women in Policing

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. According to the author, gender policing studies increasingly test systems theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Masculine police cultures can affect men officers’ belief in negative stereotypes regarding women officers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Job Performance

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Zimmer’s (1986) adjustment strategy role, institutional, is comparable to Martin’s (1979) POLICEwomen role.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The integrated role for women officers posits that women and men have identical policing responsibilities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Citizens, coworkers, supervisors, and administrators today are far more likely to see women as an anomaly.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Martin’s (1979) POLICEwomen were seen as strange women, while policeWOMEN were viewed as incompetent officers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classifications of Women Police Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Women in the United States are still at token status in police work.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women’s Representation in Policing

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Title VII created women police officers’ desire for equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women’s Representation in Policing

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Some studies have found that court orders and Affirmative Action plans in specific departments worked to African American women officers’ advantages.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racism

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Historically, lesbian and gay police officers have been very closeted at work due to realistic fears of discrimination and harassment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Identify and discuss Heidensohn’s (1992) phases of women’s entry into police work in the United Kingdom and United States.

2. What are some of the reasons why law enforcement officers, regardless of gender or race/ethnicity, want to be police officers?

3. Workman-Stark constructed five key steps in police identity formation. What are the steps?

4. Yu (2017), the leading expert on women in federal law enforcement jobs, identified two major pieces of legislation. What are they and what is their significance?

5. Explain the four stages of career model identity formation for LGB police officers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Heterosexism/Homophobia/Transphobia

Difficulty Level: Medium