Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. From ages 2–6, the average child gains how many pounds each year?

a. 3

b. 5

c. 6

d. 8

Learning Objective: 7-1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Children’s height and rate of growth is closely related to ______.

a. the amount of fat they had prenatally

b. their length and weight at birth

c. that of their siblings

d. that of their parents

Learning Objective: 7-1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Growth

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which hormone is secreted from birth and influences development of nearly all parts of the body?

a. growth hormone

b. thyroid-stimulating hormone

c. estrogen

d. testosterone

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. According to research on ethnic differences in patterns of growth, which child is likely to be the tallest?

a. Gregor, who is from Germany

b. Dante, who is from the United States

c. Tristan, who is from African descent

d. Cho, who is from China

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Growth

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. At which age do many children suddenly become picky eaters?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Research indicates a finding associated with picky eating is ______.

a. an association with sensory sensitivity

b. a continuation into adolescence

c. that it is unusual behavior

d. that it is a learned behavior

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Picky Eating

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Nutritional studies indicate that most children in developed nations ______.

a. fail to eat enough calories for healthy development

b. eat enough calories but often fail to get enough vitamins or minerals

c. get enough vitamins and minerals but often fail to eat enough calories

d. suffer from mild to moderate malnutrition and deficient calories

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. At what age does a child’s brain reach 90% of its adult weight?

a. 2

b. 5

c. 7

d. 9

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. In early childhood, the greatest increases in cortical surface area is in which area?

a. corpus callosum

b. medulla oblongata

c. frontal cortex

d. occipital cortex

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The fate of unused synapses in the brain is that they ______.

a. continue to function throughout the life span

b. are pruned which leads to more efficient thought

c. die eventually, leading to disorders such as dementia

d. are used by the corpus callosum for gains in gross motor skills

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Plasticity means the brain’s ability to ______.

a. change its organization and function in response to experience

b. specialize its hemispheres to carry out different functions

c. degrade unused synapses

d. increase neuronal myelination

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Plasticity is greatest when ______.

a. lateralization has ceased

b. myelination has ceased

c. synaptic pruning is increasing

d. neurons are forming many synapses

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Research that showed young children had structural brain changes over a period of 15 months after exposure to activities to build music and auditory skills illustrates which concept?

a. lateralization

b. plasticity

c. hemispheric dominance

d. synaptic pruning

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. If each child has sustained the same type of brain injury, which one will likely have the most severe and long-lasting cognitive deficit?

a. Chase, who is 18 months

b. Mia, who is 24 months

c. Roberto, who is 5 years old

d. Tansy, who is 7 years old

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Which skills tend to be lateralized to the left hemisphere?

a. mathematical

b. language

c. gross motor

d. fine motor

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. What process aids quick complex communication between neurons and makes coordinated behaviors possible?

a. synaptogenesis

b. neurogenesis

c. myelination

d. lateralization

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The first areas of the brain to myelinate govern ______.

a. abstract thinking

b. sensory and motor functions

c. language functions

d. complex problem solving

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which child’s brain is experiencing the most myelination?

a. Cora, who is 4

b. Layla, who is 9

c. Henry, who is 13

d. Julius, who is 18

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which examples are of gross motor skills?

a. walking and talking

b. writing and eating

c. running and jumping

d. crawling and building

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gross Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Physical changes combine with what to support advances in preschoolers’ gross motor skills?

a. coordination

b. abstract thinking

c. fine motor development

d. planning

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gross Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Louis is an average North American 5-year-old which means he can perform which activity?

a. write in cursive

b. swim without support

c. catch a ball

d. play the piano

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gross Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Darrius can button his shirt, pour juice into a glass, and draw pictures with crayons. These abilities are called ______.

a. fine motor skills

b. gross motor skills

c. cognition

d. lateralization

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. Which type of skills most directly allows young children to take greater responsibility for their own care?

a. gross motor

b. fine motor

c. bonding

d. language

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Many fine motor skills are difficult for young children because ______.

