Chapter 10 Test Questions & Answers Patterns Of Inheritance

Biology: The Essentials, 3e (Hoefnagels)

Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance

1) Of all the people who have studied inheritance, the person who made the most lasting impression on the science of genetics is

A) Charles Darwin.

B) Robert Hooke.

C) King George III.

D) Frederick Griffith.

E) Gregor Mendel.

2) If a healthy young couple are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, the chance that their future child will have this serious illness is

A) 0%.

B) 25%.

C) 75%.

D) 50%.

E) 100%.

3) A portion of DNA that encodes a specific protein is a

A) gene.

B) chromosome.

C) chromatid.

D) centromere.

E) kinetochore.

4) In humans, alleles for a gene locus on autosomes are inherited from

A) females only (mothers).

B) males only (fathers).

C) males and females (one allele from each parent).

D) males and females (two alleles from each parent).

E) No answer is correct.

5) The pea plant (Pisum sativum) is a good choice for studying heredity because it

A) develops slowly.

B) produces only a few offspring.

C) is easy to control which plants mate with each other.

D) has only a few traits that appear in two easily distinguishable forms.

E) All answers are correct.

6) Mendel called a masking trait

A) dominant.

B) recessive.

C) homologous.

D) homozygous.

E) heterozygous.

7) Mendel called a trait that is masked

A) homozygous.

B) heterozygous.

C) dominant.

D) recessive.

E) No answer is correct.

8) An allele that exerts its effects whenever it is present is

A) recessive.

B) dominant.

C) homologous.

D) homozygous.

E) heterozygous.

9) When Mendel crossed short (tt) pea plants with short (tt) pea plants the offspring

A) were all tall.

B) were a mix of tall and short.

C) were nonexistent.

D) were all short.

E) No answer is correct.

10) When Mendel crossed tall (Tt) plants with tall (Tt) plants the offspring

A) did not grow and reproduce.

B) were always short.

C) were always tall.

D) were always medium height.

E) were mostly tall individuals and a few short individuals.

11) If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is

A) homozygous.

B) homologous.

C) heterozygous.

D) dominant.

E) recessive.

12) If the two alleles for a particular gene are different the gene pair is

A) homologous.

B) heterozygous.

C) homozygous.

D) dominant.

E) recessive.

13) If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait

A) each parent contributed a different allele for that trait.

B) each parent contributed the same allele for that trait.

C) one parent contributed two different alleles for that trait.

D) one parent contributed two copies of the same allele for that trait.

E) a mutation must have occurred.

14) If an individual is homozygous for a particular trait

A) each parent contributed a different allele for that trait.

B) one parent contributed two different alleles for that trait.

C) each parent contributed the same allele for that trait.

D) one parent contributed two copies of the same allele for that trait.

E) a mutation must have occurred.

15) Recessive alleles seem to vanish in some generations and reappear in later generations because they

A) cannot be expressed in males.

B) are masked by a dominant allele.

C) cannot be expressed in females.

D) cannot be expressed in successive generations.

E) are lost by mutation.

16) Genotype means the

A) number of gametes in an individual.

B) combination of alleles in an individual.

C) number of chromosomes in an individual.

D) observable expression of the genes in an individual.

E) genes an individual has.

17) Phenotype means the

A) number of gametes in an individual.

B) number of chromosomes in an individual.

C) combination of alleles in an individual.

D) genes an individual has.

E) observable expression of the genes in an individual.

18) The most common allele, genotype, or phenotype in a population is referred to as the

A) wild type.

B) dominant population.

C) recessive population.

D) P generation.

E) F1 generation.

19) The "P" in "P generation" refers to

A) pure breeding.

B) parental.

C) potential offspring.

D) recessive allele.

E) All answers are correct.

20) In the study of genetics, the offspring of the P generation are referred to as the

A) wild type generation.

B) F1 generation.

C) genotype.

D) F2 generation.

E) phenotype.

21) A pea plant with (Tt) as its genotype should be referred to as

A) the wild type.

B) homozygous dominant.

C) heterozygous.

D) homozygous recessive.

E) mutant.

22) An example of a monohybrid cross would be

A) an individual that is homozygous dominant for one trait undergoing self-fertilization.

B) a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits.

C) an individual that is homozygous recessive for one trait undergoing self-fertilization.

D) a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for one trait.

E) an individual that is homozygous recessive for two traits undergoing self-fertilization.

