Chapter 13: Women Working in the Courts

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The view that women legal professionals will have a better understanding of oppression given their own experiences with sexism and that they will view themselves as representing women is consistent with which perspective?

A. radical feminism

B. women’s liberation/emancipation

C. differential moral voice

D. feminist consciousness

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. If a researcher asked whether women approach the practice of law in a more cooperative, caring fashion and take into account more of the contextual details of their clients’ lives, they’d likely be using which perspective in their research?

A. radical feminism

B. women’s liberation/emancipation

C. differential moral voice

D. feminist consciousness

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. In the context of the text, which of the following is considered a fundamental form of citizenship?

A. voting

B. jury duty

C. protesting

D. paying taxes

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Lawyers’ questioning of potential jury members for inclusion is referred to as ______.

A. voir dire

B. ex parte

C. en banc

D. de jure

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which philosopher defined a citizen as “one who rules and is ruled in return?”

A. Aquinas

B. St. Augustine

C. Aristotle

D. Plato

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which state was the last to afford women the right to serve on a jury?

A. Wyoming

B. Alabama

C. Mississippi

D. Tennessee

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Women jurors were often easily dismissed from actual jury service during which process?

A. arraignment

B. juror pool selection

C. voir dire

D. deliberation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. According to research, women participate more in ______ cases.

A. homicide

B. nonviolent

C. sex

D. property

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court decide that women’s domestic burdens were more important than their civil obligations?

A. Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)

B. Hoyt v. Florida (1961)

C. Diane Blank v. Sullivan & Cromwell (1975)

D. Taylor v. Louisiana (1957)

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Women lawyers’ most significant resistors were ______.

A. the men in their profession

B. the members of their families

C. the individuals in other professions

D. the people in their community

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Women lawyers during the 1800s and 1900s were often accused of being too ______.

A. hard-nosed

B. aggressive

C. emotional

D. strong

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Women lawyers during colonial times received their legal training in which manner?

A. apprenticeship with an attorney

B. attending law school

C. clerking for a family member

D. teaching oneself

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Who was the first woman to enter law school in 1868?

A. Mary Ann Shadd

B. Phoebe Couzins

C. Ada Keplev

D. Lemma Barkaloo

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Who was the first Black woman to enroll in law school?

A. Mary Ann Shadd

B. Phoebe Couzins

C. Ada Keplev

D. Lemma Barkaloo

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. In which case did the Court legally bar married women from practicing law?

A. Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)

B. Hoyt v. Florida (1961)

C. Diane Blank v. Sullivan & Cromwell (1975)

D. Taylor v. Louisiana (1957)

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Who was the first woman lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court?

A. Mary Ann Shadd

B. Phoebe Couzins

C. Belva Lockwood

D. Lemma Barkaloo

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Who was identified as Pennsylvania’s first African American woman lawyer and was one of the most noteworthy women lawyers of her era?

A. Mary Ann Shadd

B. Jane Matilda Bolin

C. Belva Lockwood

D. Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. What led to the “virtual decimation” of law schools which then opened its door to women?

A. Great Depression

B. Civil War

C. Reconstruction

D. World War II

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women in Law Schools Since the 1950s

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. What was identified as the “game changer” to women’s admission to law school?

A. gender quotas

B. Title VII

C. Vietnam War draft

D. progressive movement

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women in Law Schools Since the 1950s

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Most of the women lawyers in 1890 were trained by ______.

A. politicians

B. professors

C. lawyers

D. judges

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Number of Women Attorneys

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. What is key to the acceptance of women lawyers?

A. proficiency

B. credibility

C. helpfulness

D. effectiveness

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Experiences of Women Attorneys

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Women are denied collective credibility because as a group, they are perceived as ______.

A. less reputable

B. less believable

C. less proficient

D. less efficient

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Experiences of Women Attorneys

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of the following is associated with the strategic friendliness form of emotional labor?

A. being hard-hitting

B. being aggressive

C. being manipulative

D. being tough

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Job Performance

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which career for individuals with law degrees is generally considered to be the least prestigious and lucrative?

A. government agencies

B. corporations

C. small firms

D. large firms

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which career is considered to be the “elite rank atop the legal professions?”

A. government agencies

B. corporations

C. small firms

D. large firms

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. An attorney who legislates, resolves disputes, or advises a ministry department or public entity likely works for which of the following?

A. large firm

B. corporation

C. small firm

D. government agency

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. An attorney who works for a bank, insurance company, or trade union likely works for a ______.

A. large firm

B. corporation

C. small firm

D. government agency

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Legal professionals who share in the risks and profits of the firm are referred to as ______.

A. law clerks

B. partners

C. associates

D. paralegals

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A more recent hire who is just out of law school and typically has nonequity status is considered to be a ______.

A. partner

B. paralegal

C. associate

D. law clerk

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Which position used to evoke negative connotations?

A. equity partner

B. in-house counsel

C. associate

D. nonequity partner

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. In-house counsels were often associated with which of the following?

A. equity status

B. reduced pay

C. quality work

D. prestige

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Attorneys who are not driven by the dreaded billable hour model nor expected to be “rainmakers” for the firm could be categorized as ______.

A. equity partners

B. nonequity partners

C. associates

D. in-house counsel

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. If an individual wants a better work–life balance, competitive pay, and not have to be driven by the billable hour model, then which of the following would best suit their needs?

A. equity partner

B. in-house counsel

C. associate

D. nonequity partner

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. Which type of attorney jobs were often open to women and tended/tend to be far better about issues, such as maternity leave, child care, and flexible schedules?