a. preschoolers are unmotivated to try them independently

b. parents often fail to provide opportunities to practice them

c. preschoolers’ brains are strongly lateralized

d. they involve both hands and both sides of the brain

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. At which age do children achieve the ability to copy simple shapes and some letters?

a. 2–3

b. 3–4

c. 4–5

d. 5–6

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. When asked to draw a picture of daddy, 3-year-old Benny will likely draw a ______.

a. head, neck, torso, and extremities

b. tadpole-like figure

c. rectangle with legs

d. small version of his father

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. Between the ages of 4 and 5, children’s drawings reflect the convergence of ______.

a. gross and fine motor skills

b. metacognition and self-control

c. egocentrism and centration

d. fine motor skills and cognitive development

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Danica is capable of preoperational reasoning. According to Piaget’s cognitive developmental perspective, Danica is between the which ages?

a. 1 and 4

b. 2 and 6

c. 4 and 8

d. 7 and 10

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Perspective: Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. One of the key features of the preoperational stage is children’s ability to use ______.

a. symbolic thinking

b. abstract thinking

c. reflexive schemes

d. memory strategies

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Perspective: Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Which term means the inability to take another person’s point of view?

a. animism

b. centration

c. irreversibility

d. egocentrism

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Jessica asks her mother, “How do I put this on?” while she is in a different room than her mother. Her mother asks her what she is trying to put on, because she cannot see what Jessica is doing. Jessica is demonstrating type of reasoning typical of preschoolers?

a. egocentrism

b. centration

c. animism

d. inflexibility

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. Which classic task did Piaget use to assess preoperational children’s egocentrism?

a. sorting

b. conservation

c. three mountains

d. appearance-reality

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Upon hearing a loud burst of thunder, 5-year-old DeShaun exclaims, “The sky is mad and is yelling!” DeShaun’s statement is an example of ______.

a. egocentrism

b. animism

c. centration

d. metacognition

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. Which term refers to the tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others?

a. egocentrism

b. animism

c. centration

d. irreversibility

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. When 4-year-old Savannah’s grandmother puts a pair of pants on a doll, Savannah shouts, “Baby needs a dress! Pants are for boys!” Savannah’s comment is an example of ______.

a. egocentrism

b. animism

c. centration

d. metacognition

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. The appearance-reality distinction is used to assess ______.

a. egocentrism

b. animism

c. centration

d. metacognition

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. One reason that young children fail appearance-reality tasks is because they are ______.

a. egocentric

b. incapable of dual encoding

c. unaware of what is real and what is fake

d. concrete thinkers

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which term means the ability to mentally represent an object in more than one way at a time?

a. animism

b. centration

c. dual processing

d. dual encoding

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. While vacuuming the playroom, Jackson’s mother set his train track on a table. Seeing that the track had been moved, Jackson became upset and complained that his track was ruined. After Jackson’s mother returned the track to the floor, Jackson continued to fuss, arguing that his trains would no longer work on the track. Jackson’s inability to understand that moving the track from the table to the floor restored it to the original state is an example of ______.

a. egocentrism

b. dual encoding

c. false belief

d. irreversibility

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. Preoperational children’s irreversible thinking is illustrated by their performance on which type of tasks?

a. conservation

b. appearance-reality

c. sorting

d. false belief

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. A researcher shows Trey two containers of the same size, both containing the same amount of marbles. The researcher pours one container of marbles into container that is taller, but smaller in diameter so the level of marbles is higher than in the other container. When the researcher asks Trey which container has more marbles, Trey points to the taller, thinner container. What type of task has Trey been tested on?

a. sorting

b. appearance-reality

c. conservation

d. false belief

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. Research has discovered that Piaget’s tests of preoperational thinking showed young children’s cognitive abilities to be ______.

a. overestimated

b. underestimated

c. disregarded

d. exaggerated

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Evaluating Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Follow-up research on Piaget’s preoperational stage indicates that most 4-year-olds understand ______.

a. abstract concepts

b. mental strategies

c. that language can be used to solve problems

d. that inanimate objects are unliving

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evaluating Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Follow-up research on Piagetian preoperational stage indicates that young children ______.