23) A scientist wants to perform a monohybrid cross for stem length in pea plants that will show all possible genotypes in the progeny. Which pea plants will they cross?

A) ttgg x ttgg

B) tt x tt

C) TT x TT

D) TTGG x TTGG

E) Tt x Tt

24) Mendel's monohybrid cross of tall parents, each with the genotype Tt, resulted in a tall to short ratio of

A) 1:1.

B) 1:2.

C) 2:1.

D) 3:1.

E) 1:3.

25) A test cross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that

A) is heterozygous.

B) is homozygous dominant.

C) is homozygous recessive.

D) has any known genotype.

E) is the wild type.

26) If all the offspring show the dominant phenotype in a test cross, then the individual with the unknown genotype was

A) heterozygous.

B) homozygous dominant.

C) homozygous recessive.

D) a clone of the other test cross individual.

E) heterozygous recessive.

27) The alleles of each gene packaged into separate gametes summarizes Mendel's law of

A) segregation.

B) random fertilization.

C) population dynamics.

D) crossing over.

E) independent assortment.

28) A dihybrid cross would be a mating between two individuals that are both

A) homozygous recessive for one gene.

B) homozygous dominant for two genes.

C) homozygous recessive for two genes.

D) heterozygous for one gene.

E) heterozygous for two genes.

29) The statement that segregation of alleles for a gene on one chromosome does not influence the segregation of alleles for a gene on another chromosome during gamete formation is Mendel's law of

A) independent assortment.

B) random fertilization.

C) population dynamics.

D) crossing over.

E) segregation.

30) In the ABO blood type system the alleles IA, IB, and i produce

A) three phenotypes.

B) two phenotypes.

C) one phenotype.

D) four phenotypes.

E) type A and type B blood types only.

31) In the ABO blood type system, the IA allele is ________ with the IB allele.

A) dominant

B) codominant

C) recessive

D) homologous

E) heterologous

32) If the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of the homozygotes, this is called

A) codominance.

B) independent assortment.

C) linkage.

D) incomplete dominance.

E) polygenic.

33) A gene that produces a protein important in more than one biochemical pathway is

A) dominant.

B) recessive.

C) pleiotropic.

D) codominant.

E) incomplete dominant.

34) Traits that depend on more than one gene are

A) polygenic.

B) pleiotropic.

C) codominant.

D) recessive.

E) incomplete dominant traits.

35) Autosomes

A) are chromosomes that are the same for both sexes.

B) include the Y chromosome in humans.

C) include the X chromosome in humans.

D) are the sex chromosomes.

E) All answers are correct.

36) Linked genes, by definition, are genes that

A) are found on the same chromosome.

B) have no alleles.

C) are found in the same species.

D) have more alleles than usual.

E) are found in different daughter cells.

37) If any of the traits that Mendel worked with were linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would have

A) not yielded the phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.

B) produced more offspring.

C) produced fewer offspring.

D) exhibited the phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.

E) produced sterile offspring.

38) Recombinant chromosomes have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to

A) random fertilization.

B) linkage.

C) independent assortment.

D) crossing over.

E) mutation.

39) Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromosome if they are

A) close together.

B) far apart.

C) recessive genes.

D) dominant genes.

E) mutated genes.

40) Diagrams of gene order and spacing on chromosomes are

A) genotypes and phenotypes.

B) phenotypes.

C) linkage maps.

D) genotypes.

E) metabolic maps.

41) To inherit an autosomal dominant disorder a person could receive the allele leading to the disease from

A) the father only, not the mother.

B) the mother only, not the father.

C) the mother or the father.

D) the parent who does not exhibit the disease.

E) All answers are correct.

42) To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires that the person receive the allele leading to the disease from

A) the father only.

B) the mother only.

C) only the parent having the disease.

D) only one parent who is homozygous recessive for the disease.

E) both parents.

43) A person has a recessive, faulty allele for a disease, but the person does not have the disease since they also have a normal dominant allele. This person

A) is homozygous for the disease.

B) cannot produce gametes.

C) is termed a carrier.

D) is termed a linkage group.

E) has the disease but cannot pass this disease to their offspring.

44) Diagrams depicting family relationships and phenotypes for a genetic disorder are

A) linkage maps.

B) pedigree charts.

C) genotype maps.

D) Punnett squares.

E) bell-shaped curves.

45) In pedigree charts, autosomal dominant disorders typically

A) appear only in males.

B) appear only in females.

