Change & Adaptation | Ch9 – Test Bank – 6th Edition

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Student name:__________

1) _____ means being able to deal with change and its effects without allowing them to injure you emotionally.

2) The _____ is a tool that measures the relative impact of many kinds of changes, which are rated from 100 to 0, high to low, on the basis of their intensity and the adjustment problems they can create.

3) William Bridges refers to the _____ as "a gap in the continuity of existence."

4) The _____ stage involved in the process of personal change is most likely to witness a person retreating into isolation.

5) In the context of adjusting to personal changes, slipping backward to an earlier stage of growth is referred to as _____.

6) In the context of adjusting to personal changes, _____ is the process of returning to a point where you know who you are and feel good about yourself once again.

7) In the _____ stage of personal change, an individual starts experiencing normal curiosities and desires again.

8) The _____ is a workplace change model involving three steps: unfreezing the status quo, making changes, and then refreezing to the previous work mode.

9) _____ is the last step of the Lewin change model.

10) According to the _____ model, the status quo is like a battlefield being fought for by two armies: the driving forces and the restraining forces.

11) According to the force field analysis model, the _____ forces are trying to take over and change the status quo.

12) James Brian Quinn developed _____ to address the forces of change in large organizations.

13) In the logical incrementalism model, _____ is the stage characterized by a vague feeling or awareness of a threat or opportunity.

14) The _____ approach to coping with organizational change primarily involves employees' participation and feedback in operational and change decisions and encourages active communication among top managers and workers.

15) In the context of the five main elements of kaizen, employees and managers share ideas, skills, resources, and technology in group meetings called _____.

16) _____ is a planned, companywide, systematic method of achieving change in an organization.

17) An organizational development (OD) change agent's job is to use _____, which are training tools that teach members of an organization how they can solve the problems they are facing.

18) In the context of organizational development, the person responsible for an organizational change effort is known as a(n) _____.

19) In the context of organizational development, _____ include team building, sensitivity training, role playing, and survey feedback.

20) Which of the following is a common characteristic of the major life changes that affect people?

A) These changes happen regularly to everyone.
B) Changes that are beyond one's control cause more stress.
C) People who have a hold over things they can control are not affected by major life changes.
D) People feel the results of the changes only after an event is over.

21) Which of the following is one of the seven stages of personal change?

A) Bottoming out
B) Unfreezing
C) General concern
D) Refreezing

22) _____ is the first stage of personal change.

A) Denial
B) Experimenting
C) Emotional standstill
D) Bottoming out

23) Which of the following reactions to personal loss typically occurs in the emotional standstill stage?

A) Denial
B) Anger
C) Experimenting
D) Shock

24) In the context of the seven stages of personal change, identify a mistake made by a person who has entered the neutral zone when dealing with personal loss.

A) Sharing too much emotion with other people
B) Expressing his or her anger
C) Denying reality fully and completely
D) Allowing normal curiosities to emerge

25) Which of the following is true of a person in the helplessness stage of personal change?

A) The person slips into a state of permanent regression.
B) The individual enters into a state of shock and denial.
C) The person enters a neutral zone, which is a temporary state of loss.
D) The normal curiosities and desires come back to the person and new experiences become evident.

26) Which of the following is a danger associated with the seven-step personal recovery process?

A) People may think that they should passively allow the steps to happen to them.
B) Most people are not aware that the steps in the process tend to fail to come through.
C) People may force themselves to go through the steps quicker than usual.
D) Most people slip backward to an earlier stage of growth even when they know the steps.

27) In the _____ stage of the seven stages of personal change, the mind keeps the sufferer from accepting reality fully and completely.

A) denial
B) anger
C) emotional standstill
D) bottoming out

28) In the context of the helplessness stage of personal change, what is the state of mind of a victim who has lost a loved one to death?

A) The victim accepts a major change but continues to deny it emotionally.
B) The victim is still suffering and is afraid to bottom out into total despair.
C) The victim disallows himself or herself to believe the loved one is really gone.
D) The victim is allowing the life-completing processes to take their course.

29) Which of the following statements is true about the bottoming out stage of the seven stages of personal change?

A) A victim disallows the life-completing processes to take their course.
B) The shock, denial, and anger that a victim feels are fresh.
C) An overwhelming grief experienced by a victim appears less often, and less intensely, over time.
D) A victim begins experimenting with tasks and opportunities that were left out or ignored previously.

30) In the context of the unfreezing step of Lewin's change model, structural changes in an organization is likely to be characterized by:

A) a focus on new hiring policies.
B) an emphasis on changing actual organizational relationships.
C) an emphasis on changing the reward system.
D) a focus on redesigning the organization.

31) Which of the following statements is true about the refreezing step of Kurt Lewin's change model?

A) Refreezing would hinder progress because of the growing number of change situations in the 21st century.
B) The actual changes are made in the refreezing level.
C) Research indicates that refreezing could promote growth and development in areas of high technology.
D) Kurt Lewin referred to the refreezing step as being "relatively insecure" against change.

32) Which of the following stages of logical incrementalism is characterized by organizations utilizing something important that gets everyone's attention to get the ball rolling?