a. can be taught to conserve

b. are more egocentric than he had believed

c. are capable of abstract thinking

d. can solve conservation tasks as early as age two

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evaluating Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, much of children’s learning comes from ______.

a. working along

b. collaborating with others

c. brain maturation

d. trial and error

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which approach is a form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps him or her to accomplish more than the child could do alone?

a. guided participation

b. zone of proximal development

c. brain-based education

d. active learning

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guided Participation and Scaffolding

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. While working on building a tower with his 3-year-old daughter, Jon demonstrates how to put the bigger pieces down first, followed by placing some smaller pieces on top of them. After his daughter observes for a bit, she begins to pick up pieces and tries to put them in place. When the pieces fall over, she appears confused and looks to her father. Jon points to where the piece should go. Jon’s modeling and support illustrate Vygotsky’s concept of ______.

a. guided imagery

b. metacognition

c. scaffolding

d. cultural transmission

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Guided Participation and Scaffolding

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. Effective scaffolding works within which concept?

a. zone of proximal development

b. child-centered instruction

c. an inclusive setting

d. guided imagery

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guided Participation and Scaffolding

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Maternal reading, scaffolding, and verbal guidance are associated with 2- to 4-year-olds’ capacity for ______.

a. egocentrism

b. guided participation

c. solving conservation tasks

d. cognitive control and planning

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Guided Participation and Scaffolding

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Which concept is part of Vygotsky sociocultural perspective on a child’s thinking?

a. egocentrism

b. animism

c. appearance–reality distinction

d. zone of proximal development

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zone of Proximal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. The zone of proximal development is gap between what the child can accomplish independently and what the child can accomplish ______.

a. by reading more on the subject

b. with a skilled partner

c. in a specified time limit

d. at home versus school

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zone of Proximal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Similar to Piaget, Vygotsky’s theory has been criticized for ______.

a. misunderstanding children

b. too much precision

c. lack of precision

d. rigid control

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evaluating Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. When he engages in planning behavior, 4-year-old Cario is likely to ______.

a. make a list to follow

b. follow multi-step directions

c. skip important steps

d. forget all of the steps

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Working Memory and Executive Function

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. Which type of memory is used for events and information acquired during those events?

a. recognition

b. recall

c. episodic

d. working

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Following winter break, Ms. Young asks her preschool class what they did over the holidays. Ms. Young is assessing her students’ ______.

a. episodic memory

b. recognition memory

c. memory strategies

d. forgetfulness

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

56. The ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered before is called which type of memory?

a. episodic

b. recognition

c. recall

d. autobiographical

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory for Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. Which type of memory is the ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again?

a. episodic

b. recognition

c. recall

d. autobiographical

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory for Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. What is the term for cognitive activities that make individual more likely to recall events?

a. scripts

b. recognition and memory

c. assimilation and accommodation

d. memory strategies

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory for Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. When asked to recall a list of 10 items, 4-year-old Chase ______.

a. is unlikely to use memory strategies

b. will rely on scripting to remember

c. will recall most of items

d. is likely to use effective memory strategies

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory for Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. Children start to apply memory strategies consistently in ______.

a. preschool

b. elementary school

c. middle childhood

d. adolescence

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Memory for Information

Difficulty Level: Hard

61. What is the term for descriptions of what occurs in a particular situation?

a. memory strategies

b. autobiographical memories

c. stories

d. scripts

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory for Scripts

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. When asked about her bedtime routine, 4-year-old Zoe says, “I put on my jammies, we brush teeth, and then read a book.” Zoe’s description is an example of ______.

a. recognition memory

b. scripts

c. metacognition

d. autobiographical memory

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Memory for Scripts

Difficulty Level: Hard

63. Which type of memory refers to memory of personally meaningful events that took place at a specific time and place?

a. autobiographical

b. recognition

c. working

d. short-term

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Autobiographical Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. According to research on autobiographical memory, which situation is a 3-year-old likely to remember long after the event occurred?

a. going for a 12-hour car ride

b. falling off the monkey bars and getting stitches

c. his parents disagreeing over where to put the new couch

d. spilling milk on the floor

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Autobiographical Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