C) appear in every generation.

D) seem to disappear in one generation, only to reappear in the next generation.

E) occur every third generation.

46) In pedigree charts, autosomal recessive disorders typically

A) appear in every generation.

B) appear only in males.

C) appear only in females.

D) may disappear in one generation and reappear in the next generation.

E) occur every third generation.

47) If a genetic counselor examines a pedigree chart and notices an occurrence of a disease in every generation, the counselor would assume that the disease was caused by

A) a new mutation.

B) an autosomal recessive disorder.

C) a chromosomal abnormality.

D) an autosomal dominant disorder.

E) having an extra set of chromosomes.

48) The chromosome that has the genes that determine whether a human is male or female is 

A) the X chromosome.

B) chromosome number 21.

C) the group of autosomes known as the SRY group.

D) chromosome number 22.

E) the Y chromosome.

49) A male expresses

A) only the dominant alleles on his X chromosome.

B) both the dominant and recessive alleles on his X chromosome.

C) only the homozygous recessive alleles on his X chromosome.

D) none of the alleles on his X chromosome.

E) only the homozygous dominant alleles on his X chromosome.

50) Hemophilia A is caused by

A) an X-linked recessive disorder.

B) a Y-linked recessive disorder.

C) a defective neuron response.

D) an X-linked dominant disorder.

E) a Y-linked dominant disorder.

51) Females who are "carriers" for hemophilia

A) usually do not show symptoms of hemophilia but pass the allele for hemophilia to all of their offspring.

B) pass the allele for hemophilia to all of their sons.

C) usually show symptoms of hemophilia but do not pass the allele for hemophilia to their offspring.

D) usually show symptoms of hemophilia and pass the allele for hemophilia to all of their offspring.

E) usually do not show symptoms of hemophilia.

52) If a diploid cell has 14 chromosomes, it will have

A) 14 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

B) 7 pairs of homologous chromatids.

C) 14 pairs of homologous chromatids.

D) 7 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

E) 14 alleles.

53) Homologous chromosomes have

A) the same genes but can have different alleles.

B) the same genes and alleles.

C) different genes and alleles.

D) different genes, but can have the same alleles.

54) If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, and all of the offspring have yellow peas, you conclude

A) green is dominant over yellow.

B) yellow and green are codominant.

C) yellow is incompletely dominant over green.

D) yellow is dominant over green.

E) color is random in pea plants.

55) If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, and all of the offspring have yellow peas, you conclude

A) the yellow parent was homozygous for the recessive allele.

B) the green parent was homozygous for the dominant allele.

C) the yellow parent was homozygous for the dominant allele.

D) the green parent was heterozygous.

E) the yellow parent was heterozygous.

56) A single chromosome has

A) multiple genes each with a single allele.

B) multiple genes each with multiple alleles.

C) a single gene with a single allele.

D) a single gene with multiple alleles.

E) No answer is correct.

57) Yellow peas are an example of

A) a phenotype.

B) a genotype.

C) an allele.

D) a gene.

E) a locus.

58) Having the alleles Tt is

A) a phenotype.

B) linkage.

C) a genotype.

D) a gene.

E) a locus.

59) If you cross two heterozygous (Yy) pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be heterozygous?

A) 25%

B) 75%

C) 50%

D) 0%

E) 100%

60) If you cross two heterozygous Yy pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be the dominant color yellow?

A) 50%

B) 75%

C) 25%

D) 0%

E) 100%

61) If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have yellow peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green

A) 50%

B) 75%

C) 25%

D) 0%

E) 100%

62) If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have round peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green

A) 50%

B) 75%

C) 100%

D) 25%

E) 0%

63) If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have round yellow peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green

A) 100%

B) 75%

C) 25%

D) 0%

E) 50%

64) Which gametes can a RrYy plant produce?

A) Rr or Yy

B) RY or ry

C) RrYy

D) RY, Ry, rY, or ry

E) R or r

65) Which gametes can a RRyy plant produce?

A) RR or yy

B) Ry

C) RY or ry

D) RRyy

E) R or y

66) In an inherited form of high cholesterol, HH individuals have a blood cholesterol level greater than 500mg/dL, RH individuals are near 300mg/dL, and normal (RR) cholesterol levels should be less than 200mg/dL. The H allele is ________ to the R allele.

A) codominant

B) dominant

C) recessive

D) homozygous

E) incompletely dominant

67) A man with type A blood and a woman with type B blood have a child with type O blood. What are the genotypes of the man and woman?