A. government agency

B. large firm

C. small firm

D. corporation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Women continue to be overrepresented in which type of law?

A. family

B. civil litigation

C. commercial

D. corporate

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. The phenomenon of White men staying in legal careers, particularly in more prestigious firms and making partner, compared to women and people of color is referred to as the ______.

A. old’ boys network

B. leaky pipeline

C. plexiglass ceiling

D. glass escalator

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. An invisible barrier, erected by third parties, that blocks women and minorities from reaching income elite is referred to as the ______.

A. glass escalator

B. old’ boys network

C. glass ceiling

D. plexiglass ceiling

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. According to Kaye and Reddy (2008), women’s disproportionate attrition rate compared to men is explained by ______.

A. law school attended

B. billable hours

C. type of law

D. size of the firm

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which concept refers to the additional work women must spend navigating White institutional spaces?

A. invisible labor clause

B. inclusion tax

C. contract clause

D. takings clause

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. The most coveted and competitive position of recent law school graduates is a clerkship ______.

A. in a firm

B. on a U.S. Court of Appeals

C. in a government agency

D. on the Supreme Court

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. The additional time, money, and emotional and mental energy to be included in White spaces best aligns with which concept?

A. invisible labor clause

B. inclusion tax

C. contract clause

D. takings clause

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. According to a study following University of Virginia Law School graduates, which of the following is considered to be a predictor of salary?

A. position in law review journal during law school

B. working in a small firm

C. law school GPA

D. working in the public sector

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gendered Income Gaps

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Most judges are selected from which of the following?

A. government agencies

B. firms

C. corporations

D. law schools

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women Judges

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. When women were first elected or appointed judges, they were more likely seated on benches of which type of court?

A. appeals court

B. Supreme Court

C. criminal court

D. divorce court

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women Judges

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. If a judge dictates the courtroom without input from all parties, and quickly disposes of cases using a patronizing and belittling tone, they are exhibiting which judicial style?

A. procedural

B. authoritative

C. consensual

D. inclusive

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Looking for Gender Differences in Judges’ Decision-Making

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. If a judge adheres to laws and procedures and often rejects options suggested by attorneys, they are exhibiting which judicial style?

A. procedural

B. authoritative

C. consensual

D. inclusive

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Looking for Gender Differences in Judges’ Decision-Making

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Which judicial style is characterized by soliciting information from everyone to try to find a “middle ground?”

A. procedural

B. authoritative

C. consensual

D. inclusive

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Looking for Gender Differences in Judges’ Decision-Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Which judicial style is characterized by soliciting input from all parties and ensuring that everyone is heard?

A. procedural

B. authoritative

C. consensual

D. inclusive

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Looking for Gender Differences in Judges’ Decision-Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following statements pertaining to Ruth Bader Ginsburg is true?

A. She described her experience as a woman law professor as “horrendous.”

B. She began teaching at a school that was not ABA-approved nor an AALS member.

C. She was the second woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

D. She received tenure and her full professorship from Columbia University.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Women Law Professors

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Which of the following statements pertaining to women of color law faculty is true?

A. They are more likely to teach at more prestigious schools.

B. They are more likely to enter teaching a lower ranks.

C. They are more likely to teach high-status courses.

D. They are more likely to enter another profession after receiving tenure.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Women Law Professors

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. The feminist consciousness and differential moral voice perspectives are mutually exclusive.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The 1957 Civil Rights Act permitted women to serve on both federal and state court juries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. An automatic exemption means that women could avoid jury duty simple because they were women.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The History of Women on Juries

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The first woman to practice law in the United States was addressed as “Gentleman Margaret Brent” in person and in court records.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Women have been far more successful at breaking into the policing profession than the law profession.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Like the pioneering women in policing and guard work, women lawyers’ most significant resistors were the men in their profession.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Early women lawyers worked for women’s rights to suffrage, birth control, and abolition.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: (Mostly White) Women’s Entry Into Legal Education and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The University of Iowa and Washington University were the first law schools open to women in 1869.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women in Law Schools Since the 1950s

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The Ivy League law schools were among the first to accept women students.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women in Law Schools Since the 1950s

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Law schools are ideally suited for being at the forefront of gender bias in the legal process and for fighting for gender equality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women in Law Schools Since the 1950s

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Compared to women in prison/jail and especially police work, women in the legal professions have had significantly lower representation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Experiences of Women Attorneys

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. African American women lawyers face a plexiglass ceiling in the legal profession.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The term “biglaw” refers to the largest law firms in the world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The billable hours model has impacted firm culture by decreasing the difficulty of meeting both firm billing minimums and family responsibilities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Women’s participating in presenting to the highest court, the U.S. Supreme Court, is rare.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hiring, Job Placements, Retention and Attrition: Leaky Pipes and Glass Ceilings

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The chief justices of the U.S. Supreme Court have been both White and African American.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Judges

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Most states did not allow women’s eligibility for elective judgeships until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women Judges

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Most of the research on judicial decision making finds few or no gender differences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Looking for Gender Differences in Judges’ Decision-Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Women’s barriers to faculty positions in law schools have been even greater than the barriers they faced in practicing law.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women Law Professors

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Historically, women who wanted to work in the legal profession faced a series of obstacles. What where they?

2. Discuss the two tracks to law in the lives of early Black women lawyers.

3. Explain the no-problem problem.

4. Discuss the factors that explain women’s disproportionate attrition rate compared to men.

5. Explain the four judicial styles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Looking for Gender Differences in Judges’ Decision-Making

Difficulty Level: Medium