65. Which approach may increase suggestibility in children?

a. repeating questions

b. asking open-ended questions

c. using simplified language

d. avoiding false statements

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Children’s Suggestibility

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. Research on children’s suggestibility indicates that ______.

a. older children are more vulnerable than younger children to the effects of repeated questioning

b. although children are more vulnerable than adults, even 4-year-olds can resist false suggestions

c. repeated questioning helps young children accurately recall traumatic events

d. nearly all preschool-age children are unable to resist false suggestions about child abuse

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Children’s Suggestibility

Difficulty Level: Medium

67. Which term refers to children’s awareness of their own and other people’s mental processes?

a. false belief

b. suggestibility

c. internalization

d. theory of mind

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theory of Mind

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Which term refers to knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind?

a. false belief

b. suggestibility

c. metacognition

d. centration

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theory of Mind

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. One reason that young children have difficulty with false belief tasks is that they ______.

a. are egocentric problem solvers

b. can only recall one or two events at a time

c. are highly vulnerable to suggestion

d. confuse their present knowledge with memories for prior knowledge

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: False Belief

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Mariah is 5 years old. A true statement about Mariah’s information processing is that she ______.

a. is incapable of understanding that two people can believe different things

b. will use advanced memory strategies to solve false belief tasks

c. is aware that she and other people can hold false beliefs

d. understands that she can hold false beliefs but fails to understand others can too

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: False Belief

Difficulty Level: Hard

71. Performance on false belief tasks is associated with measures of ______.

a. suggestibility

b. egocentrism

c. executive function

d. autobiographical memory

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: False Belief

Difficulty Level: Easy

72. A statement that describes children’s understanding of the mind is that it ______.

a. emerges in a universal sequence of stages

b. is largely complete by age five

c. varies by culture

d. emerges in middle childhood

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Context

Difficulty Level: Medium

73. U.S. children tend to develop their theory of mind in which manner?

a. understanding beliefs before knowledge

b. understanding knowledge before beliefs

c. recognizing the importance of collectivism

d. learning shared community information

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Context

Difficulty Level: Hard

74. Chinese children tend to develop their theory of mind in which manner?

a. understanding beliefs before knowledge

b. understanding knowledge before beliefs

c. learning differences in how individuals think

d. recognizing the importance of individuality

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Context

Difficulty Level: Hard

75. The awareness of thinking children between the ages of 2 and 5 have is that it ______.

a. takes place inside the mind

b. leads to false beliefs in adults

c. hurts others if it involves false beliefs

d. can take place even when people are inactive

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Metacognition

Difficulty Level: Medium

76. While observing her grandfather resting quietly in the recliner, 4-year-old Jordan assumes that he cannot be thinking because ______.

a. people must stand up to think

b. he is older than she is

c. people must talk to think

d. his indicators of thought are invisible

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Metacognition

Difficulty Level: Hard

77. Julio is a typically developing 2-year-old child. How many words does Julio know?

a. 50

b. 100

c. 300

d. 500

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Hard

78. Children tend to fast map words that are ______.

a. told to them by people they know slightly

b. labels of events they find uninteresting

c. in contexts meaningful to them

d. told to them only once

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Medium

79. From which activity will 3-year-old Claire learn words most quickly?

a. watching robot speakers

b. engaging in solitary play

c. talking with her parents

d. watching animated films

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Hard

80. When learning a new word, children apply it to other objects in the same category, a strategy known as ______.

a. logical extension

b. fast mapping

c. mutual exclusivity

d. telegraphic speech

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Easy

81. Pierce tends to assume that new words are labels for unfamiliar objects. This strategy is referred to as ______.

a. logical extension

b. fast mapping

c. mutual exclusivity

d. telegraphic speech

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Hard

82. Words that are more difficult for a child to understand are ones that ______.

a. are read to the child repeatedly

b. refer to the self

c. express place and time

d. represent common objects

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. Which words would be most challenging for young children?