A) Development of a formal plan for change
B) Using an opportunity to begin the change plan
C) Broadcasting a general concern or idea without details
D) Ongoing adaptation of the plan

33) In the context of the five stages of logical incrementalism, development of a formal plan for change is characterized by:

A) a vague feeling or awareness of a threat or opportunity.
B) a new idea that is outlined both in terms of its nature and of the method of making it happen.
C) a use of a crisis that the change plan can solve to get the ball rolling.
D) a new idea that is tried out on others in general terms, with details to be filled in later.

34) According to Lewin's change model, for any change to occur in an organization, first the:

A) employees need to be guided to the necessary attitudes and behaviors required for a change.
B) individuals working for the company must be convinced that a change is essential.
C) the organizational climate must be adjusted.
D) systems of the organization need to be changed.

35) Which of the following is the first step of Lewin's change model?

A) Completion
B) Experimenting
C) Moving to another condition
D) Unfreezing

36) _____ is the step of Lewin's change model in which the actual organizational changes are made.

A) Unfreezing the status quo
B) Diminishing the restraining force
C) Moving to another condition
D) Broadcasting a general concern

37) Which of the following statements is true of the refreezing step of Lewin's change model?

A) It is during this stage that the company must ensure that the new behaviors actually become new norms or standards on the job.
B) It is during this step that the actual organizational changes are initiated.
C) It is the first step of the Lewin model and its primary focus is on changing people's habits and attitudes to adjust to the organizational changes.
D) It is the step of the Lewin model that is referred to as being "most unsecure" against change.

38) Which of the following is the most important criticism against Lewin's change model?

A) It does not consider the changes that take place at the structural level.
B) Refreezing is not a realistic concept in today's business world.
C) Unfreezing the status quo would simply hinder the progress.
D) It is ineffective as it does not consider the cultural diversity of today's workplace.

39) Refreezing is seen as an unrealistic concept in today's business because:

A) it is difficult to convince technology-savvy employees about the need for change.
B) employees are too comfortable in the status quo and hence highly resistant to change.
C) restraining forces are very strong because of advancements in technology.
D) environmental and technological changes are everyday realities.

40) Which of the following statements is true of the force field analysis model?

A) According to this model, the status quo is presented like a battlefield being fought for by two armies.
B) This model acknowledges that bringing about changes in a large organization is usually time-consuming and complicated.
C) This model measures the relative impact of many kinds of changes on the basis of their intensity and the adjustment problems they can create.
D) According to this model, the primary aim is to teach members of an organization how to solve the problems they face.

41) Who developed the force field analysis model?

A) Peter Drucker
B) James Brian Quinn
C) Kurt Lewin
D) William Bridges

42) Who developed the logical incrementalism model?

A) Blake and Mouton
B) Kurt Lewin
C) Peter Drucker
D) James Brian Quinn

43) Which of the following is the first stage of the logical incrementalism model?

A) Experimentation
B) General concern
C) Unfreezing the status quo
D) Development of a formal plan

44) In which stage of logical incrementalism is the trial balloon procedure used?

A) Development of a formal plan for change
B) Using an opportunity or crisis to begin the change plan
C) Ongoing adaptation of the plan
D) Broadcasting a general concern or idea without details

45) Logical incrementalism is most successful when it is used:

A) to bring a well-designed plan into general acceptance.
B) to implement changes that are poorly defined.
C) to measure the impact of many changes based on their intensity and adjustment problems.
D) as a coping measure to deal with a personal loss.

46) Employees resist change because:

A) they experience the effect of change only after the event is over.
B) the management tries to involve them in the process from the beginning.
C) they often choose how they see and hear data, and ignore information that challenges the stability of their world.
D) the companies typically support the change agent, the person responsible for an organizational change effort.

47) Dalton Inc. fired several good employees to make a structural change that would save money and guarantee other jobs. Even though the change did result in the promised improvements, other employees began to distrust the company. Which of the following is a reason for resisting change that is observed in the given scenario?

A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Employees feeling insecure in their jobs
C) Resentment of the change agent
D) Hearing only what employees want or expect to hear

48) Japanese companies using the kaizen approach have been successful at implementing change because:

A) employees are actively involved in making operational and change decisions.
B) managers involve employees in the change process only in the final stage.
C) it typically tends to seek change and increased business productivity through large-scale, radical shifts.
D) it takes a short-term approach to improvement.

49) Which of the following statements is true about kaizen?

A) It relies on dramatic structural changes and immediate improvement to achieve success.
B) It essentially disregards any relation between happiness of employees and their productivity.
C) It proposes that increased productivity is a result of constantly bettering one's relation to his or her workplace.
D) It tends to seek change and increased business productivity through large-scale, radical shifts.

50) Organizational development is best described as:

A) the sum total of organizational culture.
B) a change management model for organizations that is based on logical incrementalism.
C) the process that measures the impact of a change on employees based on the intensity and the scope of readjustment.
D) a planned, companywide, systematic method of achieving change in an organization.

51) Which of the following is a value on which organizational development (OD) change agents base their procedures?