A) IA i, and IB i

B) both are i i

C) IA IA, and IB IB

D) IA i, and i i

E) i i, and IB i

68) Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder. What is the probability that a son will have hemophilia if the parents are a normal man and a woman who is a carrier?

A) 50%

B) 25%

C) 0%

D) 100%

E) 75%

69) Average heights of American men and women have increased steadily since the 1940s. The best explanation for this observation is that height is

A) a polygenic trait.

B) influenced by an X-linked gene.

C) influenced by environmental changes like improvements in diet.

D) influenced by a Y-linked gene.

E) influenced by crossing over.

70) In humans skin color widely varies. This is because skin color is

A) a polygenic trait.

B) influenced by environmental changes like improvements in diet.

C) influenced by an X-linked gene.

D) influenced by a Y-linked gene.

E) influenced by crossing over.

71) Adult female bollworm moths lay eggs on cotton bolls. These eggs then hatch and grow into caterpillars that eat the seeds of the boll. The eggs and sperm are produced by

A) meiosis.

B) mitosis.

C) fertilization.

D) crossing over.

E) mutation.

72) Each gamete arises from a diploid cell containing two sets of homologous chromosomes.

73) A recessive allele is one whose effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present.

74) The most common allele for any trait is always the dominant allele.

75) Genotypes are the outward expression of an allele combination.

76) Mendel's law of segregation states that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes.

77) If two genes are linked, they will appear to violate Mendel's law of segregation.

78) If the probability of one genetic event is 1/2 and of another 1/6, then the probability of both occurring is 1/12.

79) On a diagram of linked genes on a chromosome, the distance between the genes would be based on the frequency of crossing over between the genes during meiosis.

80) A gene that affects flower color, root length, and leaf shape is pleiotropic.

81) A gene that has alleles for blue, pink, red, and white flowers is pleiotropic.

82) If X inactivation fails, problems will result because protein production for sex-linked genes will be too great.

83) If X inactivation fails, this is a good thing as it is an error of meiosis.

84) In the ABO blood type system, there are six possible genotypes, but only two possible phenotypes.

85) The environment only rarely affects gene expression.

86) The individual sometimes referred to as the "father of genetics" because he influenced the science of genetics more than anyone else is Gregor Mendel.

87) X-linked recessive disorders affect more females than males.

88) Place the following events in the correct order in which they occur: fertilization, haploid gametes produced, meiosis of diploid cell, and new diploid organism formed.

A) meiosis of diploid cell, haploid gametes produced, fertilization, new diploid organism formed

B) haploid gametes produced, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed

C) fertilization, haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, meiosis of diploid cell

D) meiosis of diploid cell, new diploid organism formed, haploid gametes produced, fertilization

E) haploid gametes produced, new diploid organism formed, fertilization, meiosis of diploid cell

89) Sexual reproduction passes on hereditary information through

A) gametes produced by mitosis.

B) gametes produced by meiosis.

C) only autosomes.

D) only sex chromosomes.

E) only linked genes.

90) Uncorrected sequence mistakes during meiosis will lead to

A) production of only autosomes with mutations.

B) production of only sex chromosomes with mutations.

C) no living offspring.

D) no change.

E) production of gametes with mutated genes.

In these data, the parental generation characteristics (resistant or susceptible) are shown at the top.

91) In this figure, the genotype of the resistant parental bollworms is ________ while the susceptible parental bollworms have a ________ genotype.

A) rr; RR

B) RR; rr

C) Rr; rr

D) RR; Rr

E) Rr; RR

92) In this figure, the F1 generation shows mating of resistant bollworms (________) with susceptible heterozygous (________) bollworms.

A) rr; Rr

B) rr; RR

C) RR; rr

D) Rr; rr

E) Rr; RR

93) The F2 generation (the larvae measured in comparison) is shown in the graphs at the bottom of this figure. The cluster of bollworms at lower larva weights would have which genotype?

A) RR

B) rr

C) Rr or RR

D) Rr

E) Rr or rr

94) What did the researchers conclude from the data shown in the figure?

A) Resistance to the Bt toxin is dominant.

B) The number of larvae is dependent on treatment with the Bt toxin.

C) Resistance to the Bt toxin is recessive.

D) The size of larvae is dependent on treatment with the Bt toxin.

E) Resistance to the Bt toxin is not genetic.