a. red and green

b. lady tall and short

c. mommy and lady

d. happy and mad

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Medium

84. When speaking, young children tend to leave out words like ______.

a. a and the

b. I and you

c. mommy and daddy

d. red and black

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Grammar

Difficulty Level: Medium

85. Which approach is especially likely to facilitate young children’s language development?

a. watching television

b. parent–child conversations

c. independent learning

d. peer and sibling conflicts

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Early Grammar

Difficulty Level: Hard

86. When discussing a family vacation to Florida, Levi exclaims, “We goed to Disney World!” Levi’s statement is an example of ______.

a. private speech

b. an overregularization error

c. logical extension

d. telegraphic speech

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Early Grammar

Difficulty Level: Hard

87. Overregularization errors are a sign of ______.

a. a language delay

b. grammatical sophistication

c. left hemispheric dominance

d. egocentric speech

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Grammar

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. Marla stops outside her 5-year-old son’s room where he is playing alone with Legos. She hears him saying, “The green one goes here. I need a blue one to go here. My tower is finished!” Marla’s son is demonstrating ______.

a. private speech

b. telegraphic speech

c. signs of a psychological disturbance

d. overregularization

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Private Speech

Difficulty Level: Hard

89. Private speech plays a role in the ability to control one’s impulses and appropriately direct their behavior, which is known as ______.

a. self-regulation

b. intelligence

c. moral understanding

d. overregulation

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Private Speech

Difficulty Level: Easy

90. Which child is likely to use more mature forms of private speech?

a. 3-year-old Malachi

b. 4-year-old Ally

c. 4-year-old Chad

d. 2-year-old Bai

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Private Speech

Difficulty Level: Hard

91. Which statement describes private speech?

a. Preschool boys tend to use more mature forms than girls.

b. Low-income children tend to use more mature forms than middle-income.

c. Talkative children use more than quiet children.

d. Children with learning disabilities use it for a short time.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Private Speech

Difficulty Level: Medium

92. Preschoolers who are aware of their own private speech tend to ______.

a. use it less often

b. fall prey to deception

c. fail to consider others’ perceptions

d. become more effective communicators

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Private Speech

Difficulty Level: Medium

93. Which approach views moral behavior as being acquired through reinforcement and modeling?

a. mutual exclusivity assumption

b. cognitive-developmental theory

c. information processing method

d. social learning theory

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

94. According to social learning theory, the effect of models is ______.

a. rarely lasting on children’s behavior, particularly during the preschool years

b. almost always to demonstrate appropriate actions and verbalizations

c. more successful if it encourages rather than inhibits behavior that violates a rule or expectation

d. more successful if it inhibits rather than encourages behavior that violates a rule or expectation

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehensive

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

95. Children are more likely to imitate behavior when ______.

a. the model is competent and powerful

b. they are proficient in language development

c. they have been exposed to formal education

d. the model is distant and powerful

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehensive

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. According to social learning theory, young children’s moral behavior is shaped ______.

a. to conform with the rules of society

b. primarily by internal standards

c. primarily through peer interactions

d. to conform to individual values

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehensive

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

97. Questions about moral reasoning, such as “Is it OK to lie?” are often the focus of which approach?

a. mutual exclusivity assumption

b. cognitive-developmental theory

c. information processing method

d. social learning theory

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehensive

Answer Location: Cognitive-Development Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

98. Which two methods did Piaget use to study moral development?

a. hypothetical dilemmas and case studies

b. parent interviews and child interviews

c. questionnaires and behavioral rating scales

d. observations and child interviews

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehensive

Answer Location: Heteronomous Morality

Difficulty Level: Medium

99. According to Piaget, in which stage are children aware of rules and see them as sacred and unalterable?

a. morality of constraint

b. inductive reasoning

c. moral identity

d. concrete operations

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heteronomous Morality

Difficulty Level: Easy

100. The lowest level of Kohlberg’s moral stages is ______.

a. morality of constraint

b. preconventional reasoning

c. conventional morality

d. social conventions

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Preconventional Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, which experience helps young children develop conceptions about justice and fairness?

a. observing adult models

b. having disputes with siblings over toys

c. watching cartoons

d. being punished for misbehavior

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conceptions of Moral, Social, and Personal Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