A) Emphasis on hierarchy
B) Minimizing survey feedback
C) Confrontation
D) Authoritative management

52) An organizational development (OD) intervention is best described as a:

A) planned, companywide, systematic method of achieving change in an organization.
B) training tool that teaches members of an organization how to solve their problems.
C) model that uses a five-step process to implement planned change in a large organization.
D) model in which the status quo is presented as a battlefield being fought for by two armies.

53) Which of the following is an organizational development (OD) intervention technique?

A) Introducing heavy-handed authority
B) Organizational goal setting
C) Survey feedback
D) Emphasis on hierarchy

54) Elaborate on the meaning of coping with change.

55) List the seven categories of dramatic changes happening in a person's life.

56) List the basic characteristics that all seven major life changes have in common.

57) List the seven stages of personal change.

58) Give a brief description of the denial stage involved in the seven stages of personal change.

59) What are the mistakes that an individual is likely to make in the "helplessness" stage of dealing with personal loss?

60) Once the cycle of dealing with personal loss is complete, is it normal to go through occasional regression? Give reasons to support your answer.

61) What is a disadvantage associated with the seven-step recovery diagram?

62) List the steps involved in the Lewin change model.

63) According to Kurt Lewin, what are the three required levels in an organization where any change has to happen?

64) Describe the unfreezing step of the Lewin change model.

65) What is the current criticism of the Lewin change model?

66) How can driving forces be strengthened in the force field analysis model?

67) What are the advantages of force field analysis?

68) Briefly describe the five stages of logical incrementalism.

69) Discuss the organizational change model developed by John Paul Kotter.

70) Why do employees resist change?

71) How has the kaizen approach helped Japan's economic growth?

72) Discuss the main elements upon which kaizen was found.

73) Briefly describe organizational development (OD).

74) What are the values that organizational development (OD) change agents base their procedures on?

75) Why is organizational development (OD) often used as a tool for empowerment?

76) Stress-causing events are always negative and detrimental to one's health.

⊚ true
⊚ false

77) According to the Holmes–Rahe Readjustment Scale, if a person scores less than 150 life change units, he or she has 80 percent chance of developing a stress-related illness.

⊚ true
⊚ false

78) A common characteristic of the seven major life changes is that they happen to everyone at least a few times throughout one's lifetime.

⊚ true
⊚ false

79) According to William Bridges, "beginning" is the first of the three general steps involved in the process of acceptance of personal loss.

⊚ true
⊚ false

80) In the event of an expected personal loss, the element of shock is absent.

⊚ true
⊚ false

81) In the context of the seven stages of personal change, bottoming out means releasing the thoughts, tensions, memories, and emotions that force an individual to hold on to the past.

⊚ true
⊚ false

82) One danger with the seven-step recovery diagram is that people might be tempted to think they should passively let these steps happen to them.

⊚ true
⊚ false

83) Personal change can affect your self-esteem.

⊚ true
⊚ false

84) The Lewin change model contains three steps: the beginnings, the neutral zone, and the endings.

⊚ true
⊚ false

85) In the unfreezing step of the Lewin model, fear in some form is nearly always one of the major obstacles.

⊚ true
⊚ false

86) According to Kurt Lewin, the refreezing step of the change model is "relatively secure" against change.

⊚ true
⊚ false

87) The refreezing step in Kurt Lewin's change model might involve new hiring policies, so that employees hired after a change would be more accepting of the new system.

⊚ true
⊚ false

88) The refreezing step of Kurt Lewin's change model is unrealistic when environmental and technological changes are everyday realities.

⊚ true
⊚ false

89) In today's world, staying with the status quo as suggested by force field analysis is not realistic.

⊚ true
⊚ false

90) One of the benefits of force field analysis is that it gets the changers to plan for the change.

⊚ true
⊚ false

91) The logical incrementalism model maintains that forces inside a firm and not outside the firm can put pressure on those who are involved in a planned change.

⊚ true
⊚ false

92) The trial balloon procedure is used in the general concern stage of the logical incrementalism model.

⊚ true
⊚ false

93) Many managers see logical incrementalism as an accurate description of how change occurs in most successful companies.

⊚ true
⊚ false

94) Logical incrementalism is most successful when used to bring a well-designed plan into general acceptance.

⊚ true
⊚ false

95) The major problem with getting organizational change to take place is nearly always the same: technology barrier.

⊚ true
⊚ false

96) When the pace of change is too rapid, without proper initiation or training, employees may rebel against the change.

⊚ true
⊚ false

97) One of the reasons for Japan's economic success has been its companies' approach to business.

⊚ true
⊚ false

98) In the Japanese approach to change, managers involve employees in the change process only during the final stages.

⊚ true
⊚ false

99) Under the kaizen concept, business productivity is viewed as an ongoing, continual process.

⊚ true
⊚ false

100) Organizational development (OD) requires that the top management of a company is kept away from its planning.

⊚ true
⊚ false

101) Organizational development (OD) interventions are training tools that teach members of an organization how to solve the problems they face.

⊚ true
⊚ false

102) Today organizational development (OD) is often used as a tool for empowerment.

⊚ true
⊚ false