102. According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, behavior is 3-year-old Nyah likely to view most harshly?

a. going barefoot when playing outside

b. eating yogurt with fingers

c. taking a toy from the store without paying

d. Saying “no” to her father

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conceptions of Moral, Social, and Personal Issues

Difficulty Level: Hard

103. According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, preschoolers believe that they have control over ______.

a. moral issues

b. right and wrong

c. parental discipline

d. matters of personal choice

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conceptions of Moral, Social, and Personal Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

104. Chinese children’s moral behavior is guided by ______.

a. the victim’s rights and feelings

b. their own distress over moral transgressions

c. their obligations to the family and others

d. strict, authoritarian parenting

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conceptions of Moral, Social, and Personal Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

105. Which child operates within a culture of opacity of mind?

a. Filipo, who lives in Samoa

b. Elsa, who lives in the United States

c. Kenzo, who lives in Japan

d. Alejandra, who lives in Peru

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Culture and Theory of Mind

Difficulty Level: Hard

106. Preschool programs provide educational experiences for children in which age range?

a. 1–4

b. 2–5

c. 3–6

d. 4–6

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

107. The definition of a preschool that allows enrollees to choose among a variety of activities and play as vehicles for learning is ______.

a. child-centered

b. academic-centered

c. public

d. private

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

108. The definition of a preschool that provides children with a structured learning environment through which they learn letters, numbers, shapes, and academic skills via drills and formal lessons is ______.

a. child-centered

b. academic-centered

c. public

d. private

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

109. Academically oriented preschool programs that emphasize academics over self-directed exploration have been shown to ______.

a. better prepare children for kindergarten than child-centered programs

b. have a positive impact on motivation and learning

c. primarily serve children from low socioeconomic backgrounds

d. negatively influence motivation and learning

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Hard

110. Cross-cultural research on effective early childhood education indicates that a child-centered approach works especially well in which country?

a. Japan

b. Egypt

c. America

d. China

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

111. The most effective Japanese preschools emphasize ______.

a. academics and individual achievement

b. social and classroom routines

c. freedom of choice

d. competition and moral development

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Easy

112. A statement that describes the brain is that ______.

a. changes with experience and is plastic

b. is most malleable in infancy and toddlerhood

c. is strongly lateralized before birth

d. changes very little after the elementary school years

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Brain-Based Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

113. Mrs. Lopez is a brain-based educator. When directing her lessons to the left hemisphere, she will have her students ______.

a. give oral presentations to the class

b. create visual representations of concepts

c. engage in reading and writing

d. engage in hands-on science activities

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Brain-Based Education

Difficulty Level: Hard

114. Mr. Evans is a brain-based educator. When directing his lessons to the right hemisphere, he will have his students ______.

a. give oral presentations to the class

b. create visual representations of concepts

c. engage in reading and writing

d. engage in hands-on science activities

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Brain-Based Education

Difficulty Level: Hard

115. One criticism of brain-based education is that it ______.

a. underscores the importance of experience

b. fails to address plasticity

c. oversimplifies complex theories and research

d. fails to explain hemispheric dominance

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Brain-Based Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

116. A positive aspect of brain-based education is that it ______.

a. emphasizes rote and drill instruction

b. is strongly supported by neurological research

c. focuses on structural changes within the brain

d. emphasizes active learning

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Brain-Based Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

117. Which entity was created in 1965 by the federal government to provide economically disadvantaged children with nutritional, health, and educational services during their early years?

a. Project Head Start

b. Montessori Preschool

c. Perry Preschool Project

d. Carolina Abecedarian Project

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education Interventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

118. Research on Head Start shows that the program ______.

a. improves children’s cognitive performance

b. undermines efforts at parent involvement

c. improves children’s IQ scores by 15–20 points

d. is less effective than traditional preschool programs

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education Interventions

Difficulty Level: Medium

119. Longitudinal research on children who attended the Carolina Abecedarian Project or the Perry Preschool Project revealed that at ages 30 and 40 ______.

a. most participants were unemployed

b. participants showed higher education and income

c. few participants had completed high school

d. most participants had been married and divorced

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education Interventions

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Research indicates that a difficult temperament at 18 months of age predicts picky eating 2 years later.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Picky Eating

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Young children require diets that resemble those of adults.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Due to lateralization, the left and right hemispheres rarely interact.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Putting together a puzzle utilizes fine motor skills.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. According to Piaget, egocentric thinking may sometimes take the form of animism, or the belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Follow-up research reveals that success on Piagetian tasks depends more heavily on the child’s language abilities than on his or her actions.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evaluating Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. In Western cultures, mothers rarely engage in scaffolding behaviors.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guided Participation and Scaffolding

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A typically developing preschool-age child can follow simple plans, such as searching for a lost toy in the back yard.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Working Memory and Executive Function

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. When preschoolers are asked to recall items, they very frequently use memory strategies.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Memory for Information

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. By age 3, children understand that a child who wants a treat will be happy upon receiving one and sad upon not.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory of Mind

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. By age 5, children understand that the mind is always active.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Metacognition

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. By 5 years of age, many children can quickly understand and apply most words that they hear.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. At age 3, most children use plurals, possessives, or past tense inconsistently.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Grammar

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Private speech accounts for 20–50% of the utterances of children ages 4–10.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Private speech

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Children’s behavior is shaped to conform with the rules of their family, NOT society in general.

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, moral behavior is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, young children’s reasoning about moral problems change with development as they construct concepts about justice and fairness from their interactions in the world.

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. In academically-oriented preschools that have teacher-directed rigid academic programs , children often demonstrate signs of stress.

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Characteristics of high-quality, effective early childhood education is similar across all cultures studied.

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Project Head Start is one of the most successful early childhood education programs in the United States created by the federal government.

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education Interventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Six-year-old Hector is well below the average height and weight for his age. What deficiency does Hector likely have, and can his growth be improved?

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Growth

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Frankie was in a car accident and suffered a brain injury. According to research on plasticity, what factors will determine how well Frankie’s brain compensates for the injury?

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain Development in Early Childhood

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. According to Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, what key changes occur in the preoperational child’s thinking?

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Perspective: Preoperational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain what Vygotsky emphasized as the influence on children’s thinking.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe susceptibility in children.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Children’s Suggestibility

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. How do children’s interaction with people in their immediate environment develop their theory of mind?

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Context

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Provide an example of an overregularization error. What do overregularization errors reveal about young children’s language development?

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Early Grammar

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What are the roles of private speech in children’s development?

Learning Objective: 7.4: Summarize young children’s advances in language development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Private Speech

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. According to the cognitive developmental perspective, explain how cultural differences in socialization contribute to Chinese children’s concepts of morality. Be sure to explain cultural preferences for collectivism and individualism.

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conceptions of Moral, Social, and Personal Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What are three benefits of children attending a Head Start program?

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Early Childhood Education Interventions

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Explain why most children in developed countries have dietary insufficiencies even though they tend to take in excess calories. How could their eating habits be changed for better nutrition?

Learning Objective: 7.1: Discuss physical development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nutrition

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. List and define three concepts associated with Vygotsky’s theory than can be applied to academic instruction.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Compare Piaget’s cognitive-developmental and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspectives on cognitive development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Ty and Staci are the parents of 3-year-old Kandace. They want to know how to facilitate Kandace’s memory for various activities and events. What advice would you give to Ty and Staci?

Learning Objective: 7.3: Describe information-processing abilities during early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Autobiographical Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain why research on Samoan and Vanuatu children of the South Pacific showed delayed development in theory of mind.

Learning Objective: 7.5: Contrast social learning and cognitive-developmental perspectives on moral development in early childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Culture and Theory of Mind

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Your best friend is the father of a 4-year-old. Your friend believes that early childhood education programs should stick to academic instruction. He is opposed to child-directed programs, believing that children have time to play at home, and school should be devoted to learning academic skills. What advice would you give your friend, and why?

Learning Objective: 7.6: Identify and explain various approaches to early childhood education.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Child-Centered and Academically Centered Preschool Programs

Difficulty Level: Hard